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It is more important to improve and complete the wastewater process in order to reuse and return it to the production line. In this study, the hydrogen peroxide/ozone process (Peroxone) was investigated as a supplementary step in paper mill wastewater treatment to reduce the amount of chemical oxygen demand and remove E. coli. In this regard, using the Box-Behnken Design method based on the response surface method to optimize and investigate the effect of three variables governing the ozonation process, including the amount of hydrogen peroxide consumed (ml), the amount of ozone input (mg/min) and ozonation time (min) were used. The results showed that the amount of ozone and hydrogen peroxide had the greatest effect for reducing COD (up to about 75%). Also, all three variables have played a significant role in increasing the efficiency of the Peroxone process and even completely eliminating E. coli. In determining the optimal conditions, the amount of ozone (146 mg/min), the amount of hydrogen peroxide (2ml) and the duration of ozonation (23 min), the lowest amount of residual COD (73 mg/L) and the highest efficiency (75% removal of E. coli) are predicted. The results showed that due to the interaction of ozone and hydrogen peroxide, the peroxone process performance was less efficient than the ozonation process alone.

In this research, the ozonation process has been used as a supplementary stage of purification to reduce the amount of chemical oxygen demand and remove bacteria, especially E. Coli, from the effluent of the paper industry. Box-Behnken Design statistical method is used to optimize the treatment conditions. In this method, the effect of three variables governing the ozonation process, including the initial pH of the effluent, the amount of input ozone (mg/min) O3 and the duration of ozonation (min) t, was investigated. The results showed that the amount of input ozone and pH had the greatest impact on reducing COD (up to about 80%). Also, the maximum efficiency of the ozonation process for the complete removal of E. Coli was seen in acidic conditions with high amounts of ozone and increasing the duration of ozonation. According to the results, it was found that ozone in molecular form and by direct attack in acidic environments played a role in the destruction of pollutants. Design Expert software was used to determine the optimal conditions, minimize residual COD and maximize the efficiency of the ozonation process. The values of pH=5.2, ozone amount (131mg/min) and duration (23 min) are predicted to reach the lowest residual COD value (48 mg/L) and the highest efficiency (100% removal of E. Coli). According to the investigations carried out in this research, it can be concluded that the use of ozonation process to reduce COD and effectively remove E. Coli from the waste water of paper industry is a promising complementary method.

Background and Aims: The bond strength of direct composite restoration to the caries affected dentin is a challenging issue. Preparation of dentin with an antibacterial agent is a method for creating durable bonded restorations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin photosensitizer on the bond strength of a universal adhesive to the caries-affected dentin (CAD). Materials and Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, forty-four decayed human molar teeth were selected. After removing the surface enamel and dentin by a water-cooled saw, the decayed mid-coronal dentin was stained with a caries detection solution. The green and soft infected dentin was removed and CAD and hard and healthy surrounding dentin were left. Then, the remaining dentin surfaces were treated by 600 grit silicon carbide papers and polished. The specimens were divided into two groups (n=22): dentin pretreatment group by curcumin and control with no dentin pretreatment group by curcumin. Each group was divided into two subgroups based on the method of application of All-Bond Universal adhesive (Bisco, USA) (etch and rinseand self-etching methods). After placing the Aelite All Purpose Body (Bisco, USA) composite, all specimens were placed in a universal testing machine for microshear bond strength (µSBS) test. The failure mode of the isolated surfaces was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Two-way ANOVA analysis was used for statistical analysis. Results: Based on the obtained results, intervention with the adhesive application method and surface pretreatment with curcumin had no significant effect on the bond strength. Also, there was no significant difference in the bond strength of the curcumin group in both etch and rinse and self-etching methods (SE=56.3±27.11 MPa; ER=52.4±84.11 MPa) (P=0.847). In the curcumin-free group, there was no significant difference between the two different adhesive application methods (P=0.187). Conclusion: The results obtained in the present study showed that the pretreatment of dentin affected by caries with light-sensitive curcumin and also use of a universal adhesive by either self-etching or self-etchinf methods had no influence on the microshear bond strength of the composite restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Given the role of Solobacterium moorei in bacteremia, septicemia, oral infections, halitosis, and periodontal diseases and previous research defects considering the important role of laser in comparison with the application of antimicrobial agents, the purpose of this research was to compare the effect of 810nm and 940nm lasers on Solobacterium moorei in vitro situation. Material and Method: The research has employed an experimental method. The standard strain of solobacterium moorei bacteria was cultured in a liquid medium (BHI), incubated for 48 hours at 37°C and 10% CO2, and then, the number of bacteria in the liquid medium was diluted to a standard concentration of 1McFarland. The colonies randomly assigned to five groups. In the first group, the control of sterile absorbent paper points was prepared in 50μl bacterial suspension. Initially, it was immersed for 2 minutes, placed on an empty sterile plate, and immersed in sterile physiologic serum. After 30 minutes, all paper points were removed from the plate, immersed in 7ml of Broth letheen medium, and incubated at 37°C for 1 hour. The 810nm diode laser was expose to the second experimental group and the 940nm diode laser was expose to the third experimental group for 10 seconds with 200mv power. Two types of antimicrobials including Chlorhexidine 0.2% and sodium hypochlorite 2.5% were used in the fourth and fifth groups, respectively. Finally, CFU rates were set through standard and bacterial counting methods. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS-20 software and Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests. Results: The CFU of solobacterium moorei was significantly reduced in all the interventional groups (p> 0.05). The reduction of solobacterium moorei in the sodium hypochlorite group, chlorhexidine group, 810nm diode laser group, and 940nm diode laser group were 93%, 92%, 80%, and 60% respectively. Conclusion: According to the research results among different interventions, sodium hypochlorite had the highest effect and 940nm diode laser had the least effect on reducing of Solobacterium moorei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of the Gurney flap parameters such as the angle of attack, Reynolds number, angle and height of the flap and its location from the escape edge on the lift coefficient of a symmetric airfoil is considered with the help of simulation in computational fluid dynamic software of Fluent. The turbulence model k-ε is used for the two-dimensional domain. Also, the value of the lift coefficient is introduced as a function of effective parameters by the design of experiment (DOE) method and using the backward elimination regression model which is a statistical method for selecting the model and estimated error terms. The value of the airfoil lift coefficient can be determined and predicted by the obtained function. The numerical values derived from the function of the lift coefficient resulted from the design of experiment method are in good agreement with other valid papers. The results show that at the constant attack angle by increasing Gurney flap height, lift coefficient increase. On the other hand, at the constant height of the Gurney flap, this coefficient decreases with increasing angle of attack. Moreover, the lift coefficient increased by increasing the distance of the Gurney flap from the airfoil escape edge at a 90-degree angle and 1.5%, as well as increasing the Reynolds number at a constant height of a Gurney flap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When there is a need to transfer power between non-parallel shafts, bevel gears are used. Bevel gears are widely used in power transmission systems such as car differentials and helicopter gearboxes, so knowing and improving the performance of this type of gear is particularly important. It is important and necessary to accurately calculate the machining time of the desired bevel gear in order to reduce time and costs. In this paper, data are collected using Taguchi's test design method in three levels. The amount of machining time was calculated for each test, then with the help of signal-to-noise analysis, the influence of the input parameters on the design of the straight tooth bevel gear on the reduction of the machining time has been investigated. The investigated parameters are conversion ratio, allowable contact stress and allowable bending stress.According to the obtained results, the conversion ratio parameter was found to be the most effective parameter on reducing the machining time. The optimal value of the conversion ratio was reported at level 1 with a value of 1.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Various tools are utilized for determining auditory comprehension levels, one of which is the auditory comprehension token test. Since there’s no Persian equivalent for this widely used screening test, in this paper we have adapted it to create a Persian auditory comprehension test. Aim: The purpose of this research was creating an adapted Persian auditory comprehension test and determining its psychometric properties. Method: In the initial phase which was conducted in 2017, a preliminary Persian test was created and its content validity evaluated. To determine the internal stability of results; 188 adults (59 males and 129 females) from Tehran, aged 18-80 were selected. This sampling was conducted using cluster based random selection and each individual was assessed with Persian auditory comprehension tests, mini mental state examination and Wechsler numerical memory subtest. In order to determine the test’s stability, 10 people were reevaluated after a one-week interval. A poisson regression with 0 accumulation was used to investigate the effects of age and education on an individual's performance in the Persian auditory comprehension test. Results: The Persian auditory comprehension test was created with 36 questions and a total score of 36. Content validity based on Lawshe and test-retest reliability of the test were respectively calculated as 1 and 0.96 (with P<0.05). The tests grades have 34.8 mean and 1.52 variance. The mean of age, education and mini-mental status tests score of participants were respectively 32.97, 13.95 and 29.22. At last, the distribution of the tests total score had left skewness and accumulation in the score of 36. Conclusion: Based on the results, the Persian auditory comprehension test’s validity and stability are reasonable and it can be considered an accurate and appropriate tool for evaluating auditory comprehension in adults and performance of people with central nervous system disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Nowadays, the best choice for replacing missing teeth are dental implants, however, failure is not unexpected. One of the factors that plays an important role in the implant failure is bacterial microleakage which could cause biological complication. The aim of this study was to compare the bacterial microleakage between the two types of implants. Materials and Methods: In the present interventional study, SPI and Dentis implants were placed bilaterally in the premolar-molar area of the patients' mandible. One day and 14 days after the delivery of the crown, by removing the crown and removing the abutment, sampling was performed using a sterile paper cone from four areas. One day after sample culturing, the number of colonies was counted. All data were entered into SPSS 23 and were analyzed using independent samples t-test and paired t-test with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The amount of bacteria in implant sulcus was significantly different between the two types of implants (P=0.003). After 14 days, the amount of bacteria in SPI implant sulcus significantly decreased more than Dentis implant sulcus (P=0.001). After 14 days, the amount of bacteria also decreased in all other areas which there were no significant difference between the two types of implants (P>0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design and safety of natural gas tanks Due to its high use in cars, it is of great importance. Therefore, in this paper, the empirical, numerical and optimization of these reservoirs is investigated. Experimental section designed and manufactured two metal and composite tanks that have been tested for internal pressure and their strength has been determined. Modeling of these tanks has been done in the numerical section with the help of Abaqus software 6.14. In addition to validating the results with experimental data, numerical simulation has been developed. Using the results of the development of numerical simulation and experimental design software, optimization of parameters and their relationship with pressure tolerance in these tanks have been investigated. The numerical and experimental results are in good agreement. Lightweight composite tanks are more resistant to internal pressures, which resulted in a 30% reduction in the weight of composite tanks and a 20% reduction in deformation under operating pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheet metal clinching process is a forming-based method for joining sheet metal parts. To ensure sufficient joint strength, it is necessary to design the forming tool optimally. This paper deals with numerical and experimental study of the clinching process of steel sheets of dissimilar thicknesses using a fixed die in order to optimize the geometric parameters of the clinching tool. In this study, using the orthogonal experimental design (OED) method and finite element analysis in Abaqus software, the important input parameters of tool design including punch radius RP, die cavity depth Pm, die groove width Lm and punch face angle PBA were optimized in order to achieve the highest clinch strength F as the target variable. The upper and lower sheets used in this study are 1.5 and 2 mm in thickness, respectively, and made of DX51D galvanized steel, manufactured according to EN10346/00 by Mobarakeh Steel Company. After running the experiments designed based on the OED in the computer, the optimal values of RP= 2.6mm, Pm= 1.4mm, Lm= 1.2mm and PBA= 1° and F= 2319N were obtained. Next, a clinched joint tool was designed and fabricated based on the optimum geometric parameters. The evaluation and comparison of clinch geometry and tensile strength obtained from optimum design simulation and the experimental counterparts demonstrated very close correlations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Women, due to menstruation, pregnancy, and poor iron intake and absorption, are prone to iron deficiency anemia and its effects. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of process-based therapy in working memory and sleep quality in women suffering from iron deficiency anemia and generalized anxiety disorder. Materials & Methods: This study utilized a single-case experimental design. For doing so, six female participants suffering from iron deficiency anemia were selected through purposive sampling and received individual process-based therapy during nine 60-minute sessions. In the pre-treatment stage, the participants responded to Newman, Zueling, Kachin, and Constantino's fourth version of the generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire and underwent clinical interviews. They also completed a working memory test and sleep quality questionnaire in baseline stages, third, sixth, and ninth sessions of the intervention, and finally at the 3-month follow-up stages. The data were analyzed using visual analysis, a stable change index, and a recovery percentage formula. Results: The results pointed out that the rates of overall recovery in working memory in the intervention and follow-up stages were 52.95% and 85.43%, respectively. Moreover, the rates of overall recovery in sleep quality in the intervention and follow-up stages were 66.57% and 75.78%, respectively, indicating success in therapy. Conclusion: Process-based therapy improves working memory and increases the sleep quality of participants. Therefore, it is suggested to be used as a method of treatment and complementary to medical treatment to remedy comorbid mental disorders and improve the general performance of people with anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dimensional stability of alginate impression materials is affected by several factors such as storage time, storage conditions and type of the impression material. This study was conducted to assess the effect of storage time on dimensional stability of two different alginates: Tropicalgin and Chromogel. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, impressions were made of a master model with four metal cones on the occlusal surfaces of lower first premolars and third molars on both sides (teeth #1, #5, #12 and #16). The Impressions were divided into five groups in terms of the storage time in wet paper towels within a closed plastic bag before pouring the casts (15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min and 24 h). For each group, 20 impressions and a total of 100 impressions were made. The impressions were poured with type III stone (Parsdental, Iran). Six dimensions (D1 to D6) between 4 cones were considered as the gold standard in order to compare with the same dimensions on the stone casts. Distances were measured by a digital caliper and data were statistically analyzed by MANOVA and one-sample t-test. Results: Dimensional changes increased over time for both alginates except for one sample (Tropicalgin at 30-min interval for D1, p value = 0.4). There were significant differences between the two materials at all the time intervals except for the first fifteen minutes. Dimensional changes were within the clinically acceptable limits (a change of 1.5% relative to the master model) up to 120 min for both alginates. Conclusion: The dimensional stability of Tropicalgin and Chromogel alginate impression materials was affected by storage time before pouring in stone and the material type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Shearography is one of the new methods of non -destructive testing based on the laser beam which is used to measure the surface displacement derivatives. In this method, relying on the interference of two laser waves reflected from the object surface, the displacement gradient of the deformed sample can be measured directly. So that it is possible to evaluate the industrial parts in a non -contact and full -field way with a high speed and accuracy. One of the significant advantages of this method is the ability to detect subsurface discontinuities in different materials, including composites. In this paper, samples with subsurface cracks made of composite materials reinforced with glass fibers and carbon fibers have been inspected by Digital Shearography testing. Also, the optimal values of each main parameter such as shear distance and loading size for each material have been obtained using the Taguchi experiment design. The results show that for each type of material there is an optimal amount of loading amount and shear distance, which if applied, the best test results are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Consuming a high-fat diet causes obesity, which is one of the hallmarks of metabolic syndrome. The present study aimed to assess the effect of aerobic training and capsaicin supplementation on the expression of lipogenic genes SREBP-1c and FASN in the liver tissue of obese rats Material & Methods: For this experimental research, 40 eight-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 181.5±2.3 grams were selected as samples. Thereafter, eight rats were fed a normal diet (ND), and 32 rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and randomly assigned to five groups: normal diet, high-fat diet, high-fat diet-training, high-fat dietcapsaicin, and high-fat diet-training-capsaicin. The exercise groups performed an incremental aerobic exercise program (15-25 m/min, 30-60 min/day, five days/week) on a treadmill for eight weeks. Capsaicin (4 mg/kg/day) was taken orally by gavage once a day. Results: Induction of obesity was associated with increased expression of SREBP-1C (P=0.001) and FASN (P=0.001). It was also revealed that aerobic exercise with capsaicin supplementation significantly decreased SREBP-1C and FASN gene expression in the experimental groups compared to the obese group. Finally, this reduction trend was significant in the combined group compared to the supplement group. Discussion & Conclusion: It is possible that the use of capsaicin, along with aerobic physical activity, is an effective strategy to neutralize the markers of hepatic lipogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Laser treatment has been highly regarded for removing root canal microorganisms, which are the main causes of treatment failure. This study aimed to assess the effect of 810/980 nm diode laser irradiation on the reduction of Candida albicans (C. albicans) in the root canal. Material & Methods: In this experimental study, 25 healthy single-rooted human teeth were assigned to 20 test groups (two groups of 10), and 5 teeth were assigned to negative control groups. In the first group of the test, a rotary system and in the second group, a rotary laser diode were used to reduce the number of C. albicans. Two microliters of standard microbial suspension were added to each tooth and the samples were incubated (one week, 37°C, aerobic). Samples were taken from the teeth before and after instrumentation and cultured. The results were analyzed using Paired T-Test and T-Test. Results: The results pointed out that the number of yeasts showed a decrease of 92.2% (P<0.001) and 94.5% (P<0.001), respectively, after instrumentation with the mentioned systems compared to before. On the other hand, there was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the rotary system and rotary laser after instrumentation. Discussion & Conclusion: Both methods effectively reduced the number of C. albicans from dental root canals, and the rotary laser system exhibited a significant (P<0.01) reduction in the number of yeasts compared to the rotary method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Border bases are a generalization of Gröbner bases for zero-dimensional ideals which have attracted the interest of many researchers recently. More precisely, border bases provide a new method to find a structurally stable monomial basis for the residue class ring of a polynomial ideal and this yields a special generating set for the ideal possessing many nice properties. Given a finite set of points, finding the set of all polynomials vanishing on it (so-called either ideal of points or vanishing ideal of the set of points) has numerous applications in several fields in Mathematics and other sciences. In 1982, Buchberger and Möller proposed an algorithm to compute a Gröbner basis for an ideal of points. This algorithm proceeds by performing Gaussian elimination on a generalized Vandermonde matrix. In 2006, Farr and Gao presented an incremental algorithm to compute a Gröbner basis for an ideal of points. The main goal of their paper is to calculate a Gröbner basis for the vanishing ideal of any finite set of points under any monomial ordering, and for points with nontrivial multiplicities they adapt their algorithm to compute the vanishing ideal via Taylor expansions. The method of border bases is a beneficial tool to obtain a set of polynomial models identified by experimental design and regression. The utilization of Gröbner bases theory in experimental design was introduced by Pistone and Wynn. However, using Gröbner bases we cannot find all possible models which form structure of an order ideal for an experiment. For example, if we consider the design {(-1,1),(1,1),(0,0),(1,0),(0,-1)}, the model {} cannot be computed by Gröbner bases method. This fact is expected this method relies on monomial orderings. Material and methods In this paper, we first present the Buchberger-Möller and Farr-Gao algorithms and then by applying these algorithms, we describe an algorithm which computes a border basis for the ideal of points corresponding to the input set of points with nontrivial multiplicity. In addition, we focus on presenting different models related to an experiment by using the concept of monomial bases for the residue class ring of a polynomial ideal. Results and discussion As we mentioned earlier, Buchberger-Möller algorithm is an efficient algorithm to compute a Gröbner basis for an ideal of points. We describe a simpler presentation of this algorithm in which we use the function NormalForm which receives as input a linear polynomial p and a Grbner basis G = { , . . . , } of linear polynomials in , . . . , and returns f and q=[, . . . , ] where f is the remainder of the division of p by G and p=+· · ·++r. Furthermore, we compare the efficiency of this algorithm with the function VanishingIdeal of Maple. Given a finite set of points, we consider the case in which some points in the set have nontrivial multiplicity. Based on the Farr-Gao algorithm, we prepare an algorithm that computes a border basis for the vanishing ideal of the finite set of points by using Taylor expansions. Suppose that n is the number of factors in an experiment. An experimental design is a finite set of points. The set of all polynomials vanishing at the design is called a design ideal. Regression analysis is a useful statistical process for the investigation of relationships between a response (or dependent) variable and one or more predictor (or independent) variables. When there is more than one predictor variable in a regression model, the model is a multiple linear regression model which we can call polynomial model. Suppose a random sample of size n is given (then we have exactly n data points are observed from (Y,X). The expession error? is the model for multiple linear regression where 's are called slopes or regression coefficients. Also, representing the merged effects of the predictor variables on the response variable is called interaction effect. By using multiple linear regression, we can analyze models containing interaction effects. For example, let us consider the following model +error. By substituting and , we have a multiple linear regression as follows +error. In addition, multiple R-squared or R2 is a statistical measure that states the square of the relationship between the predicted response value and response value. It should be noted that multiple R-squared is always any value between 0 and 1, where a value closer to 1 informing that a greater proportion of variance is computed for the model. Statistically, a high multiple R-squared shows a well-fitting regression model. Also in multiple regression, tolerance is used as an indicator of multicollinearity. Tolerance may be said to be the opposite of the coefficient of determination and is obtained as . All other things equal, researchers desire higher levels of tolerance, as low levels of tolerance are known to affect adversely the results associated with a multiple regression analysis. The smaller the tolerance of a variable, the more redundant is its contribution to the regression (i.e., it is redundant with the contribution of other independent variables). In the regression equation, if the tolerance of any of the variables is equal to zero (or very close to zero), the regression equation cannot be evaluated (the matrix is said to be ill-conditioned in this case, and it cannot be inverted). Conclusion The following conclusions were drawn from this research. We present a simpler variant of Buchberger- Möller algorithm (which seems to be easier for the implementation issue) for computing a border basis for an ideal of points. We present an algorithm that incrementally computes a border basis for the vanishing ideal of any finite set of points in which some points have multiplicity. We provide good statistical polynomial models which are more suitable for practical applications due to the stability of border bases models compared with Gröbner bases models../files/site1/files/64/6.pdf

Background Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders that can affect a person’s mood and change his/her perception of the self and environment. Melilotus officinalis L. plant contains effective substances and antioxidant compounds. Objective The present study aims to investigate the antidepressant effects of alcoholic extract of Melilotus officinalis L. in male rats. Methods In this experimental research, 42 male rats were divided into six groups of 7 including control (normal saline), negative control (reserpine), positive control (reserpine+fluoxetine) and three reserpine groups treated by intraperitoneal injection of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg doses of alcoholic extract of Melilotus officinalis L. Behavioral tests including forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were used to evaluate depression, and the antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde level were also measured. The data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 20 using one-way analysis of variance. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results The 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses of alcoholic extract significantly reduced the duration of immobility in the FST compared to the negative control. In the TST, the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg showed a significant increase compared to the negative control. The doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of the brain compared to the negative control. The doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly reduced the antioxidant capacity of the brain compared to the negative control. Conclusion The alcoholic extract of Melilotus officinalis L has antidepressant effects similar to fluoxetine probably due to its antioxidant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: : One of the most important problems and complications after surgery is tissue adhesion. Carboxymethyl cellulose is a cellulose derivative that can dissolve in water and has high viscosity. In this study, the role and effect of carboxymethyl cellulose in the healing of surgical wounds in rabbits have been discussed. Material & Methods: To conduct the study, 15 male rabbits aged 7-9 months were randomly divided into 3 groups of 5: experimental, control, and skin wound. After preparing the operation site, in both the control and experimental groups, a 4 cm incision was made in the right flank region. In the experimental group, the inside of the abdominal cavity was smeared with carboxymethyl cellulose gel (dose 7 mg/kg); however, in the control group, carboxymethyl cellulose gel was not used. Two groups of abdominal cavity slits were sewn in two separate layers. In the skin wound group, only the skin was cut, and then the wound was covered with carboxymethyl cellulose and sutured. The surface of the wounds was clinically examined daily, and on the 20th day, skin and muscle samples were taken for biomechanical studies. Results: The results showed that, clinically, the wound was repaired in the same way in the three groups, and carboxymethyl cellulose had no difference in the biomechanical parameters, maximum tensile strength, and tissue stiffness, in the skin tissue between the groups, and besides preventing tissue adhesion, it increased the biomechanical parameters in the muscle tissue. Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results, carboxymethyl cellulose had no negative effect on the healing process of the skin and led to better healing and strength of the muscle tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aim: Chronic diseases challenge the cognitive and behavioral systems of patients. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of group training of coping skills and mindfulness on pain perception and cognitive flexibility in patients with kidney failure with a lasting effect. Methods: This semi-experimental study was carried out cross-sectionally. The statistical population of this study included all kidney failure patients who were referred to Shariati Hospital in 2021-2022 (from February to June). Accordingly, 45 patients with kidney failure were selected voluntarily and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group by using matching method. All the three groups responded to the McGill Pain Questionnaire (1997) and the Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire (2010) in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. The group therapy program based on mindfulness on the first experimental group and coping skills on the second experimental group were implemented in eight sessions, each lasting for one hour and a half. Results: The findings indicated that group training of coping skills and mindfulness leads to a reduction in pain perception and an increase in cognitive flexibility. Therefore; There is no significant difference between the effectiveness of group training of coping skills and mindfulness on pain perception and cognitive flexibility in patients with kidney failure (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Two types of grouping training interventions, coping skills and mindfulness; can affect pain perception and cognitive flexibility in patients with kidney failure, and this effectiveness continues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Epilepcy is a chronic neurological disease, and due to its complex mechanism, the current therapeutic drugs for it are not effective enough. It may have a non-neurological origin such as astrocytes and microglia. Objective This study aims to investigate the effect of cabergoline and levetiracetam (alone or combined) on the histological and stereological structure of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum in rats with pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure. Methods In this experimental study, samples were 30 female rats in five groups of control, seizure (PTZinduced kindling), seizure+levetiracetam, seizure+cabergoline, seizure+levetiracetam+cabergoline. Levetiracetam and cabergoline were used at 50 and 0.05 mg/kg doses, respectively, and half of these doses were used in the seizure+levetiracetam+cabergoline group. After anesthesia, animals’ brain tissue was removed and after preparing tissue slices, the number of neurons and neuroglia was examined using stereology technique. Results In the cerebral cortex and in the molecular and granular layers of the cerebellum, the numbers of neurons and neuroglia in the treatment groups were not significantly different from those in the control group, but a significant decrease was observed in the CA1, CA2, and CA3 regions of the hippocampus in the seizure group compared to the control group. In dentate gyrus, the number of neurons in all treatment groups and the number of neuroglia in the seizure group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. In the Purkinje layer of the cerebellum, there was no significant change in the number of neurons compared to that in the control group. Conclusion The hippocampus is more involved in the occurrence of seizure activity than other parts of the brain. Neurons and neuroglia play an essential role in seizures, but more studies are needed for determining the relationship between the number of these cells and the use of cabergoline because their number decreases in different parts of the hippocampus following chronic seizures, where the relationship is different between dendrite gyrus and CA regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world (1). Diabetes and hyperglycemia caused by diabetes lead to disorders in various organs such as lungs, heart, muscles, kidneys, etc. (9, 10). One of the main complications of diabetes is diabetic cardiomyopathy; Diabetic cardiomyopathy is the result of diabetes-induced changes in the structure and function of the heart. Diabetic cardiomyopathy occurs as a result of impaired glucose and lipid metabolism associated with diabetes, which leads to increased oxidative stress and activation of multiple inflammatory pathways that mediate cellular and extracellular damage, pathological remodeling of the heart, and diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Preclinical studies in animal models of diabetes have identified several intracellular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy and potential cardioprotective strategies for disease prevention and treatment, including anti-fibrotic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and antioxidants (11). Cellular energy homeostasis is a fundamental process that governs the overall health of the cell and is critical for cell survival. Central to this is the control of ATP production and utilization, which is regulated by a myriad of enzymatic reactions controlling cellular metabolism (12). Adenosine monophosphateactivated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensor with aberrant expression in various diseases, including diabetes (12). There is considerable evidence that AMPK is reduced in cardiac tissues of animals and humans with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome compared with non-diabetic controls, and that AMPK stimulation (physiological or pharmacological) can ameliorate diabetesrelated cardiovascular complications (14). Considering the role of AMPK in energy metabolism in the heart, as well as the effects of diabetes and exercise on the gene and protein expression of this energy sensor, measuring the changes of this gene can improve our knowledge about the effect of different adaptations caused by different exercises, as well as the effect of lack of exercise. With the aim of investigating the effect of maintaining these adaptations after training (22, 23). However, so far, no research has been done that specifically compares the effect of two common training methods, continuous and intermittent training, followed by no training on cardiac AMPK gene expression in diabetic rats, which shows the necessity of the current research. According to the mentioned information, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of a detraining period followed by aerobic and HIIT exercises on cardiac AMPK gene expression in alloxan-treated diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental research, 48 male Wistar rats (age: 10-weeks; weigh: 220±20 grams) were randomly divided into six groups (n=8). One group was considered as a healthy control and the rest of the rats were made diabetic using a single dose of 90 mg/kg of alloxan. One group was considered as diabetic control; and the rats were divided into two groups of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous moderate aerobic training (MICT). After 12 weeks of training, half of the rats in each group were sacrificed; and the rats were sacrificed after 2 weeks of no training. MICT program was performed for 5 sessions per week with a gradual increase in speed (18-26 m/min) and time (10-55 minutes). HIIT program also included 5 30-minute sessions per week in the form of running on a treadmill with one-minute repetitions and 2-minute active rest between each interval. For statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used and the significance level (P ≤ 0.05) was considered. Results: The results showed that the induction of diabetes decreased the cardiac AMPK gene expression compared to the healthy control group (P < 0.001), also the results showed that after 12 weeks of training, there was a significant increase in the cardiac AMPK gene expression in the training groups compared to the control group. Diabetes control was observed (P < 0.001), but no significant difference was observed between the two exercise groups (P > 0.05). Also, the results showed that after 2 weeks of non-training, there was a slight decrease in cardiac AMPK gene expression compared to the training groups, and these changes were not significant (P > 0.05). Conclution: The results of the present study showed that induction of diabetes with alloxan decreased cardiac AMPK gene expression, which was related to hyperglycemia caused by induction of diabetes with alloxan injection. Previous research has also shown that a single dose of alloxan injection with 90 mg/kg body weight of rats induces diabetes (24-26). According to the findings of the present study, 12 weeks of continuous aerobic exercise and HIIT both significantly increased cardiac AMPK gene expression in diabetic rats, but no significant difference was observed between the two types of exercise. Based on the research conducted in animal models, exercise increases cardiac AMPK values, which are consistent with the results of the present study (30, 31). However, comparing the effects of continuous and HIIT exercises, the results of these two studies were different from our findings; In their research comparing the effect of moderate intensity continuous training and HIIT training on AMPK of skeletal and cardiac muscle, Wen et al. reported that the effects of HIIT training on increasing oxidative capacity and AMPK are more obvious (30); The results of Su et al.'s research showed better effects of continuous training on AMPK and PGC-1α gene expression in the HIIT group than continuous aerobic training (30). As shown in various animal models and patient studies, physical exercise is known to be cardioprotective and can partially compensate for cardiac damage. At the cellular level, exercise counteracts heart disease-related changes in these cellular pathways and can improve heart function (32). AMPK activation leads to the regulation of metabolism, protein transport, transcription factors and/or activators, kinases, and other enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins. AMPK increases substrate uptake and utilization in the heart, enhances mitochondrial biogenesis, and modulates the activity of specific proteins and transcription factors to exert cardioprotective functions (33). Therefore, exercise training can moderate the effects of diabetes on the heart by increasing cardiac AMPK. AMPK also plays an important role in reducing oxidative stress, regulating autophagy and anti-apoptosis of cardiomyocytes (29, 34). Exercise activates signaling molecules and transcriptional networks to promote physiological adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis (35). It has been reported that after swimming exercises in rats, the levels of activated AMPK showed a decrease in cardiac fibrosis due to the inhibition of NADPH oxidase (36). This finding has been confirmed as decreased AMPK activity by beta-adrenergic activation exacerbates cardiac fibrosis (37). These changes are important because exercise activates AMPK and thus may be able to inhibit pathological hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis (38). Other findings of our research showed that 2 weeks of detraining after exercise decreased AMPK in both exercise groups, but this decrease was not statistically significant. In line with the findings of the current research, Cao et al also reported in their research that after the training period, a significant increase in AMPK level was observed, but after stopping training for 10 days, the AMPK level started to decrease, but the changes were not significant 40). Based on the results, it can be said that any two methods of continuous aerobic exercise and HIIT increase the expression of the AMPK gene; Also, after two weeks ofdetraining, cardiac AMPK gene expression is still high in diabetic rats. However, more research is needed to investigate the longer-term effects of non-exercise on AMPK gene expression and mechanisms related to non-exercise on diabetic cardiomyopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Mycophenolate mofetil as an immunosuppressive agent is widely administered in patients with kidney disorders and following organ transplantation. The amounts of xanthan gum and sorbitol, as two excipients of mycophenolate mofetil, are influential on the final quality and stability of the suspension. Objective In this experimental study, we aim to optimize the levels of xanthan gum and sorbitol in the Mycophenolate mofetil powder. Methods A Central composite design was used to prepare the formulations. The amounts of xanthan gum and sorbitol were considered as independent variables while the sedimentation volume (F value) and concentration of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) after preparation and after 3 months of storage at 45 Cͦ were considered as dependent variables. The samples were prepared through wet granulation process. Chromatography analysis and determination of F value and API were then performed. Results Analysis of variance showed that the increase in the amounts of xanthan up to 75 mg provided higher F value and better protection of API after 3 months by 98%, while the increase of sorbitol from 10 to 25 g had no significant effect on these variables. Optimized sample composed of 16.69 g sorbitol and 68.81 mg xanthan gum. Predicted error was desirably less than 5%. Conclusion The proposed formulation of mycophenolate mofetil powder for oral suspension with optimum amounts of xanthan gum and sorbitol has good stability. High level of xanthan gum and moderate level of sorbitol are recommended for preparing an optimal product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aging is associated with metabolic disorders. Although the beneficial effects of exercise and resveratrol consumption in the health of the elderly has been reported, the combined effect of intermittent swimming and resveratrol consumption on the antioxidant system in liver tissue is not clear yet. Objective This study aims to investigate the combined effect of intermittent swimming and resveratrol consumption on the expression of superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver tissue of older rats. Methods In this experimental study, 32 elder rats were divided into four groups: control, swimming, resveratrol and swimming+resveratrol. The resveratrol (100 mg) dissolved in 1% methylcellulose was administrated daily by gavage. The swimming was performed at three sessions per week. The GPx and SOD expression levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction method, and the MDA level was measured by ELISA method. Results The GPx level in the swimming+resveratrol group were significantly higher than in the control (P=0.001), resveratrol (P=0.04) and swimming (P=0.002) groups. MDA levels in the resveratrol (P=0.001), swimming (P=0.001) and swimming+resveratrol (P=0.001) groups were significantly lower than in the control group; in the swimming+resveratrol group, it was significantly lower than the resveratrol (P=0.001) and swimming (P=0.009) groups. Conclusion It seems that intermittent swimming and resveratrol consumption have favorable effects on improving the antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue. Therefore, it is recommended to use intermittent swimming and resveratrol to prevent liver damage in the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Different implant angulation, which is unavoidable in clinical situations, can affect the accuracy of impression. This study aims to investigate the effect of implant angulation on the accuracy of placing impression coping on implants with internal hex. Methods & Materials A gypsum model of 4 implants with internal hex connection was prepared. The implants were installed in different mesiodistal angles of 0, 15, 25 and 35 degrees to the longitudinal axis in the gypsum model. To simulate the gums, a gingival material was injected around the implant analog with a height of 2 mm. After a training session for senior dental students on how to place the impression coping, 40 students were volunteered to place the impression copings on four implants. The accuracy of impression coping placement was evaluated by a prosthodontist. Data were statistically analyzed using Cochran Q test. Significance level was set at 0.05. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the ethics committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.283). Results The percentage of correct impression coping placement on the implants at angles of 0, 15, 25 and 35 degrees was 85%, 72%, 52%, 35%, respectively. Except for implants at 0 and 15 degrees, a statistically significant difference was observed between different groups of implant angulation. Conclusion The implant angulation has a significant effect on the accuracy of impression coping placement on the implants with internal hex; by increasing the implant angulation, the accuracy of impression coping placement decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim A common infection in complete or partial dentures is denture stomatitis. One of the most important factors in the adhesion of Candida albicans is the surface and chemical properties of the denture base materials. This study aims to evaluate the surface roughness and adhesion of Candida albicans to two different types of acrylic materials (Vertex and Ivoclar). Methods & MaterialsIn this experimental study, 16 samples were prepared from each Vertex and Ivoclar acrylic resin. The surface roughness of the samples was measured by a profilometer. The samples were then placed in a cell suspension of Candida albicans. After incubation and staining with acridine orange, the yeast cells attached to the acrylic samples were counted using a fluorescent microscope. Data were statistically analyzed by t-test. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the ethics committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1398.301) Results There was no statistically significant difference in the mean surface roughness between the two study groups (P=0.311). However, Candida albicans colonization in ivoclar acrylic was significantly lower than in vertex acrylic (P=0.000). Conclusion Differences in surface topography and physical and chemical properties of Vertex and Ivoclar acrylic resin affect the adhesion of Candida albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aspartame is one of the synthetic sweeteners widely used in the food industry as a sugar substitute in recent decades. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different doses of aspartame on histological and histomorphometric changes in the stomach in BALB/C mice. Material & Methods: In this study, 24 BALB/C mice aged three weeks were selected and divided into three experimental groups that received 0.3 ml aspartame solution at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, and a control group that received drinking water with the same condition up to nine weeks of age. Eventually, some tissue sections were prepared from the stomachs and stained using the hematoxylin-eosin method. After histological evaluation, the necessary images were prepared and the histomorphometric examination was conducted using an optical microscope equipped with Axiovision software. The thickness of mucosa, submucosa, musculature, and depth of pits was measured and the frequency of parietal cells was calculated in the dimensions of 6.25 × 104 μm2. (Ethic code: 7506001/6/7) Findings: Histological results indicated destruction and disruption of the mucosal epithelium and gastric pits and atrophy of gastric glands including glandular cells. In the histomorphometric examination of the non-glandular part, only the thickness of the mucosa had a significant difference in the group receiving the highest dose of aspartame compared to the control group (P<0.05). However, in the evaluation of the glandular part, mucosal and muscle thickness in all three experimental groups and the submucosa thickness in the glandular and non-glandular parts in the experimental group (400 mg body weight) showed a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.05). Moreover, the depth of gastric pits increased significantly and the frequency of parietal cells had a significant decrease in the experimental groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: Although aspartame may partially play a protective role by decreasing parietal cells, it should be noted that higher doses of aspartame could induce tissue changes in different layers of the stomach. Therefore, it is recommended to use it with more caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Performing endurance training and taking L-carnitine supplements is effective in improving the performance of athletes, but its effect on repairing lung damage caused by boldenone injection is still unknown. Objective The present study aims to assess the effect of L-carnitine consumption alone with endurance training on lung tissue structure damage in male rats poisoned with boldenone. Methods In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats (weight= 228.53±7.94 g) were randomly divided into five groups: Control, boldenone, boldenone+training, boldenone+supplementation, and boldenon e+training+supplementation. Boldenone (5 mg/kg) was injected in the biceps femoris once a week, and L-carnitine supplementation (600 mg/kg) was administrated in gavage into the stomachs of animals, three days per week. The endurance training program was included running on a treadmill for 8-week, three days per week, each for 30 minutes at a speed of 12 m/min, which reached 60 minutes and 30 m/ min in the final week. Histopathological changes in bronchioles and alveoli were examined using a light microscope. Results The weight of two groups of boldenone+supplementation, and boldenone+training+supplementation increased significantly compared to the boldenone group (P=0.005). In the boldenone+training+s upplementation group, a significant improvement in bronchioles and alveoli was observed compared to the boldenone group (P=0.001). Conclusion It seems that performing endurance training along with L-carnitine supplementation has a great effect on reducing the destructive effects of boldenone on lung tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medicinal plants are valuable sources of different antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds. In this study, the effects of different extraction methods with aqueous and methanolic solvents were investigated on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Teucrium hyrcanicum L. Material & Methods: In this basic experimental study, aqueous and methanolic extraction was carried out using three methods, including a magnetic stirrer, a Bain-Marie bath, and Shaker. The antioxidant effects were then determined using DPPH and RP methods along with the determination of total phenol and total flavonoid. The antibacterial effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli was determined through the disk diffusion method. (Ethic code: IR.ausmt.rec.1398.11.34) Findings: The evaluation of antioxidant properties showed that methanolic extract had a stronger effect than aqueous extract. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the magnetic stirrer method was superior to the other two extraction methods. The same results were obtained for total phenol and total flavonoid as well. Evaluation of antibacterial properties revealed that methanolic extract had antibacterial activity, while aqueous extract did not show antibacterial activity. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Teucrium hyrcanicum L. was more effectively extracted through the magnetic stirrer method than other extraction methods. Both aqueous and methanolic extracts had antioxidant properties, while only methanol extracts showed antibacterial properties. Therefore, this plant can have good therapeutic application in the treatment of diseases due to its antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Severe hemorrhage is the leading cause of death in comilitary and civilian trauma. Approximately half of road crash fatalities occur due to severe hemorrhage before hospital arrival. In severe cases of bleeding, the use of agents that accelerate blood coagulation (hemostatic agents) is required. The aim of this study was to review on the hemostatic agents and products, from research to commercial stages, and categorizing them based on the physiology of hemostasis. Moreover, the applications and adverse effects of each category have been reviewed and compared; it can be an important step towards optimal clinical application of products and novel original reasearch design continuing the previous studies. Materials and Methods Literature search was conducted in scientific databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, SID, Magiran and IranMedex without filtering release date, by combining related keywords including hemostatic agents, bleeding, dressings and trauma. The abstracts were screened by two reaserchers independently to select the appropriate studies. Results In this study, according to the basics of blood coagulation, the hemostatic agents and products were classified into five groups based on the mechanism of action including: (1) coagulants and procoagulants, (2) the concentrators of coagvlant factors, (3) mechanical cougulaton substrates, (4) physiologic coagulants and (5) chemical coagulants. The mechanism of action, applications, and side effects have been compared in each category. Conclusions Each hemostatic product can be more effective in special situations, in military and civilian trauma, due to their potency and mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Nomophobia is defined as the fear of being out of mobile phone contact and is considered a phobia of the modern age. The current study explored the effectiveness of the medical Librarian’s web-based educational program on optimal use of smartphones among students with nomophobia based on self-efficacy theory. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study applied random controlled clinical trial and before-after Design groups with a follow-up method. The population included all students of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. Of the population, 98 students with high score nomophobia were selected as a sample. They were divided into two groups, control, and intervention, randomly. The intervention group received a web-based educational program, plus an electronic pamphlet. Data were collected in two steps. SPSS software was used to analyze data. Results: The results indicated that the nomophobia score in an intervention group reduced significantly (P<0.001), just two weeks after the intervention (54.1±16.20) in comparison to the before (78.3±22.11). Also, the average score of self-efficacy increased remarkably (P<0.001), after the intervention (36.3±4.20) than before (30.8±4.79). The score of nomophobia and self-efficacy showed a significant difference between the control and intervention groups. Conclusion: Health-based educations, especially web-based educations, can be considered a good solution during the pandemics for target audiences. The useful web-based educational program could have improved the recognition of the students toward nomophobia and increase their self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Regarding the chronic nature of epilepsy, and drug resistance in many cases, herbal medicine has received remarkable interest. Objective The present study aimed to determine the anticonvulsant effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Ocimum basilicum green leaf on Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure in male mice. Methods In this experimental study, 48 albino male mice, weighing 20-25 g were randomly divided into 6 groups. All study groups were injected intraperitoneally (IP). The negative and positive control groups received saline (10 mL/kg) and phenobarbital (40 mg/kg) respectively. The treatment groups received 100, 300, 500, and 1000 mg/kg doses of hydro-alcoholic extract Ocimum basilicum green leaf. To provoke convulsion, after 45 minutes, PTZ was injected (80 mg/kg) to all research groups; accordingly, the d initiation time of myoclonic and tonic-clonic seizures and the frequency of 24h death were measured. Results The obtained results indicated that the extract delayed the initiation time of myoclonic and tonicclonic seizures, compared with the controls. The delay was significant at doses of 1000 (P<0.001), 500, and 300 mg/kg (P<0.01) for myoclonic seizure as well as 1000, 500, and 300 mg/kg (P<0.001) and 100 mg/kg (P<0.05) for tonic-clonic seizure. Furthermore, the extract decreased the 24h death. This was significant at doses of 1000, 500, and 300 mg/kg (P<0.001). Conclusion It seems that the hydro-alcoholic extract of Ocimum basilicum green leaf presented decremental effects on PTZ-induced seizure and death in male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tarragon contain essential oils such as cinnamon, starch, osmium and flandernum. These oils have many medicinal properties. In this study, two materials of inulin and beta-cyclodextrin are used as a wall in different ratios of 0 to 100% (w / w) and tarragon oil as a core of 1 to 5 ratio was designed using Experimental Design. An ultrasound device was used to prepare nano-capsules. The diameter of the nanocapsules and the particle size distribution index were measured by the dynamic light distribution and then all samples were dried in a spray dryer. In order to investigate the shape of nano-capsules by scanning electron microscopy, we used thermal infrared analysis to determine the structure of infrared spectroscopy and to determine thermal resistance.The results showed that optimum nano-capsule with particle size of 110 nm, particle size distribution index to 48, encapsulation efficiency of 73% and moisture content of 94%. In addition, the study of essential oil release in laboratory environment showed 99% over 72 hours. Taragon nano-capsule prepared in optimum conditions with a small size and flat structure, as well as high thermal stability can be used as a suitable carrier for the use of food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Biocompatibility in some respects depends on the corrosion behavior of dental alloys. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of surface passivation of a cobalt chromium alloy on corrosion behavior. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 20 samples of Flexicast dental alloy were prepared according to ADA97 standard and after casting, the samples were polished to the mirror surface. Electrolytic passivation was employed by immersion of one first series of samples in Na2SO4 solution for 24 hours at room temperature. The second series of specimens was not passivated. Surface morphology and chemical composition before and after passivation studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to investigate the corrosion behavior in saline solution. Corrosion test was conducted for 4 weeks and surface of specimens were monitored each week. The chemical composition results were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests using SPSS17 software. Results: The passivated specimens exhibited higher corrosion resistance while pitting corrosion was detected in all specimens. Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference between the two groups of passivated and non-passivated samples. The Mann-Whitney test showed that the cobalt, chromium and oxygen ions were significantly different between the two groups (P <.05). Conclusion: The rate of corrosion and formation of pits were significantly reduced by surface passivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultimate goal of science is to predict the future and predicting is impossible without explanation. The scientific explanation is the expression of causes of a phenomenon in the light of a scientific law. Explanation in the humanities is a widespread and challenging issue and many theories have been put forward. The most prominent explanatory strategies in the humanities are naturalism and anti-naturalism, which have produced three causal, reasoning, and interpretative paradigms. The purpose of the present study is to criticize each of the models in religious studies and to design and redefine a new model for explication in religious studies. The basic strategy in explaining religious phenomena is methodological pluralism, which requires us to distinguish between the three concepts of paradigms, approaches, and methods in the study of religion. The relationship between the three is interactional. The explanation is a method used as a tool for measuring and evaluating hypotheses. The explanation of religious phenomena varies depending on the utilized approach. Our approach to the study of religion determines our model of explanation. Accordingly, the theological approaches are divided into the three categories of explanation-seeking, reason-seeking, and interpretation-seeking. The appropriate paradigm must be in synergy with the approach, and method, and state the cause. Religious issues are multidisciplinary and can be studied in different paradigms with many different approaches and methods. Thus, the three causal, discursive, and interpretive patterns in the religion do not have the same dignity and change depending on our approach. Our approaches to the study of religious phenomena determine the appropriate pattern of explanation. Religious research in the explanation-seeking approach seeks to explain the religious behavior causally and therefore the explanations are empirical. In the reason-seeking approach, an attempt is made to seek to reason and understand religious behavior rather than to model religious beliefs and propositions. Finally, in the interpretation-seeking approach, theology seeks to interpret religious phenomena and to understand the behavior of the religion. A researcher needs all three models in religious studies and the use of all three is instructive and effective, provided they engage and cooperate with a pluralistic strategy. The pluralistic explanation is a better and more modeled approach to religious phenomena, which means accepting and benefiting from various approaches to understanding and articulating why religious phenomena occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Fennel with phytoestrogenic, antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties is used in traditional Iranian medicine to treat Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). Chronic inflammation is a new proposed mechanism in PCOS pathogenesis that suggests the role of immune system in this disease. Due to the main role of Treg cells in maintaining immune homeostasis, their impaired function, along with increased production of inflammatory compounds such as nitric oxide, can lead to persistent inflammation. Methods & Materials In this experimental study, 18 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups including control group, untreated PCOS-induced group, and fennel-treated group. The control group received 0.1 ml sesame oil for 21 days. PCOS was induced by subcutaneous injection of Dehydroepiandrosterone (60 mg/kg/day) plus 0.1 mL sesame oil for 21 days. Mice in third group were treated by intraperitoneal injection of 500 mg/kg/day fennel extract after 21 days. The regulatory of T cells (Tregs) were analyzed by flow cytometry method and nitric oxide level determination was performed by Griess Reaction method. Ferric Reducing/ Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay was used to measure the total antioxidant power. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.312). Results The estrous cycle was normalized after treatment with fennel. Fennel significantly reduced the number of ovarian cysts. Nitric oxide concentration decreased significantly while FRAP concentrations did not significantly alter. The number of Treg cells was also increased significantly. Conclusion Due to the role of immune system in the incidence of inflammation, concurrent modulation of both immune and endocrine systems may open new horizons in the design of new therapeutic interventions for PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a 10-week resistance training on the serum levels of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), the serum levels of liver enzymes, chemerin, and resistin in healthy and type 2 diabetic rats. Methods & Materials In this experimental study, 40 Wistar rats with the mean±SD weight of 200±48 gr were randomly divided into 4 groups (normal control, diabetic control, diabetic resistance training, and resistance training). The training groups performed regular resistance exercises for 10 weeks by ladders. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, the blood sample of rats was collected for resistin, chemerin, insulin, and liver enzymes. The obtained data were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Tukey posthoc test, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), and Bonferroni posthoc test at a significance level of 0.05. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences, Iran (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1394.329). Results Diabetes induction significantly HOMA-IR, the serum levels of liver enzymes, resistin, and chemerin in the diabetic control group, compared to the healthy control group (P< 0.05). Resistance training also significantly decreased insulin HOMA-IR, the serum levels of liver enzymes, resistin, and chemerin in the diabetic resistance training group, compared to the diabetic control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The obtained data suggested that resistance training improved liver enzymes in type 2 diabetic rats by decreasing the insulin HOMA-IR, the serum levels of chamirin, and resistin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim The most important problem in the production of recombinant proteins in prokaryotic cells is the disruption of the function of these proteins due to their altered natural structure. The aim of present study is to identify the best chemicals dialysis buffer additives in order to improve the protein structure of recombinant Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Methods & Materials In this experimental study, different chemicals additives were selected using relevant software. After adding these additives to the recombinant VEGF dialysis buffer, their effect on the refolding of recombinant proteins and the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into endothelial cells was assessed by flow cytometry method. Ethical Considerations This study obtained its ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: ARAKMU. REC.1394.199). Results : The results showed that the addition of arginine, cysteine and dithiothreitol (DTT) to dialysis buffer increases the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into endothelial cells. With the presence of sodium chloride (NaCl), cysteine, arginine and DTT in treated cells, the rate of specific Cluster Differentiation (CD) markers of endothelial cell (CD31/144) was at the highest level. Conclusion Adding cysteine, arginine, DTT and NaCl to the dialysis buffer of recombinant VEGF had the greatest effect on the mesenchymal cell differentiation into endothelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Thyroid gland makes Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) hormones. These hormones are really effective in regulating and control of basal metabolism. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Terfezia Boundary (TB) on the serum level of thyroid hormones. Methods & Materials In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats (weighing 200±10 g) were selected and divided into five groups of 6 including control, sham (received normal saline) and three experimental groups received TB with 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg doses via intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. Samples from all groups were collected at the end of the 14th day directly from the heart to evaluate thyroid hormone. The data were statistically analyzed in SPSS V. 12. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARUMS.REC.1396.48). Results The results of this study showed that the T3 and T4 levels in the experimental groups 2 (150 mg/kg) and 3 (300 mg/kg) increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). The Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) level in the experimental groups 1 (75 mg/kg), 2 (150 mg/kg) and 3 (300 mg/kg) decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05, P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). Conclusion Hydroalcoholic extract of TB can increase the serum levels of thyroid hormones and reduce TSH level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Alzheimer’s disease is the most common causes of dementia among the elderly people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effects of memantine and vitamin D on spatial learning and memory impairment in adult male rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Methods & Materials In this experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups (n=7): 1= Control, 2= NBM lesion (received bilateral electric lesion of NBM), 3= Sham (the electrode was entered into the NBM with no electric lesion), 4= NBM lesion+ Vehicle Memantine (received saline), 5= NBM lesion+ Vehicle Vitamin D (received saline), 6= NBM lesion+ Vehicle Memantine+ Vehicle Vitamin D (received saline plus sesame oil), 7= NBM lesion+ Vitamin D; 8= NBM lesion+Memantine, and 9= NBM lesion+Vitamin D+Memantine. After one week, the rats were trained to perform the Y-maze task for five days. Twenty five days after training, a retention test was performed to evaluate their long-term memory. Ethical Considerations This study with research ethics code of “EE/ 97, 24, 3061243/scu.ac.ir” was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz In Iran. Results Bilateral NBM lesion reduced spatial learning in comparison with control and sham groups. No effect on spatial learning was observed in NBM lesion+ Vehicle Memantine and NBM lesion+ Vehicle Vitamin D groups compared to the NBM lesion group. Spatial learning and memory in NBM lesion +Vitamin D+Memantine group (P<0.001) was significantly improved compared to NBM lesion+Vitamin D (P<0.01) and NBM lesion+Memantine (P<0.05) groups. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the results in the 5th day of training and the memory retention at the 30th day. Conclusion Co-administration of memantine and vitamin D is more effective than memantine or vitamin D alone in spatial learning and memory improvement in rat model of Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of flowable dental composites containing the antibacterial compound. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted through experimental design. Compound 3- (2,5- Dimethylfuran-3-yl) -1H-pyrazol-5- (4H)-one were synthesized using Ethyl chloroformate, hydrazine hydrate and 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylfuran. In this study we had six experimental groups consisting of five resin composites containing 3- (2,5- dimethylfuran -3-yl) -1H-pyrazole-5 (4H) -one in different concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt.% and one control group with no additive. They were prepared by high speed mixer at room temperature and under normal conditions for humidity and temperature, using standard 4049 compressive strength tests. Their diametral tensile and flextural strength were evaluated. Results: With increasing percentage of antibacterial compound The flexural strength decreased but this difference was not significant between the 1% and control groups.(p>0.05) The results of diametral tensile strength showed that there was no significant difference between the control group and 1% but the compressive strength significantly decrease by increasing the percentage of compound 3- (2,5- dimethylfuran -3-yl) -1H-pyrazole-5 (4H) -one.(p<0.05) Conclusion: The combination of antibacterial component, although leads to an acceptable increase in the antibacterial properties of flowable dental composites and in Their flextural and tensile strengths had no effect, but a significant decrease in their compressive strengths, which could limit their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable disease that can change individuals' lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program on functional disability of patients with MS. Methods & Materials The is an experimental study with pre-test/post-test/follow up design using control group. The study population consisted of all male and female patients with MS living in Neyshabur county, Iran. Of these, 47 were selected using a convenience sampling technique and randomly assigned into two groups of intervention (n=22) and control (n=25). The intervention group received MBSR therapy for 8 sessions, while the control group received no intervention. The follow-up was performed after one month. Subjects’ functional disability was measured by using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS v.21 software usingrepeated measurements Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Ethical Considerations This study obtained its ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences (code: IR. NUMS.REC.1397.004) Results The results of univariate ANOVA showed the significant effect of time and the interaction effect of time and group on functional disability of samples. The results of between-group ANOVA a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in functional disability (p <0.05). Pairwise comparison of the interaction effect of time and group showed a significant difference between the pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores (P = 0.001), but no significant difference was reported between the posttest and follow-up scores. Conclusion The MBSR program could reduce the functional disability in patients with MS due to ease of treatment, faster patient education, and the short duration of intervention sessions.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hope has a significant role in coping with chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. It seems that the improvement of psychological capital in patients with diabetes is one of the strategies for health promotion in these patients.The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of hope-based therapy in psychological capital among patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental research was carried out on 40 patients with diabetes referring to the healthcare centers affiliated to Sirjan University of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran, and Health Services in 2018-2019, using a pretest-posttest design. The study population was selected through purposive sampling technique, and then randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received eight 90-minute sessions of hope therapy. The intervention was based on the theory of hope proposed by Senyder, Herth, and Ruston and a selection of Molana poems focusing on hope and positivism issues. The data were collected in three stages namely, before, immediately after, and 3 months after the intervention, using the psychological capital Questionnaire developed by Luthans et al. data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 22) using repeated measures ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05. Result: The results showed significant differences between the two groups in terms of the psychological capital and its components (P<0.05). In addition, the effect of intervention was stable in the intervention group. Conclusion: Hope therapy led to the improvement of psychological capital and its components (i.e., hope, resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy). Therefore, it is essential to consider hope therapy interventions when planning for the improvement of psychological capital in patients with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The dichotic listening subtest is considered as an important component of the test battery for auditory processing assessment in both children and adults. A randomized dichotic digits test (RDDT) was created to compensate for sensitivity weakness of double digits when detecting abnormal ear asymmetry during dichotic listening. The aim of this study was the development and initial evaluation of the Persian randomized dichotic digits test. Method: Persian digits 1-10 (except for the bisyllabic digit, 4) uttered by a native Persian language speaker were recorded in a studio. After alignment of intensity and temporal characteristics of digit waveforms, lists 1 and 2 of the RDDT were reproduced. List 1 of the test was administered at 55 dBHL on 50 right-handed normal hearing individuals (with an equal sex ratio) in the age group of 18-25 years and hearing thresholds of 15 dBHL or better in audiometric frequencies. Results: Mean (standard deviation) percent-correct score for right and left ears and right ear advantage of the subjects was 94.3 (5.3), 84.8 (7.7), and 9.5 (7.0) percent, respectively. Sixty percent of the subjects showed normal results and unilateral and bilateral deficits were seen in 24 percent and 16 percent, respectively. Conclusion: It seems the Persian version of RDDT is the same as the original test as it is able to test ear asymmetry, unilateral and bilateral deficits in dichotic listening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Although double dichotic digit test is a useful tool for assessing the central auditory system in adults, it is more useful for evaluating younger children. The present study aimed to develop the Persian version of the single dichotic digit test and to obtain initial normative data. Methods: The Persian version of the present test consisted of three different sets of 25 single digit pairs for testing in the free recall, directed recall to right, and directed recall to left conditions. The digits in each list were recorded dichotically on a compact disc. The sectional study was performed on 126 male students, aged between 7 and 9. The test-retest reliability was assessed in 29 subjects two to four weeks after the first test session. Results: In seven year olds, the mean right and left ear scores increased from around 95.79% and 89.69%, respectively. In eight year olds, the mean right and left ear scores increased from around 98.59% and 96.29%, respectively. The mean right ear advantage decreased from around 6.13% in 7 year olds to around 2% in 8 year olds (p=0.001). No significant difference was found in scores between the free recall and directed recall conditions (p>0.05). The test had a high test-retest reliability (p>0.05). Conclusion: The Persian version of the test has a high test-retest reliability for evaluating male children aged between 7 and 9; it can be used for assessing binaural integration in male children of this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]