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Since the 1990s, many economists have taken different approaches towards resolving the risk premium and risk free rate puzzles. Identifying causes of these two puzzles can help investors, regulators and policy makers in finding out determinants of the asset prices in financial markets and thereby shaping the real sector trends in the economy so that to improve their allocations efficiency. Meanwhile, the periodic incidence and prevalance of ambiguity environment in many economies, especially economies with more fragile institutional and economic structures, such as many developing economies, including the Iranian economy, have turned attentions towards highlighting the consequences of ambiguity for investors’ decision-making and policy design by policy makers.Within a parsimonious continuous-time stochastic general equilibrium model including heterogeneous agents with ambiguity aversion, this study shows how by a utility function with constant relative risk aversion coefficient augmented with variable investment opportunities and financial friction, one can still make a more justifiable account for the above dual puzzles. Model calibration indicates that the model fits better with the stylized facts detected for different time periods.

In recent years, attempts are made to overcome some of the ambiguities in Naser Khosrow’s Divan verses, while the remaining are yet to be overcome. The objective of this descriptiveanalytical study is to explain and interpret some of the available ambiguous verses of Naser Khosrow’s Divan by referring to different resources. The objective here is to demonstrate that being aware of philosophical thoughts affects overcoming the ambiguity of vases in Naser Khosrow’s Divan. The results indicate that to facilitate the undertaking of correction and description of the subject, which is the core of the poet’s philosophical thoughts about the world, humans, and life, next to referring to the old manuscripts, close attention to the poet’s thoughts’ principles and origins is of high essence. As an example, with no deep grasp of the abstruse concepts as the central world topic and the element’s tendency toward it: 1) the elements’ love and hate in the world of existence and decadence, 2) the pairing of the wisdom and general soul and its contribution in constructing the lower world, the minor world, the major world, 3) overturning the tree and viewing its roots as its mouth, and 4) the advantages of a cat that catches a mouse, a major part of the ambiguous verses in this Divan would remain ambiguous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In every text, there are two levels of ambiguity of translation and ratio, which are the basis of the rhetorical explanation of the text from different perspectives of textual analysis, whether formalistic or discursive. In most of the classical texts, the aforementioned levels of ambiguity more or less exist, but in some texts, one aspect outweighs the other. Sa'adi's Golestān is one of the texts whose rhetorical basis is based on the ambiguity of ratio and types of displacement and articulation. In this article, the rhetoric of Golestān or the confrontation of the author-narrator with the listener/reader is classified and interpreted based on the ambiguities of the relationship between the creator of the text in the form of displacement and the significance of linguistic-narrative articulations. The basis of the analysis is the concepts and terms of several communicative fields such as semantics, rhetoric, narratology and discourse analysis. The result shows that, according to the dominant aspect of ratio ambiguity in Golestān, the author-narrator of the text uses four levels of extension / floating, pre-information, connection / eclecticism and repetition/accumulation in order to convey meaning or communicate the "Message-Force." Some of these cases, while creating diversity, contain the type of openness and polyphony, which help to draw the attention of listeners/readers. In some cases, the direction-inhibition aspect of the text restrains the listener/reader under the support-control umbrella of the author-narrator. Of course, all cases considered, while directing the listeners/readers, in most cases the text leads them to an open state of reality, which does not limit inferences in the reader's encounter with the textual and conceptual representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‌ ∴ Introduction ∴ ‌ The balance of economic interests in contractual agreements is a pivotal concern across legal systems worldwide. In Islamic jurisprudence, particularly within the context of exchange conditions in sale contracts, the no-harm principle [Nafy-e Gharar] stands out as a crucial rule to maintain this balance. Despite the absence of an explicit reference in Iran's Civil Law, certain provisions reflect the principle's influence on transactional and contractual terms. This paper embarks on a comprehensive exploration of the "principle of necessity to remove ambiguity" in contractual terms, a topic that, despite previous scholarly attention, lacks a systematic and in-depth examination. The prevalent ambiguity in applying the No-harm principle across various contractual realms has led to divergent interpretations and a need for clearer guidelines. Our investigation delves into the role of ambiguity in contractual terms under Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law, aiming to unravel the legal implications of No-harm and propose refinements to existing legislative frameworks. ‌ ∴ Research Question ∴ ‌ The core inquiry of this article revolves around the legal ramifications of ambiguity in contractual terms within the realms of Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian civil law. Specifically, it seeks to understand how such ambiguity influences the creation of risk in transactions and the extent to which the "principle of necessity to remove ambiguity" is applied in mitigating these effects. This question is pivotal for clarifying the legal status of ambiguous conditions and their potential to nullify contracts deemed risk. ‌ ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ ‌ The hypothesis posits that a comprehensive application of the "principle of necessity to remove ambiguity" significantly mitigates the risk of risk in contracts by clarifying conditions that could otherwise lead to economic imbalance between parties. This clarification process is essential for ensuring the validity and enforceability of contracts, particularly in the dynamic context of modern economic and commercial transactions where speed and efficiency often prioritize over detailed negotiations of contract conditions. ‌ ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ ‌ This study adopts an analytical and doctrinal methodology, grounding its analysis in the primary sources of Imamia jurisprudence and the provisions of Iranian civil law. By scrutinizing the nature of risk and its implications on contractual terms, the research systematically explores the potential for ambiguity to create risk. It further examines the scope of risk creation within contractual terms, considering their secondary and dependent nature in contractual agreements. The analysis is structured around a critical examination of Iranian Civil Law Articles 232 and 233, which deal with unknown conditions within contracts. Through this lens, the study aims to elucidate how the unknown nature of a condition impacts the contract's overall unknown nature, thereby affecting its validity. The doctrinal framework provides a solid foundation for proposing legislative amendments to better address and reduce the ambiguities related to contractual terms, thereby minimizing the risk of nullity in uncertain contractions. By investigating these dimensions, the article contributes to understanding of the legal challenges posed by ambiguous contract conditions. It seeks to offer a nuanced analysis that bridges the gap between traditional jurisprudential approaches and the practical needs of modern contractual practices, emphasizing the importance of clarity and precision in contract formation to prevent economic disparities and ensure contractual fairness. Through this exploration, the study underscores the critical role of the "Principle of Necessity to Eliminate Ambiguity" in safeguarding the integrity of contractual agreements and promoting a more stable and predictable legal environment for economic actors. ‌ ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ ‌ The exploration of transactional ambiguities within the framework of Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian civil law has yielded significant insights into the mechanisms through which risk (or uncertainty) is generated in contracts. A nuanced understanding of risk emerges, positioning it not as a strictly legal or religious concept but as one deeply rooted in customary practices. This customary basis underscores the importance of contextual interpretation, where not all forms of ignorance are deemed risky, but rather, significant potential harm as recognized by custom is essential for deeming an ambiguity as contributing to uncertainty. A critical distinction is drawn between different types of conditions within a contract, highlighting the unique treatment of the "condition of quality" [Shart-e Sefat] which is inherently tied to the contract's subject matter, as opposed to other conditions that, while independent, serve a subordinate and ancillary role. This delineation is crucial for understanding the application of the Eqtefar Principle in Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law, which permits overlooking certain ambiguities in contract conditions based on their nature and the economic insignificance attributed to them by the contracting parties. The research meticulously details the conditions under which ambiguities in contract conditions may or may not lead to uncertainty. It is articulated that the potential for risk arises primarily from absolute ignorance in conditions that disrupt their execution, posing a dispute risk. However, the application of the Eqtefar Principle mitigates this risk, provided specific criteria are met, emphasizing the condition's ancillary nature and its alignment with the contract's main subject. This principle's application is contingent upon clear contractual content and the economic significance of the condition, which, if unclear, may elevate the condition to a status equivalent to the contract's subject, thereby increasing the risk of uncertainty. ‌ ∴ Conclusion ∴ ‌ The research culminates in understanding of the relationship between transactional ambiguities and the creation of uncertainty in contracts. It delineates the customary foundation of risk, emphasizing the need for a significant potential for harm to constitute a risk. The analysis distinguishes between conditions directly related to the contract's subject and those ancillary to it, revealing the nuanced application of the Eqtefar Principle in forgiving ambiguities in contract conditions based on their subordinate nature and economic insignificance. A pivotal finding of this study is the conditional nature of ambiguity's impact on uncertainty, predicated on the execution feasibility of the condition and the clarity of the contractual content regarding the condition's economic significance. The research underscores that only under specific circumstances does ambiguity in conditions not affect the contract's legal status, thereby preventing risk. Conversely, when conditions are fundamental to the contract's subject or when ambiguity renders the contract's subject unknown, the risk of uncertainty is significantly heightened, potentially leading to contract nullification. This exploration offers valuable legal insights and practical implications for drafting contracts within Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law contexts. It highlights the importance of clarity in contract conditions and the careful consideration of conditions' roles and significances to mitigate the risk of uncertainty. The findings provide a foundation for future legal research and practice, emphasizing the need for precision and awareness of customary interpretations in contract formation and execution.

Objective: Ambiguity arises when more than one meaning and concept can be understood from a word, phrase or sentence. Since it seems necessary to understand this by the information retrieval system in order to increase the accuracy of the information retrieval system and increase the retrieval of related resources, the present research aims to identify the ambiguous and disambiguating factors through a systematic review of studies. It has been done in Iran.Methodology: The research method is applied in terms of purpose, in terms of approach, qualitative and in terms of information gathering method, systematic review using PRISMA standard. The statistical population includes journal articles, conferences, and dissertations indexed in Iranian databases, including: Magiran, Noormags, Shiraz Regional Center for Science and Technology, Civilica, and Academic Jihad Center (SID) and Scientific Information of Iran (treasure). 175 scientific sources and 138 scientific sources were excluded based on the output criteria and 37 scientific sources were selected based on the input criteria. Input criteria: focusing on the studies conducted on the subject of ambiguity and disambiguation, in the fields of linguistics, information technology, artificial intelligence, computer and information science, and epistemology, scientific sources published in Persian language, without publication time limits, review articles, Scientific research, master's and doctorate theses and national and international conference papers held inside Iran. Output criteria: studies carried out except for ambiguity and disambiguation, non-Persian language scientific sources, books, reports, editorials, abstract writings and short articles (less than 5 pages)Findings: The results show that the main topic of interest in this research was "ambiguity of the meaning of words" (53%) and "disambiguation of words" (44%) and the least topics of ambiguity in machine translation (21%) and disambiguation through ontology (5 percent). The most research methods with the "neural network" approach (22 percent) and the least research methods used were content analysis, methodology and machine learning (5 percent), the largest number of sources related to the articles of conferences and national conferences and was international (48 percent) and the least were master theses and doctoral dissertations (5 percent). Computer and linguistics fields (27 percent) have had the most scientific productions in this regard, and information science and epistemology fields (9 percent) have had the lowest productions.Conclusion: The present research is considered innovative in the sense that it deals with the issue of ambiguity and disambiguation in information retrieval with a systematic review approach. Its findings indicate that most Iranian researches were focused on disambiguation, which were mostly presented in national and international conferences and meetings. The topic of ambiguity and disambiguation is more important in the fields of computer science and linguistics, and the fields of information science and epistemology have not dealt with it. The semantic ambiguity of words and, by nature, the disambiguation of words has been the concern of format in Iranian researches. Ontology as a new approach to disambiguation has received less attention.

Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a global epidemic, can cause widespread and irreparable disorders in the personal and social health. Although elderly people are more at risk, they receive less attention in this regard. This epidemic can affect the elderly in different ways, including the fear of contracting the virus and fear of death. This study aimed to determine the relationship between loneliness, locus of control, and intolerance of ambiguity with death anxiety in the elderly during the COVID-19 era. Methods. Using cluster random sampling, this cross-sectional and analytical study included 309 elderly people in Islamabad-e Gharb, Iran in 2022. Data was collected using questionnaires on demographic variables, loneliness, locus of control, intolerance of ambiguity, and death anxiety. The collected data were statistically analyzed using logistic regression. Results. The mean age of participants was 70.69±6.28 years. The prevalence of death anxiety was 71.20% and it was statistically related to gender. The results of regression analysis showed that loneliness, external source of control, high uncertainty intolerance and gender could significantly predict death in the elderly. Conclusion. According to our findings, more than half of the elderly experienced death anxiety. Loneliness, source of control, and intolerance of ambiguity play an important role in death anxiety of the elderly. Death anxiety among this population can be improved by designing psychological interventions based on the feeling of loneliness, source of control from external to internal, and intolerance of ambiguity from top to bottom. Practical Implications. Since death anxiety is a multi-dimensional structure affecting many aspects of the elderly's life and it is one of the most common mental health issues of the elderly, it is essential to investigate the related factors. This can help to take effective steps and improve the mental health of the elderly.

This research explains the differences and ambiguities of the UAE Maritime Zones Laws with the International Convention on the Law of the Sea by comparing the UAE's 1993 Maritime Zones Law and other maritime laws of this state with the provisions of the 1982 International Convention on the Law of the Sea. The current research was fundamental-applicative in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The data collection has been done with the library research and the available documents. The maritime laws of the UAE, the text of the Convention on the International Law of the Sea, the statements of the United Arab Emirates based on the documents of the United Nations have been studied and reviewed. The findings of the research showed that most of the UAE laws were derived from the text and content of the convention. The UAE Maritime Law on how to draw straight baselines and in Articles (2) (Application of the law of internal waters for islands that are 12 miles apart), (5) (exceptions mentioned for innocent passage); (7) (expansion of the territorial sea in the exclusive economic zone); (10) (security jurisdiction in the contiguous zone), and (26) (imprisonment punish for violation of the provisions in maritime zones) of the Maritime Zones Act of 1993 are different from the Convention or are ambiguous and disputed by states. The way the UAE's baselines are drawn has an important impact on the maritime jurisdiction of opposite and adjacent states, including Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some literary works, despite their simple appearance and small volume, are so rich in content and have such strong symbolism that they encompass the equations of the greatest contemporary philosophers. The stronger by August Strindberg is not an exception to this rule. The main objective of this article, after redefining ambiguity, going beyond the definition of Empson and metaphor, broader than the Derridean meaning, relying on the inevitable process of inclusion, exclusion and identification, to discover how the author's power is exerted and his role in creating the work—which is itself a reading of the world surrounding the work—and also the mode of the reader's exercise of power in interpreting the text—which is a rewriting of the work from a different perspective—and in this regard, it establishes a general framework that Foucault has presented in his examination of power and discourse. After finding the connection between ambiguity and metaphor, the role of these two in exercising power or preventing it is explored, and ultimately, the relationship of these concepts with literature, the creation, and the reading of this literary work are examined. In the world of the text, similar to the world of the metatext, the arena of ambiguity and metaphorization, and consequently the field of battle of wills, instincts, interests, and various metaphors, sometimes result in a temporary peace, but if such methods do not yield results, only inevitable violence can expose one metaphor as unjust and invalid in favor of another metaphor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a global epidemic, can cause widespread and irreparable disorders in the personal and social health. Although elderly people are more at risk, they receive less attention in this regard. This epidemic can affect the elderly in different ways, including the fear of contracting the virus and fear of death. This study aimed to determine the relationship between loneliness, locus of control, and intolerance of ambiguity with death anxiety in the elderly during the COVID-19 era. Methods. Using cluster random sampling, this cross-sectional and analytical study included 309 elderly people in Islamabad-e Gharb, Iran in 2022. Data was collected using questionnaires on demographic variables, loneliness, locus of control, intolerance of ambiguity, and death anxiety. The collected data were statistically analyzed using logistic regression. Results. The mean age of participants was 70.69±6.28 years. The prevalence of death anxiety was 71.20% and it was statistically related to gender. The results of regression analysis showed that loneliness, external source of control, high uncertainty intolerance and gender could significantly predict death in the elderly. Conclusion. According to our findings, more than half of the elderly experienced death anxiety. Loneliness, source of control, and intolerance of ambiguity play an important role in death anxiety of the elderly. Death anxiety among this population can be improved by designing psychological interventions based on the feeling of loneliness, source of control from external to internal, and intolerance of ambiguity from top to bottom. Practical Implications. Since death anxiety is a multi-dimensional structure affecting many aspects of the elderly's life and it is one of the most common mental health issues of the elderly, it is essential to investigate the related factors. This can help to take effective steps and improve the mental health of the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]