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Politics has been affected by studies of emotions and cognitions. This discussion in the field of politics in the framework of political psychology has found a special point in the studies of politics in general and foreign policy in particular. Therefore; the previous duality of reason/ emotion is rejected, and these are, not only not in conflict with each other, but for decision-making, the emotional and rational-reasoning parts of the brain are engaged together. One of the variables that provokes emotions is historical lived experiences that affect cognitions and may appear in behavior as consequences. The object of this research is to investigate the role of emotions in Iran's foreign policy decisions. The main question is, which emotions have played more role in cognitions in Iran's foreign policy? Generally, five types of emotions that were caused by the historical lived experience of Iranians can be examined in the formal and informal behavior of this country. These emotions are mistrust and anger (toward the United States of America), doubt and hidden sadness (toward Russia), confidence (toward China), fear (deterrence and increasing military capabilities), and love and Empathy (regarding some aligned identities in the region and axis of resistance). This paper will answer the main question by applying the point of view of "emotional politics" theorists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 crisis exerts a marked impact on the quality of life of individuals experiencing grief. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of life quality improvement treatment and emotion-focused therapy on the cognitive flexibility and vitality of individuals affected by grief due to COVID-19. Material & Methods: This research employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with two experimental groups and one control group. In 2021, 30 individuals affected by grief were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to three groups: life quality improvement treatment, emotion-focused therapy, and the control group. Data were collected using the Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. The first experimental group received emotion-focused therapy (Leslie Greenberg, 2012), while the second experimental group received life quality improvement treatment (Fresch, 2006). Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 27) using analysis of covariance. Results: The results demonstrated that both emotion-focused therapy and therapy based on improving quality of life had a positive effect on behavioral flexibility and social vitality, and the effectiveness of therapy based on improving quality of life on the vitality of bereaved people was more than emotion-focused therapy. Discussion & Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of both treatments on the flexibility of action and the effectiveness of the treatment to improve the quality of life and vitality of people with grief, psychotherapists can benefit from both two treatments to improve the quality of life and vitality of people with the experience of grief to take. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotions are central to all aspects of human experience and are an integral part of principals' jobs and lives. Due to the nature of their job, elementary and high school principals need to be aware of their own and others' emotions and manage their emotions. These observations suggest that the emotional aspect of leadership warrants further investigation. The present study aimed to validate the Principals' Emotions Inventory (Chen, 2020). The statistical population of the study was all elementary and high school principals in Mashhad who were engaged in management in the academic year 2020-2021. The sample size determined 450 people based on Cochran's formula. Participants were selected by the available sampling method. Principals' Emotions Inventory, after translation and validation, was distributed and completed electronically and in pencil and paper format among the research sample. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the validity of the structure and the alpha coefficient was used for reliability. The results confirmed the fit of the model and the structure of the internal relations of the items. The alpha coefficient for the Principals' Emotion Inventory was equal to 0.85 and for the factors of enjoyment (0.88), pride (0.96), frustration (0.86), anxiety (0.85), and hopelessness (0.89). The results showed that the principals' emotions inventory has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used as a valid instrument in the study of principal emotions.

Myth is the poetic expression of great landscapes of nature and mysterious directors of natural and supernatural phenomena, which justifies the origin of human emotions with poetic vision and has rhetorical value with imaginative action. For this reason, myth, with its intertextual nature, has always been reproduced in literary works and has played a prominent role in the semantic, rhetorical, and aesthetic development of literary works. From the distant past until now, Persian language poets have paid attention to all kinds of myths, including Greco-Roman mythology, and have benefited from the diverse functions of these myths in the application of various concepts. Afghanistan's contemporary poets have reflected different concepts and benefited from the capacity of these myths, considering the reproduction of Greco-Roman mythology. Therefore, the current research, using a descriptive-analytical method, based on the intertextuality theory of Gérard Genette, examines the rhetorical effect of Greco-Roman mythology reflection in Afghanistan's contemporary poetry. The results of this research show that Afghanistan's poets have often reflected Greco-Roman mythology in the form of implied intertextuality. These poets have re-created myths to reflect social, romantic, mystical, didactical, resistance, and ideological concepts, as model, idealistic, and charismatic characters, in declarative and imperative sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans vivify their world by expressing emotions. “Expressing Emotion” is regarded as a way to improve the life quality and establish effective human relations. Since Mahmoud Dowlatabadi's works are realistic, they are considered as suitable texts for analyzing human emotions and their emotional interactions among the contemporary fiction literature. This article mainly aimed to find answer for the following questions: “what emotions”, “why”, “how” and with “what consequences” are expressed in the characters? A descriptive-analytical method used to analyze the emotions of characters in Mahmoud Dowlatabadi's stories (Missing Soluch and his ten short stories) in a qualitative quantitative manner. The results indicate that negative emotions, especially “anger and fear” mostly for reasons as economic problems, climate aggressiveness, cultural poverty, serfdom system, etc. are manifested in different ways as riots and collective fights, verbal and non-verbal violence (physical and mental harm, etc.) and they overcome positive emotions. Positive emotions as “joy and love” are relatively few and often appear in the non-verbal behaviors of the characters- sometimes manifest in some local and national traditions and often “indirectly”. Effects of emotions, sometimes the cause of the emergence or transformation of other emotions, appear in the biological-cultural-social aspects of their personalities in different ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Anger is one of the most basic emotions in human beings. Psychologists regard anger as a normal and typically healthy emotion with evolutionary functions that is occasionally experienced by human beings. The way anger is experienced or expressed is important because uncontrolled anger will negatively impact not only people's social or personal well-being but also their relationships with others. Several factors can influence the way anger is expressed or experienced. Anger experience and its expression are distinct concepts. Anger experience refers to the emotional state that one feels. On the other hand, anger expression refers to the behavioral dimension, which is one's way of dealing with the feeling of anger The aim of this study is discriminant analysis of personality characteristics (the Big Five personality traits) in determining the styles of the experience and expression of anger (State anger, Trait anger, Anger expression-out (AX-O), Anger expression-in (AX-I), Anger control-out (AC-O), and anger control-in (AC-I)). Method Population in the study included people over 18 years old. 241 participants (women = 149, men = 92) were selected using the convenience sampling method. To collect data, the Short Form NEO personality inventory & State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2) questionnaires were used. Date were analyzed using discriminant analysis and Variance Analysis. Results Results revealed that, among the Big 5 Personality Traits, four traits-- neuroticism (λ=.666), conscientiousness (λ=.715), extroversion (λ=.758), and agreeableness (.795), respectively were able to discriminate individuals significantly on the basis of their anger experience and expression styles. However, Openness to Experience (λ=.928) was not significantly related to the dependent variable. Discussion Based on the results, one can conclude that individual differences in personality characteristics influence the way people experience and express anger. Personality traits are among the factors influencing the way anger is expressed and experienced. As the development of personality traits begins early in childhood and such traits are supposed to remain constant all through the individual's life, it's important for parents and educators to take into account the role personality traits (the Five Big personality factors) can play in the wide negative ramifications brought about by the unhealthy manifestations of anger. Parents and educators are thus recommended to make use of the theoretical knowledge and empirical findings to help develop adaptive personality traits in children and reduce the negative impacts caused by inappropriate ways of experiencing and expressing anger. These findings can help clinical psychologists develop intervention programs based on the Five Big Personality Factors to help prevent the harms created by the unhealthy ways of the manifestation of anger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]