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The fourth paper of review article series about COVID-19 includes a selection of interesting and useful information about this disease and dermatology. This paper contains materials published in literature in various basic fields such as epidemiology, pathogenesis, as well as clinical topics such as symptoms and treatments. The skin manifestations of COVID-19, the challenges of treating skin diseases and dermatoses caused by the virus have also been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is essential to analyze stresses and ethical problems regarding the severe ethical dilemmas caused by COVID-19 and relevant care. In this case, a review approach provides an outstanding insight into this topic. The extant research aimed at reviewing the common and emerged ethical challenges and dilemmas during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods and Materials: An integrative review was done through the database (e.g., Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) based on the Mesh and keywords mentioned in associated articles. This study was conducted by using logical operators (AND, NOT, OR) among the researches published since 30 January 2020. In the next step, results were extracted from the reviewed eligible texts and papers. Results: The most common ethical dilemmas included lack of patient-centered and empathic care, discrimination, lack of attention to patient autonomy and family-centered care, irresponsibility, as well as conflicts between professional commitment and personal responsibilities. All of the challenges mentioned above may cause ethical harm, mental-emotional consequences, moral stress, lack of psychological adjustment, and disrespect. Therefore, nurses can promote their skills, innovation, and creativity while coping with such challenges. Self-care strategies, structural supports, and professional interventions would mitigate the negative implications while increasing positive ones. Conclusion: Nurses may face many problems in making ethical decisions while caring for patients who suffer from COVID-19. Therefore, some effective coping strategies must be designed to encounter these challenges and support nurses during the crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infectious diseases in the pandemic stage have significant lifethreatening, psychological and social effects. Identifying the characteristics associated with people's cooperation in self-care leads to greater immunity for themselves and others. Therefore, this study was conducted to predict the self-care of the Iranian people according to their individual and social characteristics in face of the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A survey study was conducted on 1056 adults aged 18 and over in different provinces of Iran through a form of answering online researcher-made questions (n=40, α=0.9) in social networks in four days. This paper studies the level of self-care of people against Covid 19 pandemic which was conducted with the support of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in April 2016. Data were analyzed using Student t-test and variance. Moreover, "decision tree technique" was used to identify communication patterns. Results: The findings showed that the average self-care score in women, the most educated, married women, women aged 41 to 55, housewives and some other occupations was very high. However, the average self-care score of single men with a diploma was average. In general, the mean score of women's self-care was higher than men (P<0.0001) and the educated were more than the less educated literate (P=0.007). There was no significant difference between the self-care scores of the respondents in terms of their marital status and employment. Conclusion: The results showed that the average scores of self-care in women, more educated people, married women, women in the age group of 41 to 55 years, housewives and some other occupations were reported to be very high; While the average self-care score reported in single men with a diploma was average. Overall, the mean score of self-care reported in women was higher than men (P<0.0001) and people with doctoral education reported more self-care than illiterate people (P=0.007). Besides, there was no significant difference between the self-care scores of the respondents in terms of their marital status (single and married) and their employment status (employed and non-employed). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infectious diseases in the pandemic stage have significant life-threatening, psychological and social effects. Identifying the characteristics associated with peoplechr('39')s cooperation in self-care leads to greater immunity for themselves and others. Therefore, this study was conducted to predict the self-care of the Iranian people according to their individual and social characteristics in face of the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A survey study was conducted on 1056 adults aged 18 and over in different provinces of Iran through a form of answering online researcher-made questions (n=40, α=0.9) in social networks in four days. This paper studies the level of self-care of people against Covid 19 pandemic which was conducted with the support of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in April 2016. Data were analyzed using Student t-test and variance. Moreover, "decision tree technique" was used to identify communication patterns. Results: The findings showed that the average self-care score in women, the most educated, married women, women aged 41 to 55, housewives and some other occupations was very high. However, the average self-care score of single men with a diploma was average. In general, the mean score of womenchr('39')s self-care was higher than men (P

In the information era, the coronavirous disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has brought new challenges to the world. Infodemic is regarded as a serious problem for public health since it can affect peoples’ life in many aspects, in particular peoples’ mental health. This paper aimed to introduce the infodemic and misinformation concepts and discuss measures that introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) to fight against the COVID-19 infodemic and misinformation.

One of the emerging global challenges in infectious disease management is addressing coronavirus disease. The coronavirus spread to all countries of the world and Iran and quickly endangered mental and physical health. With the creation of the coronavirus pandemic, human society and the physical effects of this disease also faced widespread psychological effects of this disease, which can be referred to as social stigma. Stigma is an essential aspect of a person's life; Human status, social status, job opportunities, marriage, family relationships and friendships were affected. Although stigma does not directly cause chronic disease, it significantly increases the level of anxiety, which may exacerbate clinical symptoms and even lead to recurrence. Stigmas are highly influenced by environmental information and Internet news. The World Health Organization (2020) states that an almost constant flow of news about the outbreak of coronary heart disease causes everyone to feel anxious or distressed. Therefore, information updates and practical tips should be sought from health professionals and the WHO website at specific times and avoids rumors that cause people discomfort and anxiety. Given that Covid 19 experiences many psychosocial consequences and this reduces their quality of life, the use of psychologists and counselors in the treatment environment to reduce these consequences seems necessary. Also, considering the importance of educational media, especially new media, in increasing awareness and empowerment of society, it is recommended to pay attention to the educational needs of society and new opportunities that new media provide to health educators in future planning. More to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From mid-December of 2019 a newly diagnosed Corona virus with a highly human to human transmission rate was discovered in china which rapidly involved many countries and became pandemic. Although most infected cases are mild but this virus can cause severe lung injury which lead to severe mortality and morbidity. The mortality rate of this virus is high in immunosuppressed patient or with previous medical disorder. Many Inflammatory bowel disease patient are using immunosuppressive or immunomodulating agents which has raised the concern of severe disease in these patients. In this review we are going to discuss about treatment challenges in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]