Search

Objective: Various studies show that lexical or keyword search is not enough, because in this search the meaning of words and semantic relationships between keywords are ignored and semantic understanding is not achieved in this search. The purpose of this research is to investigate and measure the semantic search of users. Semantic search refers to a search that goes beyond the traditional search, i.e., the matching of the keywords of the search request with the keywords of the documents in the system and seeks to understand the meaning and semantic relationships between the keywords in the user's search request, which is used with the development and expansion of the semantic web and ontologies. The focus of this search is on obtaining a higher level of meaning from documents and inquiries and based on its content, which this high level meaning may be provided by ontologies. Semantic search expands the meaning and seeks machine understanding of the user's intent, query request and relationships between words and elevates the user's search strategy to a meaningful experience. In fact, semantic search describes the effort to produce accurate results by understanding the searcher's intent, texture and context of the query request, and the relationship between words. This search is of great interest to users and researchers due to its many advantages and applications. But besides the many advantages, it has over traditional and keyword search. It also has some problems and complications that elimination of these problems leads to the improvement and promotion of semantic search and helps users a lot.Methodology: The present study is quantitative in terms of approach and applied in terms of purpose, which has been done by survey method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was 189 Iranian researchers who had published at least a research article on COVID-19, which Indexed in PubMed.Findings: Based on the research findings, from the perspective of Iranian researchers, the degree of recall and precision to semantic search in the PubMed is moderate (3). The amount of semantic gap in semantic search is relatively high (>3), the degree of accuracy and precision in retrieving results in semantic search is moderate (3), the degree of conceptual relevance in semantic search is moderate (3), the rate of retrieval of meaningful multi-word concepts in semantic search is moderate (3) and the rate of improvement and upgrade of overall performance in semantic search is relatively high (>3) in semantic searches at the database has been extensive.Conclusion: The results of the research in general showed that semantic search is a dynamic and challenging search that despite its various strengths and advantages for users in research, but still has its weaknesses and drawbacks that should be reviewed and revised by semantic search support experts such as ontology designers for the semantic search system. Understanding, identifying, and eliminating these weaknesses and problems, make semantic search to be a better way to respond to researchers for their research, as a result, researchers and users can achieve to richer results for compile their research work.

After the Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) outbreak, the Whole world witnessed the strangest buying behavior within the customers. Suddenly masks, hand sanitizers, and toilet papers became the priority list of the customers. High demand and lesser availability of essentials products like masks, toilet papers, and hand sanitizers create a chaotic situation inside the retail outlet's stores. The buyer’s behavior and the chaotic scenario inside a retail outlet drew the attention of several consumer psychologists, academicians, and researchers. A panic buying situation is the most common behavior that exists in a time of crisis. This paper discusses the panic buying situation briefly during COVID-19. However, a few types of research and studies were captured in the panic buying behavior. The current study examined the factors that influenced the customers buying decisions during the COVID-19 outbreak and secondly, it examined to what extent the buying decision of a customer creates a panic situation. Furthermore, the study looked at the emotional and cognitive responses of the individuals which play a pivotal role in influencing customer decision making the journey. Qualitative content analysis and thematic methodology were considered for data analysis. The results indicated that fear and uncertainties were the key emotional responses; whereas rumors, fallacious thinking, and survivalist psychological were the key cognitive responses that influenced the customer decision journey.

Objective(s): The Covid-19 pandemic indicated that our biological characteristics alone are not enough to deal with diseases. Resilience refers to the dynamic process of positive adaptation to unpleasant and unfortunate experiences which reflects our ability to control the situation and manipulate the situation optimally. This capability includes internal dimensions, the role of experiences and mental patterns, and external dimensions including the coordinates or community's efforts in mastering challenges. However, studies only focus on the concept of social resilience as an external dimension, and the role of culture as an independent component of identity has been ignored. In this review, the need to conceptualize cultural resilience has been put on the agenda. In fact, the capabilities that culture provides through the various components that enable us to have the ability to adapt, change conditions, and improve performance in critical situations are studied. Methods: This was a review of the literature. PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID databases were investigated using the keywords resilience, community, culture, and hardness in Persian and English papers from 1990 to 2018. The articles were evaluated in multiple stages and finally 32 papers were analyzed. Results: As a result, we conceptualized that cultural resilience could include the following components: belongingness and rootedness, trust, commitment, sense of pride, and attachment. Conclusion: Cultural resilience can be considered as the ability to adapt and deal with a crisis with the help of historical styles, myths, customs, and cultural beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus and Covid-19 outbreaks have raised many questions for the public. In a short time, people were able to find the answers they needed to these questions in a variety of ways. Now, it is clear that some people use social media Question Answering (QA) Systems to answer their questions about this disease. So, this study analysis the questions, answers and the reasons of the users who use Question Answering System of ResearchGate in the field of COVID-19. This study is a survey. The Research Gate scientific social network crawler was used to extract the data. 1337 questions and 4857 answers of Q&A system of ResearchGate were collected and analyzed in the last two months of 2020 (November and December) in the field of COVID-19 or Coronavirus. The total number of retrieved data was analyzed and none were omitted. By using a checklist prepared and approved by 8 experts in information science, the type of questions (conceptual, methodological, experiences and skills and questions from other scientific sources) and answers based on citations (to the source via the Internet, to the expert, to the book, article and other offline resources) were evaluated. Due to concerns that not answering the questionnaires could pose a problem, 620 researcher-made questionnaires were distributed online to users to determine why they are using the ResearchGate question and answering system. These reasons were Finding Information, Getting Opinions, Being entertained, Socializing, Being update about contact’s information, Sharing personal Experiences, Getting promotions which have been mentioned in perez and Gomez’s research. 305 questionnaires were completely answered and all of them were analyzed according to Likert scale. Most of the questioners are men (60.6%) and 55.9% have a doctoral degree or even higher. About 61% of the respondents are men and 66.4% have a doctoral degree or higher. Americans asked the most questions (about 39%) and Europeans answered the most (about 31.5%). Respondents asked more questions about people's personal skills and experiences, and respondents referred more to Internet resources. The least resources which were used are books, papers and other offline resources. Also, users are more likely to use the ResearchGate Q&A system to find information (about 17.73%) and get Opinions (about 16.52%). The least common reasons for users to participate in this system is to be entertained or getting promotions which shows that, People use ResearchGate more as a network to access scientific information and to gain personal knowledge about other researchers than as an entertainment and leisure tool. In addition to, having a RJ score above 10 indicates the questions and answers are high quality. in order to find information and opinions of others in the field of Covid-19, people can ask their empirical and skillful questions using the question and answering system of ResearchGate. Questions and answers are of high quality due to the RJ rating above 10. Furthermore, this system allows users to identify specialists based on referrals provided to them and ask their questions directly in the field of Covid-19. Introduction Virtual question and answer systems are facilities that these social media provide to their users. These systems are based on Web 2 technology and with a special system for users so that people can share their knowledge with others in the form of questions and answers. Membership in these systems is free and possible for everyone, and people with different information needs can Send your questions and receive answers from users all over the world and choose the best answer from them. Answers that can be shared without time and place limitations. COVID-19 outbreaks have raised many questions for the public. Now, it is clear that some people use social media Question Answering (QA) Systems to answer their questions about this disease. So, this study analyzes the questions, answers and reasons of the users who use the Question Answering System of ResearchGate in the field of COVID-19. Literature Review Examining the reasons for user participation, factors such as altruism (Yang, et al, 2011), motivational effects (Meng, et al. 2013), game effectiveness in stimulating voluntary participation (Cavusoglu & Huang, 2015), commitment, common language and common vision Fang, & Zhang, 2019)), users' self-efficacy, expertise and perceived common similarity (Bao & Han, 2019) and social factors such as exchange ideology, community support and social norms (Ondis, 2021) as the causes of users' participation in question and answer networks. The social response has been raised. Perez and Gomez (2011) have mentioned the reasons for using online networks mostly for fun and socializing and less for getting promotion and sharing personal experiences by stating their 7-category. However, despite the research conducted in the field of Covid-19, what kind of questions and answers have been raised about this disease in ResearchGate's Q&A network (referring to internet resources, referring to experts, referring to articles, books, etc.) and what is the RG rank of the questioners and respondents in the subject area of Covid-19, still needs to be investigated. Investigating the reasons for users' participation in the ResearchGate question and answer system as respondents and questioners is also still in question. Methodolog This study is a survey. The ResearchGate scientific social network crawler was used to extract the data. 1337 questions and 4857 answers from the QA system of ResearchGate were collected and analyzed in the last two months of 2020 (November and December) in the field of COVID-19 or Coronavirus. By using a checklist prepared and approved by 8 experts in information science, the type of questions (conceptual, methodological, experiences and skills, and questions from other scientific sources) and answers based on citations (to the source via the Internet, experts, books, articles, and other offline resources) were evaluated. Due to concerns that not answering the questionnaires could pose a problem, 620 researcher-made questionnaires were distributed online to users to determine why they were using the ResearchGate QA System. These reasons were Finding Information, Getting Opinions, Being Entertained, Socializing, Being Updated about contact information, Sharing Personal Experiences, and Getting Promotions which have been mentioned in Perez and Gomez’s research. 305 questionnaires were completely answered and all of them were analyzed according to the Likert scale. Results Most of the questioners are men (60.6%) and 55.9% have a doctoral degree or even higher. About 61% of the respondents are men and 66.4% have a doctoral degree or higher. Questioners have asked more about people's personal skills and experiences, and respondents have referred more to Internet resources. The least used resources were books, papers and other offline resources. The most people have asked about the experiences and skills of other people in the subject of Covid-19. The most important reason that encourages people to use the Research Gate network and the question-and-answer systems of this network is to find the required information, which accounts for 17.73% of the obtained points. After that, more people refer to Research Gate and participate in it in order to know the opinions of other researchers and to feel social and participate in collective activities. On the other hand, reasons such as having fun and getting promoted with the lowest points show that people use Researchgate more as a platform to access scientific information and gain personal knowledge of other researchers than a network for entertainment and spending their free time.The least common reasons for users to participate in this system are to be entertained or get promotions which shows that, People use ResearchGate more as a network to access scientific information and to gain personal knowledge about other researchers than as an entertainment and leisure tool. In addition, having a RJ score above 10 indicates the questions and answers are in high quality. Conclusion Examining and evaluating the quality of answers sent in question-andanswer communities, in addition to the benefits for the user who sends questions to have better criteria for evaluating the quality of received answers, the management of social networking sites is also Having such criteria can have better performance. In this way, many social networks have used the reputation system, a system in which users can earn points based on participation in site activities or their rank on the site by considering factors such as the number of questions answered. Given, the number of answers voted as the best answer and other factors to promote. Based on the search and exploration of the conducted researches, it is obvious that considering that the first social networks that were created were part of the public networks, most of the researches have assigned the subject area to themselves. There is a constant for predicting and evaluating the quality of answers, which is due to the lack of research on the subject, despite its importance. This research can be used as an incentive for researchers to use scientific social networks to obtain the information they need. Also, the final results can be used by designers in order to form the algorithms for the design of social networks and making them professional. In this way, the designers will be informed about the preferences and interests of the users, and finally it will be possible to have higher quality and more user-friendly networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Due to the increasing complexity of uncertainty and its impact on the supply chain network, many researchers have resorted to coping approaches with data uncertainty. In addition, the occurrence of any disruption in the supply chain networks can cause irreparable damage. Therefore, adopting appropriate strategies to increase the level of the supply chain network resilience toward any disruptive events seem to be necessary. Methodology: In this paper, a multi-objective, multi-period, and scenario-based mathematical model is presented in which objective functions of delivery time and total network cost are minimized, and to increase network resilience, nonresilience measures are also minimized. Furthermore, a Two-Stage Stochastic Programming (TSSP) approach has been utilized to overcome the uncertain nature of the input parameters. Goal programming has also been used to transform the model into a single-objective one. Findings: In order to prove the model's applicability, the real-world data of a case study of Mashhad has been implemented. Eventually, according to the validation and sensitivity analysis results, the proposed uncertain model has clear superiority over the deterministic model. Originality/Value: This paper presents a multi-objective linear mathematical model for designing the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain (PSC) network under the COVID-19 situation. Two indicators of time and resilience as optimization tools have been considered simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper aims to identify and evaluate the most important strategies and actions taken by Iranian university libraries during the COVID-19 epidemic crisis, in comparison with international examples. Methods: This applied research employed an applied research approach, utilizing a descriptive-analytical survey method in two parts. Firstly, it analyzed the situation of Iranian university libraries across two dimensions: education and research, in response to the COVID-19 crisis. Secondly, it examined the role of these libraries in terms of social responsibility, comparing them with international examples. The research tools included a researcher-made checklist and a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of both Iranian and international academic libraries. Therefore, 301 international academic libraries were surveyed, along with 33 accessible and responsive samples from Iranian academic libraries and world academic libraries (selected based on the Times Higher Education world ranking). Results: The state of university libraries in Iran, in comparison with the most important university libraries in the world during this pandemic, revealed that the strategies and activities of Iranian university libraries lacked balanced and coordinated attention to both education and research. Furthermore, the strategies and activities of Iranian academic libraries were not synchronized with those of international academic libraries. Conclusion: Findings showed that the efforts of academic libraries worldwide in facing one of their most difficult challenges—the COVID-19 crisis—were significant. Additionally, the commitment towards social responsibility in these libraries was noteworthy, but the amount of attention paid to the activities of this aspect in Iran was low. The integration and connection between university libraries, educational and technological centers or units, and research and laboratory centers are the sole solution during similar events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fifth paper of reviews on COVID-19 addresses COVID- 19 vaccines, as vaccination has started in the world and Iran. In this paper, we review different types of available vaccines and also various platforms for production of COVID-19 vaccines as well as the vaccines produced in each platform in the world and Iran. Then the considerations about vaccination in patients with skin diseases, specially those using immunomodulator drugs will be presented. Finally, the cutaneous adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines will be reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): The Covid-19 pandemic indicated that our biological characteristics alone are not enough to deal with diseases. Resilience refers to the dynamic process of positive adaptation to unpleasant and unfortunate experiences which reflects our ability to control the situation and manipulate the situation optimally. This capability includes internal dimensions, the role of experiences and mental patterns, and external dimensions including the coordinates or community's efforts in mastering challenges. However, studies only focus on the concept of social resilience as an external dimension, and the role of culture as an independent component of identity has been ignored. In this review, the need to conceptualize cultural resilience has been put on the agenda. In fact, the capabilities that culture provides through the various components that enable us to have the ability to adapt, change conditions, and improve performance in critical situations are studied. Methods: This was a review of the literature. PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID databases were investigated using the keywords resilience, community, culture, and hardness in Persian and English papers from 1990 to 2018. The articles were evaluated in multiple stages and finally 32 papers were analyzed. Results: As a result, we conceptualized that cultural resilience could include the following components: belongingness and rootedness, trust, commitment, sense of pride, and attachment. Conclusion: Cultural resilience can be considered as the ability to adapt and deal with a crisis with the help of historical styles, myths, customs, and cultural beliefs.

Objective: Various studies show that lexical or keyword search is not enough, because in this search the meaning of words and semantic relationships between keywords are ignored and semantic understanding is not achieved in this search. The purpose of this research is to investigate and measure the semantic search of users. Semantic search refers to a search that goes beyond the traditional search, i.e., the matching of the keywords of the search request with the keywords of the documents in the system and seeks to understand the meaning and semantic relationships between the keywords in the user's search request, which is used with the development and expansion of the semantic web and ontologies. The focus of this search is on obtaining a higher level of meaning from documents and inquiries and based on its content, which this high level meaning may be provided by ontologies. Semantic search expands the meaning and seeks machine understanding of the user's intent, query request and relationships between words and elevates the user's search strategy to a meaningful experience. In fact, semantic search describes the effort to produce accurate results by understanding the searcher's intent, texture and context of the query request, and the relationship between words. This search is of great interest to users and researchers due to its many advantages and applications. But besides the many advantages, it has over traditional and keyword search. It also has some problems and complications that elimination of these problems leads to the improvement and promotion of semantic search and helps users a lot. Methodology: The present study is quantitative in terms of approach and applied in terms of purpose, which has been done by survey method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was 189 Iranian researchers who had published at least a research article on COVID-19, which Indexed in PubMed. Findings: Based on the research findings, from the perspective of Iranian researchers, the degree of recall and precision to semantic search in the PubMed is moderate (3). The amount of semantic gap in semantic search is relatively high (>3), the degree of accuracy and precision in retrieving results in semantic search is moderate (3), the degree of conceptual relevance in semantic search is moderate (3), the rate of retrieval of meaningful multi-word concepts in semantic search is moderate (3) and the rate of improvement and upgrade of overall performance in semantic search is relatively high (>3) in semantic searches at the database has been extensive. Conclusion: The results of the research in general showed that semantic search is a dynamic and challenging search that despite its various strengths and advantages for users in research, but still has its weaknesses and drawbacks that should be reviewed and revised by semantic search support experts such as ontology designers for the semantic search system. Understanding, identifying, and eliminating these weaknesses and problems, make semantic search to be a better way to respond to researchers for their research, as a result, researchers and users can achieve to richer results for compile their research work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of Covid-19 in 2020, metaphorical conceptualization of coronavirus has been the focus of several investigations into the role of the cognitive system in understanding a novel, unknown and mysterious concept. However, previous research ignored the role of other operations of conceptualization such as force-dynamics (FD), which seems to be a foregrounded element in thinking of coronavirus. Grounding on Kovecses's combined model of conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) and FD, this study seeks to reveal the role of FD in interpreting the metaphors framing Covid-19. The present study sets out to determine if there is any constant correlation between CMT (Lakoff & Johnson, 1989) and FD (Talmy, 2000) to gain a deeper understanding of Covid-19 metaphors. In doing so, the current paper used the findings of the previous research revealing source domains by which conceptualization became possible. The source domains in this study include WAR, FIRE, NATURAL FORCE, WILD ANIMAL and TOOL which all are imbued with some degree of force. Our findings provide a solid evidence base to highlight the close relationship between CMT and FD and contribute to a better understanding of metaphorical expressions of coronavirus through illuminating the role of force entities and their tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 pandemic caused by the newly emerged Coronavirus was first detected in China in December 2019 and rapidly spread throughout the world. With the rapid spread of the disease, all countries involved in accordance with their capacities took necessary measures to identify and manage the disease. The first patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 in Iran in February 2020. Considering the significant role of the laboratory services in detection and management of the disease, planning and programming to provide access to these services was considered as a top priority for healthcare system in Iran. Adopting all existing laboratory capacities and providing necessary infrastructures for expanding COVID-19 laboratory diagnostics, resulted in establishment of a nationwide network of COVID-19 molecular diagnostic laboratories within the shortest possible time. In addition to expanding the capacity of laboratory services, improving the laboratory network's performance have been taken into serious consideration. In spite of the strict sanctions, the COVID-19 molecular diagnostic laboratories scaled up to more than 430 laboratories currently (September 2021), mostly are operating in the private sector. With considerable efforts, COVID-19 molecular laboratory network was established to provide nationwide diagnostic services. Taking into account the capacity for performing SARS CoV-2 Rapid Antigen testing, at the moment, we are able to provide more than 100,000 COVID-19 diagnostic tests per day. However, due to continuation of the pandemic and in accordance with the needs of the health system, it is necessary to plan and carry out more activities for diagnostic testing of COVID-19. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the process of establishing the COVID-19 laboratory diagnostic network to manage the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, from the point of Economic Analysis of Law and by the descriptive-analytical method, has studied the effect of the prevalence of pandemic diseases such as Covid-19 on the performance of contractual obligations. Since many different contracts may be affected by pandemic outbreak, the effect of pandemic outbreak cannot be assessed under one subject and with a specific sanction. Therefore, the legal status of contracts affected by this disease has been examined under the "impossibility to performance the obligation", "hardship" and "frustration". Considering to the possibility of a new purpose for contract law in the contemporary world, entitled "economic efficiency", some principles related to economic analysis of law, such as "efficient allocation of risk" and "efficiency criteria", especially the Pareto efficiency and Caldor-Hicks efficiency, have been considered in order to select a proper and efficient sanction. Also, some applicable sanctions including "legal deferral", "fair deadline", "Suspension of contract", "modify the contract", "Revoke" and "dissolved", has been reviewed separately; so that while observing the legal principles, the most economically efficient sanctions has been considered for each specific situation. The possibility of sharing damages, under the title of "efficient allocation of risk" between the parties, is also one of the issues under consideration in some special sanctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fourth paper of review article series about COVID-19 includes a selection of interesting and useful information about this disease and dermatology. This paper contains materials published in literature in various basic fields such as epidemiology, pathogenesis, as well as clinical topics such as symptoms and treatments. The skin manifestations of COVID-19, the challenges of treating skin diseases and dermatoses caused by the virus have also been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of Covid-19 in 2020, metaphorical conceptualization of coronavirus has been the focus of several investigations into the role of the cognitive system in understanding a novel, unknown and mysterious concept. However, previous research ignored the role of other operations of conceptualization such as force-dynamics (FD), which seems to be a foregrounded element in thinking of coronavirus. Grounding on Kovecses's combined model of conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) and FD, this study seeks to reveal the role of FD in interpreting the metaphors framing Covid-19. The present study sets out to determine if there is any constant correlation between CMT (Lakoff & Johnson, 1989) and FD (Talmy, 2000) to gain a deeper understanding of Covid-19 metaphors. In doing so, the current paper used the findings of the previous research revealing source domains by which conceptualization became possible. The source domains in this study include WAR, FIRE, NATURAL FORCE, WILD ANIMAL and TOOL which all are imbued with some degree of force. Our findings provide a solid evidence base to highlight the close relationship between CMT and FD and contribute to a better understanding of metaphorical expressions of coronavirus through illuminating the role of force entities and their tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although skin manifestations of COVID-19 were reported later than major organs affected, but it seems that they have gained relatively defined and definite described patterns. Regardless of strength and quantity of published papers and reports of rare cases, generally reported cutaneous manifestations are similar. However affection of vairous nail lesions have been mentioned recently. Even though no skin finding is recognized as specific, this does not mean not to look for and describe skin and nail changes. Common skin findings could be observed in many cutaneous diseases. In this issue, we decided to review literature about nail apparatus affected by COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In recent years, children have faced limitations in their playing surrounding, that can affect their cognitive operation. Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of all types of attitudes into the outdoor playings on childrens cognitive flexibility during Covid-19 home quarantine. Method: This paper was a cross-sectional observational study. A total of three hundred female students by the mean age of the 9 to 11 were participated in this study voluntarily by sampling method. Participants were selected from a school in Tehrans 19th district in 2020-2021 academic year. An online survey using a structural questionnaire createing by Google forms were used for data collecting. The online questionnaire consisted of three sections: demographic information, Childrens Cognitive Flexibility, and Parents Attitudes into the outdoor and playings and playing in nature. Variance analysing were used to analyze the data and Tukey's post hoc test were used to Locate the differences. SPSS25 were used for data analysing. Results: The analysis of variance resulted in a significant difference between the mean cognitive flexibility of those children whose parents had a positive attitude towards playing in nature compared to a negative attitude towards playing in nature (p=0.001). The results showed a better cognitive flexibility in those children whose parents had a positive attitude towards playing in nature. Conclusion: Positive or negative attitude of parents towards outdoor playings has an effect on childrens cognitive flexibility during home quarantine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a pandemic that has affected all countries of the world. Forecasting the spread of corona disease will lead to the necessary measures to be taken by the authorities to control this disease. These include increasing vaccinations, quarantining cities and banning entry and exit, increasing the capacity of hospital beds, setting up round-the-clock vaccination centers, requiring the use of masks in public places, and observing social distances. Therefore, predicting such cases will reduce the number of corona cases and therefore reduce the mortality rate. Methodology: In this paper, using the Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) algorithm, the sixth peak of coronavirus in Iran is predicted by considering the current situation. To improve the grouping process of the SSA algorithm, eigenvalues have been selected in the optimization process, so that the predicted time series of which has been significantly improved according to the error-index. Findings: Comparing the proposed method with other forecasting methods include Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Fractional ARIMA (ARFIMA), TBATS, and Neural Network Autoregression (NNAR), it is observed that the forecasting error is acceptable and the SSA method can be used for forecasting. Originality/Value: This article predicts a new case of COVID-19 using efficient method SSA and the presented results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is essential to analyze stresses and ethical problems regarding the severe ethical dilemmas caused by COVID-19 and relevant care. In this case, a review approach provides an outstanding insight into this topic. The extant research aimed at reviewing the common and emerged ethical challenges and dilemmas during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods and Materials: An integrative review was done through the database (e.g., Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) based on the Mesh and keywords mentioned in associated articles. This study was conducted by using logical operators (AND, NOT, OR) among the researches published since 30 January 2020. In the next step, results were extracted from the reviewed eligible texts and papers. Results: The most common ethical dilemmas included lack of patient-centered and empathic care, discrimination, lack of attention to patient autonomy and family-centered care, irresponsibility, as well as conflicts between professional commitment and personal responsibilities. All of the challenges mentioned above may cause ethical harm, mental-emotional consequences, moral stress, lack of psychological adjustment, and disrespect. Therefore, nurses can promote their skills, innovation, and creativity while coping with such challenges. Self-care strategies, structural supports, and professional interventions would mitigate the negative implications while increasing positive ones. Conclusion: Nurses may face many problems in making ethical decisions while caring for patients who suffer from COVID-19. Therefore, some effective coping strategies must be designed to encounter these challenges and support nurses during the crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Gastrointestinal symptoms along with respiratory symptoms recorded in patients with Covid-19 indicate the role of microbiota in this disease. The purpose of this scientometric study was to assess the articles published on the relationship between microbiota and Covid-19 in order to control the pandemic by reaching new strategies. Materials and methods: Relevant articles were searched in Scopus database by titles and abstracts, published from January 1 to October 15, 2020. Data analysis was performed by analysis tools available in Scopus database, SPSS and VOSviewer network analysis version 1.6.15. Results: Overall, 87 papers were included. The most productive time was July in which 20 articles were published. The top subject area was medicine (n=66 papers). The first productive country was the USA (24.14%), and the top institute was the Chinese University of Hong Kong (8.54%) in China. The top source was the Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology journal that published 8.05% of the articles. Total number of citations were 401 and their H-index was 9. Top author and top country in the co-authorship network assessment or international collaboration were from China and the USA, respectively. From the Middle East, six articles were published on microbiota and Covid-19 by Iran, Jordan, Qatar, and Turkey and the highest cited article (5 times) was from Jordan. Conclusion: Some research has been carried out to investigate the role of microbiota in developing Covid-19. However, further studies are needed to clarify this role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infectious diseases in the pandemic stage have significant lifethreatening, psychological and social effects. Identifying the characteristics associated with people's cooperation in self-care leads to greater immunity for themselves and others. Therefore, this study was conducted to predict the self-care of the Iranian people according to their individual and social characteristics in face of the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A survey study was conducted on 1056 adults aged 18 and over in different provinces of Iran through a form of answering online researcher-made questions (n=40, α=0.9) in social networks in four days. This paper studies the level of self-care of people against Covid 19 pandemic which was conducted with the support of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in April 2016. Data were analyzed using Student t-test and variance. Moreover, "decision tree technique" was used to identify communication patterns. Results: The findings showed that the average self-care score in women, the most educated, married women, women aged 41 to 55, housewives and some other occupations was very high. However, the average self-care score of single men with a diploma was average. In general, the mean score of women's self-care was higher than men (P<0.0001) and the educated were more than the less educated literate (P=0.007). There was no significant difference between the self-care scores of the respondents in terms of their marital status and employment. Conclusion: The results showed that the average scores of self-care in women, more educated people, married women, women in the age group of 41 to 55 years, housewives and some other occupations were reported to be very high; While the average self-care score reported in single men with a diploma was average. Overall, the mean score of self-care reported in women was higher than men (P<0.0001) and people with doctoral education reported more self-care than illiterate people (P=0.007). Besides, there was no significant difference between the self-care scores of the respondents in terms of their marital status (single and married) and their employment status (employed and non-employed). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 virus pandemic, beginning from late 2019 and its continues presence in 2020 has influenced the entire 8 billion populations of human society, governmental structures and health care systems throughout the world. The highest impact of this virus is on humans, despite their sex, race and cultural background. As a result of its extensive effects, contagious nature and its effect on human's psychological conditions, the term Corona-phobia was introduced. In some countries, the exaggeration and derivatives of this fear have led to public anxiety. Attitude, beliefs and human values can define the state of this phobia in its individual and general sense. Attitude is an evaluation which is built upon facing different matters and can be produced through cognition, emotion, and behavior. It is formed through time and a transformational process and creates beliefs and values, which are not easy to reframe once shaped. On the other hand, personal attitude and beliefs are in constant connection with cultural beliefs. Perhaps in a maximizing condition, it can be assumed that personal beliefs won't last long without cultural beliefs. Therefore, this new pandemic virus can establish different implications and beliefs, governing our deeds in the years to come. This paper is intended to overlook attitudes and beliefs during the coronal virus pandemic, using a theoretical model, and assess the new formation of personal and cultural beliefs under stress and evaluate the expectancy of new conditions during the post-Corona time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce a new discrete Weibull distribution based on the balanced discretization method, which preserves the partial moments between the two discrete and continuous versions of the distributions. Some statistical features of the new distribution and different kinds of dispersion of the proposed distribution are presented based on various selections of parameters. In addition to introducing the new version of balanced discrete Weibull, we provide the integer-valued autoregressive model with the innovation of the proposed discrete distribution and evaluate different methods for estimating the model parameters. Using the counts of death of the COVID-19 data in Cuba, Malawi and Uzbekistan, we appraise the performance of the new process in fitting real data to some classical integer-valued autoregressive models. Finally, the forecasting of the process is checked based on real data using both classical and sieve bootstrap approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Since the beginning of the Covid-19 epidemic, many countries have been involved in fighting the disease. The outbreak of this disease has caused irrecoverable damages to countries in various aspects such as human resources, economic situation, and social welfare. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of world countries in the face of covid-19 in respect of the role of vaccination and to propose applicable approaches for countries with lower performance. Methods. In this research, a three-phase method was developed to evaluate the performance of 88 countries in the face of Covid-19. In the first phase, the countries were clustered, using the k-means algorithm. In the second phase, the data envelopment analysis model was implemented once on the clusters and then on all the countries without considering the clusters. In the third phase, after presentation of the concept of resilience in the Covid-19 era, an Analytic Hierarchy Process was implemented with three criteria, including the results of data envelopment analysis model without considering the clusters, the results of data envelopment analysis model considering the clusters and resilience, and then the ranking of the countries' performance in the face of Covid-19 was provided. Results. Based on the results, 15 performance scores were obtained for the countries in the face of Covid-19, among which China, Fiji, Seychelles, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania had the highest rankings and Bangladesh, Nepal, Georgia and Pakistan had the lowest performance levels. Iran is in the sixth place and in the average performance position of the countries. Conclusion. Based on the findings of this study, the countries with low performance level in the face of Covid-19 need to apply various strategies in different areas in order to improve their performance level. These strategies include planning and approval of joint programs to control and prevent the spread of disease, applying quarantine policy and restrictions on communities, planning and implementation of appropriate strategies regarding the export and import of drugs and medical equipment, allocating appropriate funds to research projects on Covid-19, banning the export of drugs effective in the treatment of Covid-19, and providing accurate and up-to-date information for raising people’s awareness. Background Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, many countries have been involved in fighting the disease. The disease was so rapidly transmitted that in just four months since its outbreak in Wuhan, China, about 120 million people worldwide had been infected and about 2.7 million had died. The outbreak of this disease has caused a lot of damage to the society and the economy of the countries, which can be examined at different levels such as social, economic, environmental and psychological damages. The illness not only causes a person to temporarily leave the society, but also imposes a lot of costs on the country, such as the costs of treatment, lost labor, spreading the disease caused by the sick person, and so on. Therefore, there is a need to review and evaluate the performance of the countries in dealing with this disease. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of countries in the face of Covid-19 by considering the role of vaccination, so that applicable strategies and suggestions can be provided to help the countries with lower performance to improve their performance. MethodsIn this research, a three-phase method was developed to evaluate the performance of the countries in the face of Covid-19. In the first phase, the countries were clustered using the k-means algorithm, in the second phase, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was implemented once on the clusters and then on all the countries without considering the clusters, and in the third phase, after presentation of the concept of resilience in the Covid-19 era, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model was implemented with three criteria, including the results of data envelopment analysis model without considering the clusters, the results of data envelopment analysis model considering the clusters and the resilience, and then the ranking of the countries' performance in the face of Covid-19 was provided.Based on the studies and analyses, the total number of corona deaths, the percentage of extreme poverty in the community, the CVD death rate, the percentage of the diabetes prevalence, the percentage of female smokers, the percentage of male smokers, stringency index, and the total number of patients with Covid-19 were selected as input parameters, while the total number of vaccinations, the total number of corona tests, population, the number of hospital beds, and GDP were selected as output parameters.After removing the countries with missing data, 88 countries remained which were analyzed in the three-phase method. Results In the phase 1 of the proposed three-phase method, considering 3 clusters and applying the k-means algorithm, 31 countries are in the first cluster, 37 countries are in the second cluster and 20 countries are in the third cluster. In the second phased, the DEA model was implemented once on the clusters and again on all the countries without considering the clusters and the efficiency of the countries was obtained, based on the results of which a number of countries were recognized as efficient. Therefore, the pandemic resilience index was introduced for improving and obtaining a better ranking of the countries. In the third phase, the AHP model was implemented in which, the importance of the "result of the data envelopment analysis model implemented on clusters" was three times the "result of the data envelopment analysis model implemented on countries", because it was expected that if similar countries are considered together and the DEA model is implemented on them, it would lead to more accurate results. In this matrix, the importance of "resilience" was twice as high as the "result of data envelopment analysis model implemented on countries" and finally, the importance of "result of data envelopment analysis model on clusters" and "resilience" were considered as the same. Based on the results, 15 performance scores were obtained for the countries, among which China, Fiji, Seychelles, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania had the highest rankings and Bangladesh, Nepal, Georgia and Pakistan had the lowest performance levels. Conclusion Based on the results, 15 performance rankings were obtained for the countries, where Iran along with 11 other countries were in the sixth place, which indicated the average performance of Iran. In general, 26 countries performed below the average AHP rate of all countries. In this regard, the strategies of the countries with better performance can be used as a benchmark in order to improve the performance of the lower-ranking countries. Accordingly, the countries with lower performance should improve their performances by emulating the policies of higher performance countries, in terms of general strategies, economic strategies, resource management strategies, training programs in the coronavirus era, and case reporting and monitoring. Practical Implications of Research Considering various factors such as efficiency and resilience, countries have different performance in the face of Covid-19, and lower efficiency and resilience has led to poorer performance of the countries. Accordingly, the countries with lower performance should follow the policies of the higher performance ranking countries in terms of general strategies, economic strategies, resource management strategies, training programs in the coronavirus era, and case reporting and monitoring, in order to improve their performance status. Ethical Considerations This paper is taken from the dissertation of M.Sc. of Industrial Engineering at Sharif University of Technology and all the ethical principles related to scientific research have been met in all stages of design, implementation, analysis and compilation of the results. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in publishing this paper. Acknowledgments This paper is taken from the dissertation of M.Sc. of Industrial Engineering of Sharif University of Technology, approved on September 25, 2020, and in this regard, the authors express their gratitude and appreciation to all those who participated in completing this research.

Background and Objectives: While much attention has been given to understanding how different social groups have experienced the COVID-19 pandemic, few studies have focused on working children. Therefore, more information is needed about the challenges faced by this vulnerable group. This research aimed to explore the experiences of street-working children during this global health crisis and understand how their way of life, working conditions, and social relationships might have changed. Materials and Methods: This study employed a qualitative research methodology. Data were collected through observation and semi-structured interviews with 12 street-working children in Tehran, Iran, until reaching thematic saturation. The children had all lived and worked through the COVID-19 pandemic and were selected using purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using the thematic analysis. The reliability of the identified themes was corroborated by using the audit technique and analytical comparisons. Results: A total of 114 concepts, 16 subcategories and five main categories, including violation of home quarantine, multiple transformations, disruption of economic order, augmentation, and compounded violence experiences, emerged. On this basis, apart from the rise in the number of working children, unemployment and poverty confined these children to the streets so that they had to endure health risks, disruptions in the market, and multiple changes in their jobs, besides experiencing various forms of violence in their familial, interpersonal, and social interactions. Conclusion: Since the rise in the number of working children and the additional challenges in their living situations cannot be seen as inevitable outcomes of pandemics, state authorities at all levels and non-state players like NGOs need to ensure the necessary social, economic, and livelihood support for street-working children and other underprivileged families with children under 18 during any future pandemics or health crises. This would effectively help to avoid the social harms that come with child labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main premise of the present paper is that the former methods for fully enhancing the dimensions of psychological empowerment may not be fully effective in the context of the Corona epidemic. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to model and applied systematically to promote empowerment in times of crisis is epidemic. The present study was conducted by mixed method as an explanatory approach. Explanatory approach indicates the precedence of the quantitative method. In this research, first the quantitative points of the research are identified by quantitative data and then more accurate information is obtained based on a qualitative method about the detected domain information.The results showed that the methods of mutual and continuous monitoring (in terms of competence and effectiveness), improving the informal environment (in terms of participation), integration of organizational and individual funds (in terms of the right to choose and participate), developments and interactions at organizational levels (In terms of effectiveness) and upgrading organizational communication knowledge (in terms of sense of participation) will specifically help to enhance the empowerment dimension in the employees of Samt organization in coronary conditions.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and prioritise mobile wallet (m-wallet) key adoption factors (KAFs). 9 KAFs are proposed by authors on the basis of a systematic literature review. Authors have proposed one novel factor influencing adoption called 'contactless transactions' due to pandemic and new normal post-Covid-19. This has resulted in a total of 10 KAFs. The fuzzy TOPSIS approach is proposed to rank these key adoption factors (KAFs). Sensitivity analysis has also been conducted to check the robustness of the study. Examining the literature indicates that this study is among the first attempts to prioritise key adoption factors (KAFs) using fuzzy TOPSIS. The results show that perceived security, trust, performance expectancy, perceived ease of use and contactless transactions are among the top 5 adoption factors. The findings of this research will be beneficial for both academicians and practitioners. The key adoption factors (KAFs) proposed in the paper will help practitioners develop strategies for building a wider acceptance of m-wallet among customers. Moreover, the fuzzy TOPSIS technique discussed in this paper will apprise managers about critical factors to be focused upon. This study will provide an integrated framework for academicians to carry out further research in the field of mobile wallets.

The infestation of the world pandemic has significantly changed the landscape of teaching and learning experience in Malaysia. Particularly for the institution under study, E-learning, previously used as the support medium to face-to-face classroom teaching, has become the primary medium of teaching and learning amid Covid-19. E-learning platform has replaced the face-to-face classes. Even though it is only a temporary approach, less is known in terms of its effectiveness. The present paper intends to examine the factors contributing to E-learning's effectiveness in a Higher Education Institution in Malaysia amid the COVID-19 crisis. The Technology Acceptance Model underpinned the conceptual framework. This study investigated the relationship between the independent variables (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and self-motivation) and E-learning effectiveness. The data were collected through an online self-administrated questionnaire using Google form and received a total of 354 respondents. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS. The findings revealed that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and self-motivation positively influenced E-learning's effectiveness. This paper concluded that regardless of whether as the support medium or the primary medium in the teaching and learning process, the determinant to E-Learning effectiveness is still perceived the same. This study also supports the TAM proposition while incorporate self-motivation in measuring learning effectiveness.

Investor sentiment plays an important role in financial markets and it is important to study the factors affecting it. Therefore, this paper, using the TVP-SVAR-SV method, has studied the time-varying effect of macroeconomic factors on investor sentiment in TSE during 2004-2 to 2022-4 seasonally. The findings showed that the impact of macroeconomic factor shocks on investors' sentiment is negative in the short term. After 2014-2, the exchange rate has had a positive effect on investor sentiment in the medium term. GDP and inflation also had a positive effect in the medium term. The fluctuation of investor reaction to the oil price shock in the short term is more than other macroeconomic factors and the biggest reaction was related to the drop in oil price in 2008. Compared to other macroeconomic factors, liquidity has had the strongest impact on investor sentiment in the short, medium and long term. The study of investor sentiment reaction to the shocks of macroeconomic factors in the three events of sanctions in 2012, the JCPOA and the coexistence of Covid-19 and the withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA shows that the sentiment response to the shock of each of the factors in all three events was similar and no factor has had a lasting positive or negative effect on investor sentiment. In the first (third) event, compared to the other two events, the sentiment reaction to the shock of macro variables (except inflation) was stronger (weaker). The findings showed that the use of static approaches may lead to misleading results regarding the effect of macroeconomic factors on investor sentiment. In addition, the strong effectiveness of the investor's sentiment of self compared to the macroeconomic variables, explains the investors' behavior better.

Background and purpose: There are controversies on the association between electrolytes and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its severity. Studies on these issues may help in resolving ambiguities. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between electrolyte indices and being infected with COVID-19 and developing severe symptoms using a meta-analysis. Materials and methods: A thorough search was done in national and international electronic databases using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms. Quality assessment was conducted by Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) checklist. We estimated the standardized mean difference between electrolyte indices and the incident of COVID-19 infection and its severity. Results: After screening the papers, 12 met the inclusion criteria. According to the meta-analysis results, the standardized mean differences for serum level of sodium and potassium between the dead and survived COVID-19 patients was estimated to be 0.22 (95% CI: -0.03, 0.46) and 0.14 (95% CI: -0.22, 0.50), respectively. The standardized mean differences for serum levels of sodium, calcium, and potassium between patients with severe and non-severe COVID-19 were estimated to be -0.28 (95% CI: - 0.72, 0.17), -1.07(95% CI: -1.58, -0.55), and -0.10 (95% CI: -0.47, 0.27), respectively. Conclusion: In this meta-analysis, the standardized mean difference for calcium was significantly lower in severe COVID-19 patients compared to that in patients with mild and moderate forms of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The digital divide, like other social divides, forms a kind of social inequality. This form of social divide is the gap in access to digital tools and digital skills. Inequalities in access to digital tools and knowledge and skills can increase social and educational inequalities by transferring students from school to the labor market, and also affect the rate of migration from rural to urban areas. As schools resume education and restrictions are lifted, understanding how developing digital skills during the Covid-19 pandemic may exacerbate social and educational inequalities for some students is becoming more important. Because students in the same classrooms may have different learning. In fact, the extent to which citizens benefit from digital and media tools determines their position and place in the society and the spatial structure of the village and city. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to investigate the digital divide of virtual education of students in Alborz province during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: The current research was practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research in terms of the nature and method and was a documentary-field study in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the present study included the students of the central part of Karaj city in 1400, a questionnaire was used to collect the necessary information, the required data was obtained by completing 196 questionnaires and using the stratified sampling method. In the current study, the digital divide was measured with four levels of physical access, skill access, how to use computers and the Internet, and the level of motivational access. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to check the normality of data distribution, and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to check the mean comparisons. The studied sample included government schools, private schools, gifted students' schools and board of trustees. Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference among students in terms of access to virtual learning opportunities during the covid-19 pandemic. Rural students compared to urban students had a higher gap in all four levels of physical access, skill, usage and motivation. Also, according to the findings, there was a significant statistical relationship between the geography of the place of residence and the challenges of online learning in the four levels of access mentioned. It was also observed that students who study in governmentschools have a significantly higher digital divide than the students who study in other schools. The results showed that the level of parents' education has a statistically significant effect on the digital gap of students, and female students have a smaller digital divide compared to male students. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is suggested that the current and future political efforts should be made with the aim of supporting rural students with disadvantaged social and economic backgrounds so that they not only physically access the Internet and other digital tools, but also acquire the necessary skills to learn and use the Internet. These solutions can be a tool to reduce social inequalities in education in different geographical areas. The digital divide can weaken the social wealth and even erode it. If it is not resolved or at least not reduced, it may have harmful economic, cultural, social and political effects for the rural society. Therefore, it is suggested that by developing the infrastructure and increasing the level of digital literacy of students, the ground will be prepared for the reduction of digital divide. Also, it is necessary to make political efforts with the priority of supporting rural students with disadvantaged social and economic backgrounds to be a tool to reduce the digital divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 crisis exerts a marked impact on the quality of life of individuals experiencing grief. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of life quality improvement treatment and emotion-focused therapy on the cognitive flexibility and vitality of individuals affected by grief due to COVID-19. Material & Methods: This research employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with two experimental groups and one control group. In 2021, 30 individuals affected by grief were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to three groups: life quality improvement treatment, emotion-focused therapy, and the control group. Data were collected using the Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. The first experimental group received emotion-focused therapy (Leslie Greenberg, 2012), while the second experimental group received life quality improvement treatment (Fresch, 2006). Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 27) using analysis of covariance. Results: The results demonstrated that both emotion-focused therapy and therapy based on improving quality of life had a positive effect on behavioral flexibility and social vitality, and the effectiveness of therapy based on improving quality of life on the vitality of bereaved people was more than emotion-focused therapy. Discussion & Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of both treatments on the flexibility of action and the effectiveness of the treatment to improve the quality of life and vitality of people with grief, psychotherapists can benefit from both two treatments to improve the quality of life and vitality of people with the experience of grief to take. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic was a stressful event, especially for the elderly. This study aims to determine the relationship between resilience and general health of Iranian older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods & Materials This is a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted in 2021 on 271 older adults aged >60 years referred to the health centers in Ahar county, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, who were selected using a random cluster sampling method. After recording their demographic characteristics, the general health questionnaire and the Connor-Davidson resilience scale were completed by them. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 23 using descriptive statistics and chi-square, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman correlation test. Results The mean total scores of resilience and general health were 64.38±16.42 and 24.56±10.05, respectively. There was a significant relationship between resilience and general health (r=0.25, P<0.001). There total score of resilience was higher in older adults with higher educational level (P<0.05).The general health and its dimensions of somatic symptoms and social dysfunction were higher in older adults who were living with others (P<0.05). Conclusion There was a significant relationship between resilience and general health in Iranian older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to pay attention to these areas in them. Therefore, it is recommended to evaluate the resilience of older people during providing routine elderly care for improving their general health. It is also recommended to design appropriate educational programs during pandemics to increase resilience and general health of older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of socioeconomic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of Covid-19, with a focus on gender segregation between two groups of women and men. The data for this article were gathered through the administration of questionnaires. SPSS software was utilized to analyze the regressions related to the status of income, savings, and employment. The investigation encompasses a statistical population of 1093 individuals, of which 523 are women and 570 are men at the 95% confidence level, the results of the regression analysis indicate that households with more members, tenants, and older individuals have all experienced a decline in income and savings, with males being disproportionately affected. Enhancing socioeconomic status, education, and income class has the potential to mitigate the detrimental effects of Corona. Specifically, women experience a greater reduction in damage than males in this regard. Among different jobs, self-employed jobs were disproportionately impacted by Corona than government and salaried positions. Given the significance of employment in both the public and private sectors within Iranian society, it was deliberated in this domain. In this regard, females have incurred a greater number of occupational injuries and losses than males. Hence, it can be asserted that employed women hold occupations that are more precarious in nature compared to employed men, and in times of emergencies such as the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, they will endure a greater degree of occupational harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The covid-19 pandemic overshadowed the performance of small and medium food industries as well as other businesses. Considering the central role of innovation in critical conditions and also the vital role of small and medium food industries in economic development, the current research was carried out with the aim of explaining the performance of small and medium food industries in Mazandaran based on the innovation approach during Covid-19 pandemic. The current research is a causal studiy that used the quantitative research paradigm and field survey method. The statistical population included 500 small and medium food industries in Mazandaran. 217 businesses were selected as a sample based on the table of Krejci and Morgan and by random sampling method. The data collection tool was a five-option Likert scale questionnaire and its reliability was confirmed by calculating ordinal theta coefficient (θ= 0.831). SPSS26 and Smart-PLS3 were used for descriptive and inferential data analysis, respectively. The results showed that organizational innovation had a more prominent role in explaining performance compared to other forms of innovation. In addition, the evidence showed that if a business has an acceptable innovation capability, this capability leads to improved innovative performance through improved innovation status, and this in turn results in improved production, market and financial performance in critical conditions. Therefore, in order to survive and grow in crisis conditions and improve innovative performance, practitioners and business owners are expected to focus on improving innovation capability and then concentrate on promoting organizational innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Gastrointestinal symptoms along with respiratory symptoms recorded in patients with Covid-19 indicate the role of microbiota in this disease. The purpose of this scientometric study was to assess the articles published on the relationship between microbiota and Covid-19 in order to control the pandemic by reaching new strategies. Materials and methods: Relevant articles were searched in Scopus database by titles and abstracts, published from January 1 to October 15, 2020. Data analysis was performed by analysis tools available in Scopus database, SPSS and VOSviewer network analysis version 1.6.15. Results: Overall, 87 papers were included. The most productive time was July in which 20 articles were published. The top subject area was medicine (n=66 papers). The first productive country was the USA (24.14%), and the top institute was the Chinese University of Hong Kong (8.54%) in China. The top source was the Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology journal that published 8.05% of the articles. Total number of citations were 401 and their H‑index was 9. Top author and top country in the co-authorship network assessment or international collaboration were from China and the USA, respectively. From the Middle East, six articles were published on microbiota and Covid-19 by Iran, Jordan, Qatar, and Turkey and the highest cited article (5 times) was from Jordan. Conclusion: Some research has been carried out to investigate the role of microbiota in developing Covid-19. However, further studies are needed to clarify this role.

Background and aims: Presently, human kind is challenging with a highly contagious disease, COVID-19, caused by a newly emerged virus, SARS-COV2. Health care providers are at the front line of fighting, as well as, at the risk of getting infected. Many attempts have been made to combat the disease are mostly focused on hospital settings rather than outpatient settings so far. Therefore, addressing the clinics and medical offices with numerous health care workers seems necessary. Methods: Using keywords COVID-19 OR SARS-COV-2 OR Corona virus, AND Infection control OR Prevention AND ( Outpatient settings) OR clinics OR (medical offices) AND (health care workers) OR (health care personnel) in databases and pertinent sites : PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Up - to-date, Clinical Key, Google Scholar, guidelines, and health organization like CDC, W.H.O., high impact journals, and publications of Iran ministry of health related to outpatient settings, we searched the medical literature for all published full text articles pertinent to medical practice in clinics and medical offices and COVID-19 disease. We collected all pertinent data, and then organized them in a step by step guide for health care workers. Results: Based on our findings, the majority of patients (80%) with COVID-19 have mild disease and no need to primarily be admitted to hospitals. Since these patients are the source of infection, referrals to all clinics and hospitals have the risk of transmission of the infection to medical staff as well as, other non-COVID patients. They could be quarantined at home, evaluated by physicians via telemedicine, receive appropriate medical advice, and followed up regularly. Tele visit: Tele visit via telephone or video call eliminates unnecessary public or private transportation and the risk of transmission, as well as, face to face visits and exposing health care workers and other patients to the virus. Regarding limited health care resources, face to face unnecessary visits impose dual pressure upon an already overloaded health care system. Emergency departments and hospitals should be dedicated to the remaining 20% of COVID patients with moderate to severe disease. Signs and Symptoms: Signs and symptoms of myriads of COVID-19 patients have been assessed. 27 signs and symptoms have been found common to patients. 4 out of 27 signs and symptoms most consistent with the disease are: fever, headache, fatigue, and myalgia/arthralgia. Moreover, one of the relatively characteristic symptoms of COVID-19 disease is, sudden and recently- onset loss of smell and taste in the context of other signs and symptoms. It should be differentiated from chronic and already present loss of smell, associated with chronic diseases like nasal polyposis, chronic sinusitis and neurologic problems. Other alarming Signs and symptoms that need to be sought are: hemodynamic instability (hypotension and reduced urine output), decreased level of consciousness, and chest pain. Patients with these conditions need to be admitted to hospitals. Approaching patients with dyspnea remotely, Physicians should consider differential diagnoses like exacerbation of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), severe pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pericarditis, and anxiety. Oxygen saturation evaluation: Patients could be instructed to monitor their oxygen saturation by home pulse oximeters twice a day and report it to physicians. If oxygen saturation is 95% or more with room air, and not having other risk factors, they could remain quarantined at home. Patients with oxygen saturation of 94% or less should be visited face to face in medical centers. Elevator etiquette: If you have flu-like symptoms, do not use the elevator. Keep a distance of 1.5 meter from other riders. If the space is not enough, wait for the next turn ride or use the stairs. Don’t touch the buttons with naked hands; Touch them with tissue paper or your elbow instead. Have disinfectant available and disinfect your hands before and after touching the buttons. Do not touch your eyes, mouth and nose after touching the buttons. Stay facing the walls of the elevator. Wash or disinfect your hands with warm water immediately after getting off the elevator in case of touching buttons. At the entrance of the clinic: Place posters, and stands with alarming and educational matters about COVID- 19 disease. Screen all patients, as well as, companions for the signs and symptoms of COVID-19. Limit the entrance of companions to the clinic and not allow those who were exposed to COVID patients in recent two weeks. Get all patients to wear masks and disinfect their hands with alcohol based disinfectant solutions before entering the clinic. Waiting room: Limit the number of patients at the waiting room. The distance between patients should be at least two meters. Put partition between them if it is possible. Open the windows and doors 6-12 times per hour. Have disinfectant solutions in the waiting room and soap in the washing closet available to all patients. Cough etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose with tissue paper or your internal surface of your elbow in case of coughing or sneezing. Discard the tissues in dustbin after coughing or sneezing and wash your hands. Physician’s room: Use a paperless system for transmitting data medical records between physicians and secretory or para clinics. The distance between physician and patient should be at least 2 meters. Physicians should change the gloves after each visit. The disposable table cloth should be changed and the table and all the surfaces touched by the patient should be disinfected after each visit. Follow up of patients at home: Patients at home should be first followed up regularly at daily basis and then setting up the frequency and duration of follow ups based on patient health condition. Personal protective equipment: Medical staff should wear full personal protective equipment including N95 Masks, goggles, face shields, gowns and gloves. Monitoring medical and allied health care staff: Signs and symptoms of COVID-19 should be monitored regularly and the test RT-PCR should be performed every 3 days for health care workers in close contact with suspected COVID-19 patients. Return to work place : Health care personnel could return to work from 10 to 20 days after onset of the disease, provided that symptoms have resolved and had been afebrile without the use of antipyretics for at least 24 hours. Donning and Doffing: Errors in donning and doffing have been observed even among experienced personnel. Therefore, the order of donning and doffing of personal protective equipment should be followed for prevention of infection. Nebulizers and aerosol producing procedures: Given dispersing the virus particles by nebulizers around 10 meters, nebulizers and aerosol producing procedures, should not be used routinely in clinics unless the patient is isolated, the doors closed, and the personnel out of the room. Conclusion: COVID-19 is a newly emerged and highly contagious disease. Its diagnosis is based on multiple signs and symptoms, as well as, laboratory and imaging findings. This disease has no approved treatment and all medications are used based on clinical trials so far. Therefore, the best practice policy is prevention. One of the available facilities that could help in prevention of the disease is telemedicine. Around 80% of patients, who have mild disease, could be followed up, quarantined and managed at home and managed by telemedicine. Those at home should be monitored daily and if their condition worsened need to be admitted to special centers dedicated to COVID-19 patients. They should not be referred to all clinics or admitted to all hospital wards. Unnecessary referrals lead to spread of the infection. Hospitals and clinics are already overloaded and medical personnel exhausted. Medical personnel, as national resources should be preserved for the remaining 20% of patients with moderate to severe disease. Since health care workers are exposed to the high load of the virus and they may receive the viral load from multiple sources, their disease is often more severe, the risk of mortality and the risk of transmitting the infection to others is higher than the general population. Therefore, providing them with full personal protective equipment and monitoring their health condition is essential.

Background and Aim: Telemedicine provides medical services remotely. There are some problems with implementing telemedicine projects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the most common telemedicine services in Iran and other developed countries as well as examine the legal, financial and privacy challenges of telemedicine services in these countries, especially in the era of the COVID-19 epidemic. Material and Methods: In this study, the status of telemedicine in Iran and developed countries was reviewed. Thus, related papers and grey literature were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, SID and Magiran scientific databases. Also, related websites including the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of the Islamic Republic of Iran were examined. According to the study’s purposes, the relevant resources were selected and summarized by researchers. Results: Radiology, psychiatry and cardiology are the most widely used telemedicine services for interaction with patients as well as emergency, pathology and radiology for healthcare professional communication. Teleconsulting is the most widely used telemedicine service in Iran. There are some laws such as article 74 from section 14 in the Iran development plan to support the provision of e-health and telemedicine services. Also, there are some limited laws for patients’ privacy. In Europe, there is a set of guidelines for health websites, mobile health and cross-border exchange of health information, etc. although there are no uniform laws about telemedicine. HIPAA in the United States and GDPR in Europe are some privacy laws in developed countries. There are some restrictions on telemedicine reimbursement in the United States including the fee-forservice payment model; however, the costs of telemedicine in the United States are usually less than face-to-face treatment. Conclusion: In the present era using telemedicine services become a requirement due to the outbreaks of epidemics such as COVID-19. Concerning the experience of developed countries, telemedicine services development in Iran requires some considerations in terms of legal, financial and privacy aspects including the creation of explicit laws on patients and healthcare provider’s rights, providing the telemedicine guidelines in different clinical fields such as structured formats for teleconsultation as well as the explicit laws for preserving the patient’s privacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic had a heavy impact on the elderly and was associated with many disorders, such as death anxiety. The current study aims to assess the effect of psychological and spiritual self-care education through telenursing on the death anxiety of the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic in Gonabad, Iran. Methods & Materials This randomized controlled clinical trial study was conducted on 52 eligible elderly people covered by the urban community health centers in Gonabad County. The participants were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. For the intervention group, one face-to-face psychological/spiritual self-care educational session was held. Then, telephone follow-ups were done twice a week in the first month and once a week in the second month (12 follow-up sessions). The data collection tool was the Templer death anxiety scale, completed by both groups before and immediately after the follow-ups. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. The significance level was set at 0.05. ResultsThe pre-test mean scores of death anxiety in the intervention and control groups were 49.19±11.04 and 45.92±9.38, respectively, which were not significantly different between the two groups. After the intervention, the mean death anxiety in the intervention and control groups was 36.62±8.49 and 42.31±9.76, respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion Psychological/spiritual self-care education through telenursing is effective in reducing the death anxiety of the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is recommended as a nonpharmacological and low-cost intervention for relieving the death anxiety of the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Iran, with the spread of the COVID-19 virus, daily face-to-face communications were disrupted and transferred to the virtual space. Also, the doors of the universities were suddenly closed and online classes quickly started. Each student connected to the online classes in their own home via laptops or mobile phones, and a link was formed between the inner and outer worlds. The duality of the inner (relationships) and the outer (rules) after the 1979 revolution became an important indicator for the necessity of respecting Islamic rules in public and the relative freedom in inner relationships. Therefore, the linking of the inner to the outer led to the juxtaposition and interference of inner and outer relations. The main purpose of the article is to examine the function of the virtualization of the university and its coming into the homes and the emergence of the unfamiliar and new situation that emerged from it. The article is a type of digital research with the presence of the researcher in the social network Instagram, in which the contents produced about the virtual university and its link with the home were searched, and among them, the Instagram page of a professor of Kharazmi University was selected as a case study due to the large number of audiences who wrote about the lived experience of the link between the virtual university and the home. Based on the results of data analysis, in the link between the virtual university and the home, the space of free relationships in the inner world and the administrative rules of the outer world influenced each other, which was attempted to be controlled by means of visual, auditory, and audio communication channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives The combination of tuberculosis and COVID-19 will have catastrophic effects on public health. Therefore, this study investigated the incidence of tuberculosis in the population of Hamedan City after the outbreak of COVID-19 and compared its results with one year before the pandemic. Subjects and Methods In this cross-sectional study, the data were obtained from the tuberculosis reference laboratory and tuberculosis registration station of Hamedan Health Center, and data analysis was done using Excel. Results Out of the 35 sputum samples sent before the outbreak of COVID-19, 21 (60%) were smear-positive, and 14 (66.66%) were reported as positive-culture samples. The annual incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Hamadan City was calculated to be about 3.6 per 100,000 population. On the other hand, one year after the outbreak of COVID-19, 11 samples were collected, of which 10 (90.9%) were smear-positive and 9 (81.81%) were positive-culture samples. The annual incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Hamadan City was calculated to be about 1.63 per 100,000 population. Conclusion It seems that the COVID-19 pandemic, with its impact on the diagnostic programs of the care system of Hamedan City, has led to a decrease in the diagnosis of new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis compared to the periods before the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives At the outset of a new pandemic, when evidence related to predictors of disease is limited or ineffective, prioritization of hospitalization criteria can have a pivotal role in optimization of health-treatment services. This study was performed with the aim of reviewing the hospitalization criteria of symptomatic Covid-19 patients admitted to Ghaem Hospital of Asadabad city and comparing them with national therapeutic-diagnostic guidelines of Covid-19 in 2019-2021. Subjects and Methods This analytical cross-sectional study involved all symptomatic Covid-19 patients (n = 2286) hospitalized from the beginning of the pandemic until the end of the fifth surge of the disease (from March 2020 to August 2021). The tool used in this study was the checklist for gathering demographic and clinical information of Covid-19 patients. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test. Results Our results showed that 47.9% of the patients had moderate symptoms and 49.1% of the patients had severe symptoms, and according to the guidelines, they had at least 3 symptoms. Conclusion The above-mentioned results indicate the good conformity of the hospitalization criteria of suspected Covid-19 patients admitted to the hospital with the national diagnostic-therapeutic guideline issued by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (11th edition). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Health tourism is one of the most important tourism types in Iran. Iran has many strengths in health tourism. Also, there are challenges such as communication and information inconsistency in the health tourism industry and the outbreak of COVID-19 disease. Due to the unknown issues about COVID-19, it is important to determine effective strategies to control the consequences and reduce the economic and social effects of the virus in all industries, especially the health tourism industry. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review study, 500 published papers from 2018 to 2020 were evaluated. In the group interview section, we used the views of participated health tourism experts in the scientific events in Iran, Turkey, and Oman. Also, the SWOC Analysis model(strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges) and MAXQDA software were applied. Results: The results showed that the selected strategies were defensive and competitive. This research showed that the strengths of the health tourism industry overcome the weaknesses and development opportunities outweigh the challenges. Also, the maintenance strategy is the best strategy to support health tourism in the current situation in Iran. Conclusion: It is necessary to be following issues for the politicians of Iran's health tourism industry to design a comprehensive document of Iran Health Tourism Diplomacy, preparation of a strategic plan for the development of health tourism, establish an independent organization of Iran Health Tourism, develop electronic health in the health tourism industry, design a health tourism insurance system, and…, with the aim of entrance to the current markets and creating new foreign markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research scrutinizes citizens' perception of the utility of "online news media" and "social media" in preventing the spread of the Covid-19 epidemic among individuals in Khuzestan province. Notably, the dissemination of false information serves as a significant societal concern during the Covid-19 pandemic, and the absence of accurate information dissemination exacerbates the confusion within society. Given the gravity of the matter, it is crucial to grasp the perceived utility of mass media in disseminating reliable information, thereby fostering increased participation among people in adhering to preventive measures implemented by the government. Drawing attention to the role of trust in citizens toward the government, these aspects will be examined from the perspective of social capital. For the experimental study, the survey method coupled with structural equation modeling was utilized. Information gathered from citizens of Khuzestan province (totaling 384 individuals) during the Covid-19 outbreak was meticulously selected as a means of prevention. Employing the clustering method, which groups data based on volume, was used for the research. The significance of the research findings extends beyond the realm of medicine, as they also play a pivotal role in bolstering social trust via enhanced interaction between people and the government. The results of the research demonstrated that "online news media" plays a positive role in enhancing trust in the government's preventive measures, thereby fostering collaboration and compliance among citizens. On the other hand, while "online news media" bolsters trust among citizens and the government, "social media" does not appear to have a significant impact on either parameter. Introduction The emergence of the Covid-19 disease has had a considerable impact on the physical and mental health of individuals worldwide. Notably, no existing global systems were initially equipped to manage the disease. While the spread of infectious diseases is not a novel phenomenon in human history, the noteworthy aspect today is that, in the current interconnected world, the impact of diseases such as the corona virus extends beyond mortality and illness, affecting various dimensions of society. "Infodemic" refers to the widespread dissemination of erroneous information during a pandemic, which can lead to confusion in obtaining accurate information within society. Within the domain of new media, particularly digital media based on information and communication technology, both genuine news and misleading information can be indiscriminately published. The ability to discern and filter such information depends on the extent of social capital available, with the "trust factor" being a significant determinant. Building upon this premise, the current research aimed to investigate the perceived desirability of "online news media" and "social media" among citizens during the Covid-19 pandemic by addressing the following research questions: 1. Does the perceived usefulness of media contribute to an enhancement in trust between citizens and the government? 2. Does trust between citizens and the government hold a causal effect on the implementation of preventive measures against the Covid-19 disease? 3. Is the perceived utility of "online news media" and "social media" percieved differently among citizens? Methodology The data utilized for this research was collected via a survey from the citizens of Khuzestan province in 1401. Consequently, the sampling process for the study was conducted by considering the statistical data related to individuals aged 20 years and above residing in Khuzestan province, thus elucidating their perceived desirability of "online news media" and "social media" in light of the lens of social capital. In this research, the analysis was conducted in a comparative manner at the individual level among 20 years and older citizens. The necessary information was gathered accordingly. The research involved a total of 384 individuals residing in 6 cities with a population exceeding 100,000 people in Khuzestan province (Ahvaz, Abadan, Dezful, Mahshahr, Dasht Azadegan, and Andimshek). Pure observations were obtained and utilized to measure the variables, employing the Georgian and Morgan sampling method. Finally, data related to these variables were analyzed. The multi-stage stratified sampling method was implemented to determine the sample units, after ascertaining the size of the statistical sample. Initially, a categorization of the 30 cities of Khuzestan province was conducted based on the population, drawing from the census data of 2015. Subsequently, 6 cities with a population exceeding 100,000 were specifically selected. In light of this classification, 384 individuals aged 20 years and above were chosen from the aforementioned cities based on the rationale that they possess greater experience and understanding of the situation concerning online and offline media. Result Path analysis, implemented through the SPSS-PLS SMART3 software, was employed to analyze research assumptions in the form of structural equations. Notably, the study revealed that the indirect effects of the online news network on preventive measures equaled - 438.49. It is important to highlight that this indirect relationship was influenced by the variables of trust in citizens (2.907) and trust in the government (26.582), both of which demonstrated a direct positive effect on preventive measures. Moreover, the indirect effect of social media on preventive action amounted to 45.27, and this indirect relationship was attributed to the influence of the variables trust in citizens (-1.842) and trust in the government (-30.835). In the subsequent step, both of these variables had a direct impact on preventive measures, with values of 3.657 and 26.582, respectively. As a result, it can be affirmed that the concept of social capital played a pivotal role in cultivating trust between citizens and government officials concerning the utility of Conclusion Firstly, in the realm of new media, such as digital media, both authentic and false news can be effortlessly disseminated. The capacity to accept and internalize this information hinges on the availability of social capital (particularly the trust factor) within the society. Consequently, the findings of this research could prove valuable in guiding collective actions among media managers, thereby fostering an improvement in social capital and cultivating greater trust, especially during natural and artificial calamities. Secondly, robust social capital within a society can engender a positive understanding of the media by citizens, as this research has established a link between the degree of social media desirability and parameters such as structural trust, which is closely related to the main operators of these media outlets. In light of the research results, they serve as valuable insights for government officials and health professionals, as the prior perceptions held by citizens of a society rely heavily on the fairness and transparency of information disseminated by the media, particularly during times of crisis such as the Covid-19 pandemic. While persuasion can play a role, collective collaboration is ultimately more effective. Thirdly, the findings of the research revealed that the concept of social capital materializes through connections with others and enhances cohesivity and harmony within a society, particularly during challenging times. The results of this segment hold significance for policymakers in the realms of society and health, as they shed light on the importance of strengthening trust to optimally harness collective action during "collective disasters," such as the Corona virus outbreak. Historically, when an epidemic impacts an entire community, increased social bonding and trust become evident, and efforts to overcome this crisis deserve to be effectively amplified through public awareness and collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Mothers who are caregivers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities may experience psychological problems during the COVID-19 outbreak. These mothers report more stress and psychological problems than mothers of normal children. One of the major problems these caregivers face is depression. Emotional training is an effective way to help mothers of children with intellectual disabilities deal with depression. However, no research has been done on the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression symptoms in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 outbreak. Method The study used a quasi-experimental method with experimental and control groups. The study population consisted of all caregiver mothers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities in Razan City, Iran. The study randomly selected 22 mothers with severe depression symptoms for the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received emotional regulation training in 8 weekly sessions (90 hours), while the control group did not receive any training during the sessions. The data was collected using a short form of the depression inventory, and analysis of covariance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data. Results The results showed that 42.86% of mothers had symptoms of severe depression. The study found that emotional regulation training was effective in reducing depression in caregiver mothers of children with severe and profound mental disabilities (p <0.05). Discussion Based on the study, it is recommended that parents of children with ADHD be educated about the negative consequences of screen time (SB). Parents should be encouraged to engage in physical activities with their children, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strengthening home sports activities can be beneficial for both parents and children with ADHD. Workshops on managing screen time can be held online or face-to-face for mothers. Psychological strategies to reduce caregiver distress can also be effective in managing the screen time of children with ADHD. Mothers who are caregivers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities may experience psychological problems during the COVID-19 outbreak. These mothers report more stress and psychological problems than mothers of normal children. One of the major problems these caregivers face is depression. Emotional training is an effective way to help mothers of children with intellectual disabilities deal with depression. However, no research has been done on the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression symptoms in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: From the end of 2019 until now, the coronavirus pandemic created an extraordinary situation in the world, which resulted in an unprecedented social, political and economic crisis. The most critical solution to this pandemic is to fully comply with health protocols and public vaccination, which requires informing society and changing people's health and social behaviours. The present study was conducted to investigate the factors related to preventive behaviors against Corona) SARS-CoV-2( among women in the suburbs of Mashhad using the Pender health promotion model. Materials & Methods: In this Cross-sectional analysis study conducted in 2021, 300 women living in the suburbs of Mashhad were included by multi-stage sampling method, who were satisfied with the research., and a checklist of demographic information and an 82-question questionnaire designed based on Pender's health promotion model (whose validity and reliability were confirmed). The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Among the demographic characteristics of job variables (p=0.03), history of corona infection (p=0.01), vaccination (p=0.04), blood pressure (p=0.01), and diabetes (p=0.04) had a significant relationship with the structure of behavioral outcomes. The highest and lowest scores of the participants in the study were in the structure of Perceived Barriers (48.66 ± 12.87) and Commitment to Plan of Action (8.68 ± 1.42). Among the different parts of Pender's health promotion model, perceived self-efficacy (p<0.001, B=0.39), perceived benefits (p<0.001, B=0.13), interpersonal effects (p=0.001, B=0.16), and preferences (p<0.001, B=0.20) had a significant effect on the structure of behavioral consequences. Conclusion: Self-efficacy is the strongest predictor of preventive behaviors against Corona. As a result, carrying out interventions to increase the self-efficacy of the residents of the outskirts of the city will probably lead to an increase in their behaviors of avoiding Covid-19 in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The substantial changes in the COVID-19 epidemic around the world and its impact have repeatedly changed the management, diagnostic, and even treatment protocols. The meaning of changing the concept of triage is adjusting the process of ordinary hospital triage to a gray and two-layer triage. In this study, the field evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the management and triage of COVID-19 patients and the design of a biological triage model in a selected military hospital has been conducted. Methods: This research was a descriptive study in terms of its purpose and method; it is a qualitative study. The Delphi method was used. The studied community, specialists, and elites related to the treatment of COVID-19 included emergency, infectious, internal medicine, lung, and anesthesia specialists, as well as experts and senior hospital managers in the scientific committee of the university. Sampling was done using a targeted and available method. Focused group discussions, expert panels, and qualitative interviews people used to obtain were optional. Delphi results were analyzed in three rounds with content analysis to identify the main topics and use collective agreement indicators. Results: By holding a panel of experts, the results of research findings in qualitative panels were presented in three categories. First, the weaknesses and strengths of the existing and notified protocols of the Ministry of Health were identified. Then, the experts in the scientific committee of Corona presented the implementation solutions to improve and enhance the treatment protocol in the hospital. Finally, the implementation algorithm agreed upon by most experts was presented. The maximum isolation of patients from the beginning of entering the gray triage unit, the use of the maximum emergency capacity in a pandemic, and the use of home care methods to accelerate the discharge process of recovered patients were among the most important features of the proposed algorithm. Conclusion: Proper and continued training based on the latest findings, complete isolation of the triage area until hospitalization of COVID-19 patients, use of resistant structures, development of support beds in the emergency room, and conducting preparation maneuvers in biological pandemics based on an algorithm are of particular importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the potential of government fiscal support in mitigating the consequences of shocks, particularly in relation to the infection rate of contagious diseases. The focus is on the emergence of Covid-19 and the various interventions implemented by governments to combat it. The study utilizes a cross-country analysis, using a dataset that includes government fiscal measures, infection rates, and selected institutional and economic metrics from different countries. To isolate the effects of vaccinations, the analysis is specifically focused on the year 2020. The findings indicate that a one percentage point increase in the ratio of direct government spending to GDP corresponds to an approximate 0.08 percentage point reduction in the confirmed infection rate. Given the average infection rate of 1.6 percent in 2020, this translates to a significant 5 percent decrease in infection rates. Additionally, the study reveals that the effectiveness of fiscal support measures is influenced by the institutional quality of the countries. Higher institutional quality is associated with greater effectiveness of fiscal support measures in reducing the infection rate. Furthermore, the study highlights that the impact of government spending on reducing the infection rate is enhanced when accompanied by the implementation of governmental rules.1.IntroductionWith the outbreak of the COVID–19 pandemic, countries faced with a widespread shock that precipitated health–economic crises. In an effort to curb the spread of the disease, governments implemented quarantine measures while concurrently endeavoring to aid vulnerable households and businesses, aligning citizens with restrictive policies. It is essential to note that government responses extended beyond financial support; a comprehensive set of policies was enacted to address the outbreak and its ramifications. In this respect, the present research aimed to study the impact of fiscal measures on the prevalence of COVID–19.The study investigated the hypothesis that government financial support may contribute to diminishing the prevalence of COVID–19. Should this hypothesis prove valid by drawing from the lessons learned during the COVID–19-induced shock, we can advocate for a more widespread application of fiscal policy tools in similar circumstances. This recommendation may extend beyond the conventional goal of stabilizing the macroeconomy, encompassing a proactive approach towards reducing infection rates. Yet a significant portion of the existing literature refers to the limited role of fiscal policies in stabilizing economy.The significance of this study lies in its quantitative assessment of the impact of monetary and fiscal policies, along with the identification of institutional factors that influence the scale and composition of supportive policies. This information can help policymakers to make necessary institutional changes, enabling a more adept response to potential future shocks.In line with the hypothesis testing, the research also investigated the impact of certain fiscal support measures adopted by governments on reducing the infection rate of COVID–19.2.Materials and MethodsDue to the absence of the necessary database for testing the research hypothesis, the researchers constructed a suitable database by amalgamating and refining data sourced from various databases, including research centers specializing in infectious diseases, the World Bank, and other international statistical institutions. The study used a cross-country panel analysis to measure the impact of fiscal policies while controlling for influential variables.3.Results and DiscussionThe study showed that the overall direct government expenditures aimed at combating the outbreak of COVID–19 had a significantly negative relationship with the confirmed infection rate. This finding demonstrates a satisfactory level of stability in relation to changes in the control variables.Furthermore, the study employed the rule of law index to measure the impact of institutional quality on the effectiveness of expenditures. The index did not show a direct correlation with the infection rate. However, the significance of the coefficient associated with the product of the rule of law and government direct expenditures suggests that enhancing institutional quality can increase the effectiveness of expenditures in reducing the infection rate.The analysis of the expenditures indirectly linked to health revealed that a one-percentage-point increase in the ratio of such expenditures to GDP led to a 0.13 percentage-point decrease in the confirmed infection rate. Given the average 1.6% infection rate in 2020, this translates to a 5% decrease in the infection rate.The research results indicate that support provided through grants to small businesses, aids to tenants, income support for households, and expenditures resulting from reductions in various tax bases or similar measures proved successful in aligning businesses and households with quarantine policies. Moreover, these measures demonstrated a relatively acceptable ability to reduce the infection rate. Considering the average ratio of 3.4% of these expenditures to GDP of countries, it can be asserted that with an approximately 30% increase in support (equivalent to a one-percentage-point increase in this ratio), the average infection rate has decreased by 5%, hence a decrease in the mortality rate.4.ConclusionThe research results indicate that fiscal policies, beyond their role in stabilizing the macroeconomy, remain a potent tool in the hands of policymakers. Appropriately employed, these policies have the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of severe shocks, such as the outbreak of a disease. Specifically, the research highlights the effectiveness of fiscal support policies adopted during the COVID–19 outbreak in aligning households and businesses with imposed restrictions. There was evident reduction in the infection rate, even when controlling for other influential variables. Furthermore, the study underscored the impact of institutional quality, measured by the rule of law index, on the effectiveness of government fiscal support. It suggests that fiscal support measures carried out within a robust institutional framework demonstrate greater effectiveness. Conversely, in contexts characterized by weak institutions, the effectiveness of fiscal support is diminished.

The coronavirus outbreak has highlighted the importance of supply chain integration in reducing disruption impacts and maintaining organizational sustainability. Previous studies showed that supply chain integration can directly improve corporate performance. Meanwhile, supply chain integration could improve performance by increasing the company's resilience in catastrophes like the Corona outbreak. In this way, supply chain resilience mediates the relationship between integration and performance. The purpose of this research was to examine how different aspects of supply chain integration affect an organization's performance and how supply chain resilience is a mediator during an outbreak. Based on a review of the literature, the research conceptual model was designed and tested using survey data collected from food sector enterprises in Tehran province during the coronavirus epidemic. To evaluate the data and test the hypotheses, structural equation modeling was employed. The study's findings indicate that process and product integration are critical in building supply chain resilience. The supply chain's resilience also has significant effects on the relationship between supply chain integrity and firm performance. The study's findings provide useful insights for Food industry supply chain managers on the relevance of integration and resilience in ensuring sustainability and company viability during times of disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The COVID-19 pandemic caused changes in daily life and disrupted hospital performance and the provision of medical services, especially in the organ transplant departments. Objective This study aims to compare the frequency of organ donation and transplantation before and after the COVID-19 outbreak in the transplant centers of northern Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 donors with brain death from 2018 to 2021 in Rasht. Demographic data, underlying diseases, history of smoking and drug use, causes of brain death, type of donated organ, number of donated organs per patient, type of transplanted organ, and the location of transplantation (in or out of the province) were recorded. Then, these factors were compared between two time periods: Before the pandemic (from July 2018 to February 2020) and during the pandemic (from February 2020 to August 2021). The recorded data was analyzed in SPSS software, version 21. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean age of donors during the pandemic was significantly higher than that of patients before the pandemic (P<0.001). The most common cause of brain death in donors before the pandemic was trauma; after the pandemic, cerebrovascular causes were more common (P=0.01). The frequency of organ donation and the mean number of donated organs per donor during the pandemic were significantly lower than before the pandemic (P<0.001). Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has significant impact on the process of organ donation and transplantation in northern Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the importance of online classes in the Covid-19 era, this study surveyed the satisfaction of English language teachers in secondary schools with teaching on the Shad educational network in 2020 and 2021. This study aimed to explore the teachers' attitudes towards the opportunities and challenges of the Shad application and to provide the educational community with solutions to overcome the obstacles in the application. A mixed-methods research design was employed, involving 55 high school English language teachers. The quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire that was adapted from several questionnaires in the field of online education (the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by EFL instructors of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and its reliability was estimated at 0.84 using Cronbach's alpha, α = 0.84). The qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews. Results indicated that the use of the Shad application increased the parents' responsibility and involvement in the student's learning process. The identification of capable teachers and the utilization of teachers' experiences were among the opportunities of the Shad application. The teachers commented the biggest problem with using the Shad application was that it was too slow to transfer and learn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]