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The paper claims that the lift is a legitimate topic of sociological observation and analysis. It is a great unknown in Serbian sociology, which is not also the case in the foreign most general of all social sciences, where the contributions of S. Hirschauer and J. Levin stand out. The author, in the form of 14 sociological vignettes on events in, in front of, behind and around the lift, shows and proves that „the lift is not a toy" - a mere technological invention, nor an insignificant object in urban spaces, but indeed „the smallest sociological laboratory". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current discussion on numerous and diverse issues and problems of villages and agriculture, which takes place within the analysis of social sciences, always implies the same question: how to achieve the projected and desired development of rural areas of Montenegro, and what are the primary areas, types and directions of its realization? Development of a rural areas and family farms is a long-term process which in theory and in development practice has been unjustifiably reduced to a very simplified agrarian-economic paradigm, in which the whole social progress was observed exclusively through the prism of technical-technological growth and development and is seen as a very simple form of economic and productivity growth. Sociological knowledge about the village has overcome this simplified agro-economic positivism and approaches this problem with a more elementary sense of man and space. This paper presents a brief overview of sociological knowledge about the village and rural development in general, by emphasizing the work of Professor Ratko Bozovic „Naturalness of the village", aimed to find adequate truths about future development and revitalization of Montenegrin rural areas in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the approach known as Finite-Dimension Thermodynamics has provided a fruitful theoretical framework for the optimization of heat engines operating between a heat source (at temperature Ths) and a heat sink (at temperature Tcs). We will show in this paper that the approach detailed in a previous paper [1] can be used to analytically model irreversible heat engines (with an additional assumption on the linearity of the heat transfer laws). By defining two dimensionless parameters, the intensity of internal dissipation and heat leakage within a heat engine were quantified. We then established the analogy between an endoreversible heat engine and an irreversible heat engine by using the apparent temperatures (Tcs →T&lgr;&phgr;cs, Ths →T&lgr;&phgr;hs) and apparent conductances (Kh →K&lgr;h, Kc →K&lgr;c ). We thus found the analytical expression of the maximum power of an irreversible heat engine. However, these apparent temperatures should not be used to calculate the conversion efficiency at the optimal operating point by analogy with the case of an endoreversible heat engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review the exact solutions in modified gravity. It is one of the main problems of mathematical physics for the gravity theory. One can obtain an exact solution if the field equations reduce to a system of ordinary differential equations. In this paper we consider a number of exact solutions obtained by the method of separation of variables. Some applications to Cosmology and BH entropy are briefly mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on information theory, the single neuron adaptive control problem for stochastic systems with non-Gaussian noises is investigated in this paper. Here, the statistic information of the output within a receding window rather than the output value is used for the tracking problem. Firstly, the single neuron controller structure, which has the ability of self-learning and self-adaptation, is established. Then, an improved performance criterion is given to train the weights of the single neuron. Furthermore, the mean-square convergent condition of the proposed control algorithm is formulated. Finally, comparative simulation results are presented to show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the PID controller. The contributions of this work are twofold: (1) the optimal control algorithm is formulated in the data-driven framework, which needn't the precise system model that is usually difficult to obtain; (2) the control problem of non-Gaussian systems can be effectively dealt with by the simple single neuron controller under improved minimum entropy criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the notion of a magic pair of digits in a number system with an arbitrary basis b, and we study its equivalent definitions. In particular, we determine all pairs of magic digits in decimal, octal, hexadecimal, and binary number system. We use magic pairs of digits to derive a new multiplication formula. In the end, we give an application of a well-known formula related to magic pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of abrupt change is a key issue for understanding the facts and trends of climate change, but it is also a difficult task in practice. The Mann-Kendall (MK) test is commonly used for treating the issue, while the results are usually affected by the correlation and seasonal characters and sample size of series. This paper proposes a discrete wavelet entropy-aided approach for abrupt change detection, with the temperature analyses in the Haihe River Basin (HRB) as an example. The results show some obviously abrupt temperature changes in the study area in the 1960s-1990s. The MK test results do not reflect those abrupt temperature changes after the 1980s. Comparatively, the proposed approach can detect all main abrupt temperature changes in HRB, so it is more effective than the MK test. Differing from the MK test which only considers series' value order or the conventional entropy which mainly considers series' statistical random characters, the proposed approach is to describe the complexity and disorderliness of series using wavelet entropy theories, and it can fairly consider series' composition and characteristics under different scales, so the results can more accurately reflect not only the abrupt changes, but also the complexity variation of a series over time. However, since it is based on the entropy theories, the series analyzed must have big sample size enough and the sampling rates being smaller than the concerned scale for the accurate computation of entropy values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the background of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Universe, there exists Hawking radiation which comes from the cosmic apparent horizon due to quantum effect. Although the Hawking radiation on the late time evolution of the universe could be safely neglected, it plays an important role in the very early stage of the universe. In view of this point, we identify the temperature in the scalar field potential with the Hawking temperature of cosmic apparent horizon. Then we find a nonsingular universe sourced by the temperature-dependent scalar field. We find that the universe could be created from a de Sitter phase which has the Planck energy density. Thus the Big-Bang singularity is avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an initial attempt to make an empirical evaluation of what happened in Chile after the 2004 enactment of the new Civil Marriage Act (Law 19,947), which included absolute divorce for the first time in Chilean law. Until that moment, the way that a marriage could formally be ended was by an annulment due to incompetence of the Civil Registry officer, possible only provided there was mutual consent of the spouses and the resources to hire an attorney. The analysis says that although the divorce rate has increased considerably with respect to the annulment rate prior to the law, it is not high in relation to other countries, despite an accumulation of couples who wanted to be divorced at the time the law was enacted. The study concludes that the new Civil Marriage Act has extended and equalized the possibility of a legal dissolution of the bond of marriage. Although no changes are seen in birth rates and the percentage of infants born outside of marriage, marriages have increased, even when controlling for some variables and discounting second marriages. Also, under the new law divorced women and their children would be more protected than women who are merely separated as the former would receive more alimony from their ex-husbands. At the end, some policy measures are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent was the Great Financial Crisis of 2007-2009 similar to previous crises, and what were the main causes behind it? The purpose of this paper is to explore these questions, presenting the traditional pattern followed by financial crises in the past, a chronology of the recent crisis, and an in-depth analysis of its causes. We distinguish between three different classes of causes in our analysis: those which created the opportunity for severe distortions to arise in the financial system, those which explain the desire of the financial system to take advantage of them, and those responsible for the neglect shown by our regulatory and supervisory frameworks to rein them in and avoid a catastrophic event. The crisis was caused by a complex series of factors, some of which are traditional, and others are new to our experience. Distinguishing clearly between main causes and mere symptoms of the crisis is essential for the design of adequate regulatory policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The socio-thermodynamics of a population of two competing species exhibits strong analogies with the thermodynamics of solutions and alloys of two constituents. In particular we may construct strategy diagrams akin to the phase diagrams of chemical thermodynamics, complete with regions of homogeneous mixing and miscibility gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several quantum dynamical entropies have been proposed that extend the classical Kolmogorov-Sinai (dynamical) entropy. The same scenario appears in relation to the extension of algorithmic complexity theory to the quantum realm. A theorem of Brudno establishes that the complexity per unit time step along typical trajectories of a classical ergodic system equals the KS-entropy. In the following, we establish a similar relation between the Connes-Narnhofer-Thirring quantum dynamical entropy for the shift on quantum spin chains and the G'acs algorithmic entropy. We further provide, for the same system, a weaker linkage between the latter algorithmic complexity and a different quantum dynamical entropy proposed by Alicki and Fannes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We address the problem of non-parametric estimation of the recently proposed measures of statistical dispersion of positive continuous random variables. The measures are based on the concepts of differential entropy and Fisher information and describe the "spread" or "variability" of the random variable from a different point of view than the ubiquitously used concept of standard deviation. The maximum penalized likelihood estimation of the probability density function proposed by Good and Gaskins is applied and a complete methodology of how to estimate the dispersion measures with a single algorithm is presented. We illustrate the approach on three standard statistical models describing neuronal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducing a new potential, we deduce a general Lagrangian for Dirac-Born- Infeld (DBI) inflation, in which the determinant of the induced metric naturally includes the kinetic energy and the potential energy. In particular, the potential energy and kinetic energy can convert into each other at any same order, which is in agreement with the limit of classical physics. We also present a general sound speed in the evolutions of the universe, and the exact expressions of energy-momentum tensor, pressure and density. Furthermore, from the results we obtain the new equation of states. The analytic form of the action that is consistent with data turns out to be surprisingly simple and easy to categorize. Finally, we examine properties of the dark energy and introduce a novel mechanism for realizing either quintessence or phantom dark energy dominated phases within a string theoretical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general quasi-linear autonomous fourth order diffusion equation ut = -[G(u)uxxx + h(u, ux, uxx)]x with positive variable diffusivity G(u) and lower-order flux component h is considered on the real line. A direct algorithm produces a general class of equations for which the Shannon entropy density obeys a reaction-diffusion equation with a positive irreducible source term. Such equations may have any positive twice-differentiable diffusivity function G(u). The forms of such equations are the indicators of more general conservation equations whose entropy equation may be expressed in an alternative reaction-diffusion form whose source term, although reducible, is positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]