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Since the formation of Seljuks in the Levant, this region was subject to unrest, which continued the chaotic trend of the post-Hamdanid. What took place in the Levant in the Seljuk period was a series of replacing the governments by the soldiers of the same dynasty one after the other from 478 till 570 A. H. This research aimed to answer this question: What was the process of substituting governments in this period? To this goal, the reasons for the rise and fall of the Levant's governments and the records of substitute dynasties had to be analyzed. By using the quantitative historical method, the procedure of these substitutions was mapped. According to this study, the chronological process of substituting the governments had increased over time. The former disturbs were managed to be settled and the short-term rulers -inheritances of Arab tribes- to be altered by long dynasties, such as the Zengid and Ayyubid dynasties. Introduction Some of the Levant governments were overthrown by foreign powers and as usual, the stronger governments prevailed over weaker ones. In the time frame presented in this paper, several local governments fell in this manner, among which we could mention Banu Ammar in Tripoli. There was another form of overthrowing a government that arose from within and took over. Those who served the former government then became the ones possessing power, resulting in dynasties, such as Burid, Zangid Atabegs, and Ayyubid dynasties. Since this form of conquest was defined as an uprising in the political terms of that time and new dynasties needed continuous efforts to maintain power and assemble sufficient legitimacy for themselves, they went through the process of start-points and continuance. Though each new dynasty tried to have a starting point of its own, they had to use covers, such as gaining the Atabeg of a Seljuk prince or receiving a charter from the Abbasid Caliph. Thus, only the passage of time and their behaviors to preserve their land became a factor of legitimacy that they had to earn it after several internal revolts of the generals. In other words, after some time, the land became their ancestral property and the oppressing commanders needed time to construct their property. Materials and Methods The author first dealt with the contexts of the fall and succession of the cited governments in this period. Therefore, he used the contextual description method. Accordingly, the political and social contexts of the lands and those, who started the new governance, were examined. Because the substitutions happened from T1 till time T2 in the context of time, a chronologic method was applied to estimate the government changes. Finally, the chronological and historical methods joined a quantitative view. The time passage had to be taken seriously to evaluate the stability of the government during their ruling time. The quantitative method also took the internal courses of the governments into account. The author tried to find the substitution process year to evaluate the alternative trends and identify the quantitative strategy for these events. Discussion and Conclusions The substitution of the Levant dynasties at that time was affected by instability, insecurity, and the pressure of foreign governments, building the necessity of raising a new government within the former. Therefore, the people who supported the Turk or semi-Turk troops could start a new dynasty from the heart of the previous one. The survival of the new government and its resistance towards subsequent replacement largely depended on managing the crisis that happened to the Levant in their time. Hence, the Burid took over the Seljuks of Damascus, but they were able to withstand the substitution trend for a long time because of their adequacy to protect Damascus against Crusaders and expansionists. First, it was assumed that all substitutions of the Levant governments followed an integrated pattern, but the data of the quantitative hypotheses proved it wrong. Based on the years that a dynasty maintained power in the Levant, the substitution process had increased from the Seljuks to the Ayyubid dynasty. This indicated stability in the Levant since the time of the Hamdanid. When the Hamdanid dynasty ended, the Arab tribes took control of this region and handed over a turbulent region to the Seljuks. The conflict between the Seljuk rulers brought this earlier chaos to the period of Ridwan's successors. Therefore, since the arrival of the first Turkmen associated with a rough and chaotic period in the Levant, these government changes grew until the Ayyubid dynasty. Saladin and his brother managed to divide the Ayyubid dynasty into the Ayyubid of the Levant and Egypt. Still, the Ayyubid dynasty held power in the 7th century A.H. Due to the timeframe of this paper, the substitution of the Ayyubid was not looked into; however, their longterm stability and continuation could be generalized to the Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, which certainly requires another research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After Saladin destroyed the Fatimid caliphate, a foremost part of the Ayyubids' military had to suppress the Egyptian forces that were still loyal to the Fatimids. Saladin's efforts to overpower and exile the Fatimid forces faced the newly established Ayyubid government with the shortage of military parties that needed to fight the Crusaders and the rest of the dispersed Zengid dynasty in the Levant and the Jazirah. At the beginning of Saladin's reign on the Jazirah, he organized his actions to gain the necessary feudal force to confront the Crusaders. However, when Saladin's authority declined among his troops and failed to achieve a decisive victory in the short term, this feudal force became temporary. This paper analyzed the number of Saladin's combats, the number of his troops, the extent of his successes in battles, and the role of groups impacting his victories. Along these lines, Saladin's failures were also investigated. According to the findings, destroying the Fatimid Caliphate forces drove Saladin to rely on the only Muslim military organization on the Jazirah. Their temporary presence in the spring and summer cost him his ability to completely force the Crusaders out of Syria after Hattin, and the Crusaders recaptured the shores of Syria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Isolation of a novel virus belonging to coronavirdae family in September 2012, from patients in Middle East who had died of an acute respiratory illness & renal failure lead to researches on this new virus. Here, a brief review to summarize the events of scientific findings of this new emerging virus. Material and Methods: This review is based on a comprehensive search of three databases (Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane) and WHO reports. The searched keywords were new coronavirus, Middle East, acute respieratory distress syndrom & Saudi Arabia. Results: Due to novelty of virus only limited papers exist on searched databases, so only 50 papers were identified which after omitting repeated case reports, papers related to SARS and updated WHO reports, 30 papers were finally reviewed. Conclusion: WHO recommendation is evaluation of all patients with acute respiratory illness and history of travel to Saudi Arabia or other countries where this novel virus is epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fourth and fifth centuries of Hijri, Muslims faced new challenges and doubts based on the diversity of the ideological composition of Egyptian and Levant inhabitants and the religious tolerance of the Fatimids. The special attention of Muslim scholars was instrumental in maintaining the coherence and consolidation of Muslim beliefs related to Islam in these areas. The covert and overt attention can be understood from this point of view in Abu al-Fath Karajaki's writings to defend the righteousness of Islam (449 AD). Therefore, the central question of the current research has arisen when considering the method of the theologians of that period, which was to use history along with hadith and rational reasoning to prove their beliefs, and Karajaki's way of using historical reports to defend Islam. This study was conducted using the meaning analysis approach and the concept of 'Schemata'. It shows that Karajaki's method was to link famous historical events in defending the authenticity of Islam with the miraculous aspects of God's book (news of the future) and the Prophet's life (PBUH). It makes the possibility of miracles more acceptable. As Christians created the negation of the schemata in the region, it led to the creation of the ideas 'we are like them' (by emphasizing the commonality of the prophets' miracles) and 'we are better than them' (miracles and prophecies connected with history). In this way, the approval of the authenticity of the Prophet (PBUH) and the Qur'an are in line with the approval of these miracles or schemata. Finally, it has also led to the establishment of the legitimacy of Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle East has been the place of various cultural ties. One of the most brilliant of these ages is the era of Al-Buyid. The Buyids was a tribe of Daylaman of Zaidi Shiites who claimed to be descendants of the Sassanids. This period, due to its Shiite-Iranian culture, is one of the most important eras of Islamic civilization. During this period, the Arabic language alongside the Persian language became the literary language of the country and the greats of art and literature came and went to court. Mu'izz al-Dawla did not speak Arabic when capturing Baghdad. But later the Buyids came to the masters of science that they wrote poetry in Arabic. The reign of Azud al-Dawla was an era of prosperity and progress for the Buyids. The artworks of the Buyid period represent a return to the Iranian national identity while using Islamic concepts. However, there was no sudden change in the works of this period compared to the Sassanid period, and despite the Islamic standards and identity, they strongly followed the ancient methods, especially the Sassanids. One of the most prominent artifacts of this period are textiles, which are decorated with motifs taken from ancient Iran in the form of religious concepts along with Islamic verses and writings, and we can mention the special use of some of them in funeral ceremonies. It had received less attention before. This article aims to identify the factors influencing the emergence of this particular application in Buyids' textiles while studying the prevailing and influential culture and beliefs in this period, to study the designs and inscriptions of three examples of burial fabrics preserved in Cleveland and Victoria and Albert Museums addresses the question of what are the cultural factors influencing the design and use of Buyids' burial textiles? The main approach of this research for the analysis of selected textiles is culture-based design. The model used in the culture-based design is based on the model proposed by Dr. Ajdari and his teammates, which studies a phenomenon in four levels of obvious and interpretable data, views in society, ideology, and mythological attitudes. This model is based on the futures research method; CLA. The research method used in this article is interpretive-historical and the information is collected from library sources and reputable sites and finally analyzed qualitatively. The results show that the Zoroastrian beliefs, the surviving motifs of the Sassanid era, the motifs of the Islamic era, and the Shiite beliefs of Daylams have played a role in how the motifs of these textiles were formed. The Patterns such as the tree of life, angels, peacock, lion, etc., originate from the culture of Sassanid Iran, which has adapted to Islamic concepts. This combination is cleverly used in a way that leads to the creation of symbols that interact with the user Associate the familiar with the user. It is significant that the designer designed these fabrics according to their subject, with related designs and writings (death), and then woven and used them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a profession in the making, there are several challenges facing landscape architecture in the Middle East. On the one hand, there is the epistemological problematic of contextualizing the Western, layered meaning of the word landscape to the geographical and cultural complexity of the region. On the other hand, there is the challenge of liberating current preconceptions of landscape from the focus on appearance, namely of landscape as scenery. A decontextualized, narrow understanding fails to draw on the rich historical landscape heritage of the Middle East, undermines the potential of landscape as an interdisciplinary investigative framework and restricts the professional scope of landscape architecture to superficial beautification. This paper advances the holistic, dynamic approach of ecological landscape design, arguing that ecology can (a) contextualize the meaning of landscape, beyond the here and now, to respond to regional ecology and incorporate historical and vernacular landscape heritage and (b) expand the discourse of landscape architecture to embrace not only appearance but also environmental, ecological, socio-economic and political dimensions. A range of applications are cited to demonstrate the complexity and versatility of a holistic landscape framework and its potential in advancing scholarship and professional practice in landscape architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing security is one of the important pillars of economic growth and the most important economic impact of security in the phenomenon of investment and economic growth is observed. The establishment of security in society is influenced by several factors, among which the institutions in the society and government are the most important of these factors. In both internal and external conflicts, each of them, in turn, will undermine security and, as a result, will undermine the economic growth of a country. Therefore, in this research, we tried to study the effect of internal and external conflicts on economic growth in Middle East countries during the period 1996-2018. By examining the nature and effect of conflicts on economic growth, first, the effect of external conflict on internal conflict in the form of a panel probe model, then in two separate models of the impact of internal and external disputes on the quality of institutions and economic integration indexes are examined. Finally, in a generalized method of moments system the simultaneous influence of internal and external conflicts, quality of institutions indicators and economic integration on economic growth have been investigated. The results of the model estimation show the positive effects of external conflicts on the internal conflicts and then the negative effects of internal and external conflicts on the quality of institutions and economic integration. In the final model, the increase in domestic and foreign conflicts has led to a decline in Middle East economic growth. Of course, the negative effects of foreign conflicts have been more than internal conflicts in the economic growth model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security is a main component of physical, mental and psychological health of any society and is a criterion for human development. Food security and access to safe and adequate food is of the main pillars of economic growth and development; so it is of the main goals of every country. War and insecurity damage food security. War is the increased major cause of poverty, unemployment and food insecurity. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of war on food security in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries in the period 1990-2014. In order to estimate the model for investigating the issue, the unbalanced panel data method was used. Results showed that war has the negative and significant impact on food security. Gross domestic product per capita, the size of the rural population, the ratio of arable land surface to total land surface and the use of agricultural machinery per hectare variables had positive and significant impact, and the size of the total population had negative and significant impact on food security. Thus, any attempt to reduce conflict means to improve food security and growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]