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Recently, providing a model in order to investigate human body vibrations and also finding a methodology to simulate the functionality of the central nervous system in muscle tuning while pre and post fatigue conditions during running has been discussed in numerous papers. In the current study, a 4 degree of freedom vibration model of human body and an objective function that mimics the functionality of the central nervous system with bounds for pre-fatigue and post fatigue conditions were considered. Firstly, it was shown that the optimization method used in the literature leads to inaccurate results. Then, in order to achieve more accurate results, the optimization problem was solved using Particle Swarm Optimization method. A comparison between the results of the current study with those in literature showed that our results are more consistent with the experiments. Our findings indicated that an increase in running time followed by an increase in fatigue leads to a significant decrease in the safe region and increase in vibration amplitude of lower body wobbling mass. Moreover, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of mass distribution and variations in touchdown velocities on the area of the safe region for both pre and post fatigue conditions. High dependency of this area to the mass distribution and touchdown velocities of lower extremities was also indicated. The results of this study can be useful in the shoe design for running and similar activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis could involve every organ. CNS involvement occurs in 10-15% of patients with extra pulmonary tuberculosis. This paper presents an unusual case of tuberculoma. A 36- year-old man was referred to Qaemshahr Razi hospital with decrease in consciousness level and paraparesia. His brain MRI revealed small and multiple hyperatenuated lesions in pons, hypothalamus and temporal lobes. Analysis of CSF fluid was consistent with TB meningitis. Anti-TB drugs and prednisolone was started for the patient. His status improved and his brain MRI involvement resolved by the end of treatment. In an endemic area, tuberculosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for patients with fever, decrease in consciousness level and neurological deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the stimulatory and protective effects of Methylphenidate (MPD) on the experimental epilepsy induced by intraperitoneal injection of Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in adult male rats. Methods & Materials In this study, 15 male rats (weight, 200-250 gr) dividied into one control group (n=5) received normal saline and two treatment groups; the first group (n=5) received MPD with a dose of 2.5 mg/kg and the second group (n=5) received MPD with a dose of 5 mg/kg by gavage. After anesthesia with ketamine-xylazin combination and animal skull surgery, the recorded electrodes were inserted into the cranium in the stratum striatum layer of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, and epileptic activity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of PTZ (80 mg/kg) and the epileptiform activity was evaluated in terms of the number of spikes per time unit and their amplitudes by eTrace software. Ethical Considerations This study with an ethics code of FVMT.REC.1397.67 was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at University of Tabriz. Results Oral MPD at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg doses increased the number of spikes up to 576 and 613, respectively, compared to the control group (330 spikes), which were statistically significant. Amplitude of PTZinduced epileptic activity after treatment with 2.5 and 5 mg/kg MPD reached 1254 and 1085 respectively compared to control group (1051), which were not statistically significant. Conclusion The doses of oral MPD used in this study potentiate seizure activity. Therefore, the use of this drug in people with a background of seizure or suffering from some types of seizure should be cautious, and the evaluation of its effect in these patients need further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Primary central nervous system lymphoma is a rare, extra-nodal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. It commonly involves brain, meninges or eyes. In this study, we investigated its clinicopathological features and survival rate in Yazd. Subjects and Methods: All samples related to the central nervous system lymphomas were extracted from 2011 to 2016 at Pathology Department of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. They were registered in the pre-designed check-lists. Survival rates were evaluated by referring to the physicians' offices, and also by calling on the patients. Subjects and Methods: All samples related to the central nervous system lymphomas were extracted from 2011 to 2016 at Pathology Department of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. They were registered in the pre-designed check-lists. Survival rates were evaluated by referring to the physicians' offices, and also by calling on the patients. Results: The present study was performed on 15 patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma including 7 males (46.7%) and 8 females (53.3%). The most common clinical presentations were motor deficits (33.3%), increased intra-cranial pressure (26.7%) and seizure (20%) respectively. All cases were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and high grade in 13.3% of cases. In most of cases (80%), the lesion was in one of the cerebral hemispheres. The most frequent sites were the temporal and parietal lobe. Conclusion: Primary central nervous system lymphoma is a rare, invasive, extra-nodal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. In our study, its clinicopathological feature was similar to the other studies. The mean survival rate in patients with immune-deficiency was not significantly different from patients without immune-deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]