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One of the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is the use of energy for groundwater pumping. Reducing energy consumption is very important to achieve the environmental sustainability and decrease the climate change impacts. In this paper, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from groundwater pumping in the Guilan's aquifers was investigated. Firstly, groundwater depletion and the types of pumps for water pumping were examined in the current condition; then, the values of consumed energy, GHG emissions and climate change indicator of the current condition were estimated. The primary investigations showed that 55 percent of wells in the studied region had a diesel engine pump, while 51.3 percent of the required energy for groundwater pumping was supplied by electric pump. Calculated total GHG emissions and the value of climate change indicator in the current condition were equal to 8.98 and 7.59 Milion kg CO eq 2 , respectively. In order to achieve environmental sustainability and energy security, scenarios of replacing electric pumps and applying solar energy were examined. The results of the scenarios showed that diesel fuel wells had no significant effect on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, but the use of solar energy reduced them. GHG emissions, in comparison with the base scenarios, were decreased by 44.4% in June, July and August, respectively, by applying the scenario of using the solar pump in agricultural section. Therefore, it is preferred to apply policies in future planning to use renewable energies such as solar energy instead of diesel and electricity energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From any amount of energy input to each system is returned to the environment as waste. For this reason, for processes to be sustainable, it is important to focus on the mechanism that assigns the system input (s) to the output (s). This mechanism is economics, in the definition of sustainable development. What is the trend of changes in energy and environment efficiencies in Iran's economy industries? The answer to this question, as a question of present paper, is Necessary to conclusions that can guide policy recommendations. For this purpose, the energy consumption data from different types of carriers and pollutions (by types of pollution) along with the output value, will be used for 23 industries (two-digit ISIC codes) during the period 2009 to 2016 This information was used to calculate the Malmquist Productivity Index (MI).The results of the MI index show that the overall performance improvement has slowed down in recent years. Although there has been little improvement, it has been due to structural changes in the industry, not to an increase in their technical efficiency. However, the textile industry is a good example where overall performance improvements have occurred due to advances in technical efficiency. Also, from the six major industries, two major industries ("food" and "base metals") have seen almost no overall improvement of any kind. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers focus on improving the efficiency of two mentioned industries. It is also suggested that policymakers focus from technical improvements to structural changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]