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Hermaphrodite patients are individuals who, due to various issues such as chromosomal, gonadal or hormonal disorders that occurred during pregnancy, experience physiological abnormalities in their genital area after birth. As a result, they may have both male and female genitalia or be born ambiguously as a baby boy with female sexual organs, or vice versa. In order to study the challenges presented by this condition in the Islamic Penal Code, sources were collected from Irandak, Normagz, and SID Civilica Jihad academic databases using keywords such as hermaphrodite, neutrality, criminal policy, gender identity disorder, gender ambiguity, recidivism, multicrime, neutral jurisprudential rule, and factors that reduce responsibility due to thematic and conceptual relevance. The time frame considered for the study was from 1980 to 2022, and 57 sources were included. The criteria for inclusion in the study were criminal, jurisprudential, and medical articles related to hermaphroditic and criminal topics relevant to the questions posed in the article. The purpose of this study is to provide a correct explanation of the challenges in the Islamic Penal Code and to answer them. Given the nature of these disorders and the lack of knowledge among affected individuals, families, and society, as well as the exclusion of the conditions of these patients in different laws, this article attempts to explain the place of hermaphrodites in medical science, how this disorder occurs in these individuals, and the introduction of hermaphrodite patients in Islamic jurisprudence. It also discusses where these individuals are placed as human beings in Imamiah jurisprudence. The most important part of this article is devoted to the articles of the Islamic Penal Code regarding the commission of crimes such as hudud, retribution, blood money, and punishment. The most significant challenge in implementing penal law for these patients is the lack of differential criminalization. Specifically, there is a need to develop criminal laws for crimes that these individuals are more likely to commit and determine appropriate punishments, such as obtaining a guarantee of non-custodial executions. In addition, during the investigation phase, there is a lack of an appropriate differential procedure for this category of patients. This requires training for judges and officers, such as police and officers dealing with these patients, as well as adaptation of detention spaces (detention centers and prisons) to prevent victimization or re-offending due to the special mental and physical conditions of these patients. In conclusion, research on hermaphrodite patients is necessary to change attitudes towards them and take practical measures at the social level in legislative, judicial and executive criminal policy. This article uses a descriptive method and library sources to explain and analyze this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Among psychological issues, anxiety is a "futuristic state of mind" in which a person is ready or preparing for the negative events of the future, indicating that there is a distinction between present and future dangers that alienate fear. Separates from anxiety (2). In fact, normal reaction anxiety is considered to be stress that may help a person cope with difficult situations. When anxiety is excessive, it may be so great that it is placed in the categories associated with anxiety disorders (2). Another variable that can be different in different situations between individuals and students is the individual self-efficacy of students. Self-efficacy refers to a person's personality strength in dealing with problems in achieving his goals and success, and more than it is influenced by the student's intelligence and learning ability, it is influenced by personality traits such as self-confidence, diligence and submission, self-esteem, Is self-regulation and self-direction. In the age of information explosion, cultivating selfsufficient people, people who can overcome their own anxiety and learn and solve problems independently is much more important than transferring a huge amount of information (3). Humans, on the other hand, are constantly solving problems throughout their lives. Problem solving helps people deal effectively with life's problems and challenges. When an issue is not clearly defined, ambiguity tolerance is used to construct and reconstruct solutions and interpretations. When an issue is not clearly defined, ambiguity tolerance is used to construct and reconstruct solutions and interpretations (4). Due to the above and the impact of anxiety on students' lives on the one hand, the identification of important factors and factors related to anxiety on the other hand and considering that research in the field and research was not found in the field The researcher seeks to answer the questions of whether there is a relationship between students' tolerance of ambiguity, anxiety and self-efficacy? Can tolerance of ambiguity and anxiety be able to predict anxiety in students? Methods: To conduct the present descriptive research, which is a type of basic and applied research, among male and female students of Farhangian University (former teacher training), Tehran in the academic year 1394-2014, based on multi-stage sampling of 150 people with a minimum of Undergraduate education was selected as a sample and then the questionnaires of McDonald (1970), Beck Anxiety (1998) and the self-efficacy of Scherer et al. (1982) were distributed and collected among the sample. After removing incomplete and invalid questionnaires, a total of 142 questionnaires were collected. Finally, descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation and linear regression tests were used simultaneously with the help of SPSS software for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results showed that the sum of the variables used (self-efficacy and ambiguity tolerance) predicted 18% of the variance of students' anxiety. Given that F calculated at the level less than 0.01 is significant, so the linear regression model is significant. The results of regression analysis show that self-efficacy at the level (= = 0.01) is able to significantly predict students' anxiety and t-test is significant for the significance of regression coefficients at the level less than 0.01. In other words, with increasing self-efficacy score, students' anxiety score decreases and vice versa. Given that β is the standardized coefficient of regression, it is clear that self-efficacy with an coefficient of explanation (0.393) is more effective in predicting student anxiety. Conclusion: The results showed that the variables of self-efficacy and ambiguity tolerance predict 18% of the variance of anxiety in students. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that self-efficacy is able to significantly predict students 'anxiety. In other words, with increasing self-efficacy score, students' anxiety score decreases and vice versa. It was also found that self-efficacy was more effective in predicting student anxiety. Explaining this finding, it can be said that tolerating the ambiguity of a personality variable is perceptual-emotional. In the clinical literature, ambiguity tolerance is a cognitive characteristic that can predict the risk of anxiety disorder. Tolerance of ambiguity is associated with negative anxiety and expectation about the future and is therefore always considered in research on anxiety disorders (11).Self-efficacy also refers to a person's perceived ability to perform a desired action. This means that evaluating one's abilities in a situation influences one's decision to act or avoid that situation, and because fear of judgment and negative evaluation prevents anxious people from displaying their abilities, The person is drawn to avoidance, passivity, and ultimately the inability to perform functional activities. Therefore, it is likely that a common factor in the structure of anxiety and low self-efficacy is the inability to understand individual competencies and adequacy and the misconception about the failure of activities (13). Beliefs about strong self-efficacy have been suggested as a powerful personal resource in dealing with stressful situations. Much evidence has been reported on the effect of selfefficacy beliefs on blood pressure with heart rate in heart patients. According to Bandura, self-efficacy related to one's judgments can affect one's actions in future situations. When a person is examining behavior or performing a task, he or she also makes judgments about his or her ability to perform the task and its circumstances. These judgments about self-efficacy affect a person's thinking about the ability or inability to do work and the individual's excitement and performance (14). The main focus of social cognitive theory is that self-efficacy beliefs strongly influence human performance. According to Graham and Wiener, self-efficacy is the most consistent predictor of behavioral outcomes relative to any other motivational structure (15). In predicting student anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Sternberg successful intelligence training program on increasing students' creativity and tolerance of ambiguity. Method: The research method was an experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of 15842 fourth grade male students in the academic year 2020-2021 in the city of Isfahan, that 30 people were selected by multi-stage random sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental (n= 15) and control (n= 15) groups. The experimental group received ten sessions of Sternberg Success Intelligence Program training. Data were collected through Torrance Creative Thinking Test Form B (2002) and McLean Ambiguity Tolerance Questionnaire (1993) and were analyzed by mixed analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that Sternberg successful intelligence program was effective in increasing students' creativity and ambiguity tolerance in the post-test phase and this effect remained stable in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the training of Sternberg successful intelligence program by providing an opportunity to enrich the educational environment of students by using methods such as problem solving, games Unstructured, unusual use of objects, conversation of numbers and semi-finished storytelling can be used as an effective program to increase students' creativity and ambiguity tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is an influential poet in the history of Persian language and literature, who has emerged as a capable representative of the Persian language and culture in the land of India. His various works are filled with delicate, valuable artistic and literary techniques, identification of which is of great importance for a correct understanding of the literary background of Persian. As a dependable pioneer in literary criticism and rhetoric, he has employed literary techniques properly in speech. Ambiguity is one of the most prominent effective techniques in his works, which helps the addressee to perceive more than one meaning from the discourse through implication of close and distant senses. One of his valuable, lesser-known works is his masnavi (‘a poetic form’) Noh Sepehr (‘nine skies’), composed in 718 AH. Many of the verses in this work contain artistic delicacies in terms of ambiguity, where the familiar addressee recognizes a wide network of polysemous words by paying close attention to the ambiguous structures. In this descriptive-analytical research, an attempt was made to answer the question of what is included in the most important types of ambiguity in Amir Khosrow Dehlavi’s Noh Sepehr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

God’s attributes are divided into two categories: intrinsic and actual attributes. Intrinsic attributes are those that are abstracted from the divine essence and their essence is due to the permanent connection between the essence of transcendence and attributes. Present attributes are attributes that are abstracted from the relation of the essential essence of existence with the creatures with an addition or a special relation considering that relation. Among the current attributes of God, the attribute of innovation has attracted many Imami and Ismaili theologians’ attention due to its wide application in Qur'an, Neoplatonic traditions, and philosophy to such an extent that such well-known personalities as Kennedy, Farabi, Sadiq, Mufid, Ibn Sina, Seyyed Morteza Alam al-Huda, Tusi, Tabarsi, Shahrzuri, and Hali from Nasafi’s Imamiyya Sect, Abu Hatem Razi, Sajestani, Ghazi Noman, Akhvana Al-Safa, Kermani, Nasser Khosrow, and Abu Faras from Ismaili Sect have discussed about the definition of innovation, as well as different related theories, and expressed its differences and similarities with other terms, such as creation, invention, command, emission, and will. The purpose of this study was to have a comparative view on Ismaili and Imami theologians’ theories and discover the similarities and differences between the them, as well as the components influencing on the definition of innovation and the difference between innovation and other near-meaning words. To discover the Imami and Ismaili thinkers’ views, especially the Ismaili’s, the books attributed to him were used as a criterion for judging and the works of the opponents of Ismailism and even those, who were in doubt about being in the group of Ismaili Sect though they were not included in the sources of this research. The Imami thinkers’ views on the definition of innovation were firstly ambiguous. Secondly, it was related to the period of presenting its minimum and maximum definitions. Thirdly, it was contradictory in terms of the condition expressing the statement of "I am not an object". The Ismaili scholars’ views were firstly highly contradictory and secondly a contradiction of "I am not an object".. Influenced by Neoplatonic philosophy, the Ismailis discussed the attribute of innovation more than the Imamis. The Imamiyyas and Ismailis considered innovation as one of the current attributes of God. They enumerated the most conditions for innovation. In both groups, there was a mistake in defining innovation as "creating me nothing". Some definitions of innovation in Imami and Ismaili theology were made with words, such as creation, construction, invention, etc., while their use seemed to be incorrect due to the semantic difference between innovation and those words. Ismaili theologians had made more efforts than merely introducing such terms as creation, construction, authorship, invention, etc. and explained better and more differences and similarities of the mentioned terms with innovation, whereas the ambiguity of the meanings of those terms still remained in the texts. The Ismailis had left fewer texts than the Imamis. Some thinkers of both groups discussed the attribute of innovation more than others and thus, their contents about innovation and the topics in its subset were not comparable to others. A noteworthy volume of the discussions on innovation in Imami theology was given in the interpretive texts on the occasion of the interpretation of the word "novel" in Quranic verses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the most common psychological disorders that has a great impact on the performance and quality of life of patients. The study was conducted to predict adjustment based on tolerance for ambiguity and perfectionism among patients with obsessivecompulsive disorder. Method: The research method was correlation with forecasting approach and regression design. From the statistical population of patients with obsessivecompulsive disorder referring to counseling centers in District 4 of Tehran, 150 people were selected as a sample using a multi-stage random method. Research tools included adaptability (Spanier, 1976), ambiguity intolerance (Freiston et al., 1994), perfectionism (Terry Short & et al., 1995). The research data were analyzed using SPSS and Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Results: The results of correlation coefficient showed that marital adjustment with ambiguity tolerance (r = -0.35, p = 0.001) and perfectionism (r = 0.35, p = 0.001) had significant correlation. have. The results of regression also showed that perfectionism with beta coefficient of 0.31 can predict the marital adjustment of obsessive patients more than the intolerance of ambiguity with beta multiplication of 0.22 and also 17% variance related to marital adjustment, based on tolerance. Ambiguity and perfectionism are explained. Conclusion: adjustment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder can be predicted using intolerance and ambiguity. Therefore, by improving the intolerance of ambiguity and perfectionism of obsessive-compulsive patients, their compatibility can be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: MS is one of the most common chronic diseases of the central nervous that affects all aspects of a person's life and consequently increases the anxiety of death. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of life expectancy in the relationship between psychological hardiness and the power to tolerate ambiguity with anxiety of death in patients with MS. Methods: This research was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all patients with MS in Zanjan province, out of which 135 persion were selected by convenience sampling. Four tools including death anxiety instruments, Ahwaz hardiness questionnaire(AHI), Schneider's hope questionnaire and Mclean et al tolerance of ambiguity scale were implemented and data were analyzed using the path analysis method with the help of smartpls software. Results: The results showed that the death anxiety coefficient was negative and significant with all three variables of psychological hardiness (-0.38), power to tolerate ambiguity (-0.36) and life expectancy (-0.45). Path coefficients of psychological hardiness (0.26) and tolerance of ambiguity (0.40) were positive and significant with life expectancy. Then the research hypotheses were confirmed. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used in the improvement and therapeutic counseling of MS patients. Intervention with psychological hardiness and the power to tolerate ambiguity of this patients can increase their life expectancy and reduce anxiety of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mysticism language is vague and alien with the standard language and the mind of the reader. This alienation is the result of a process in which the speaker transforms the language and concepts into mystical levels and this is itself a means of monopolizing these concepts to stay hidden from people's eyes. In other words, the mystic language is transformed and obscures the familiar language that is accessible to everyone, and it can be said that mysticism requires defamiliarization. That is why some simple concepts for the reader become complex and vague. With the emergence of new theories, including formalism that emphasizes the text itself as a sufficient factor, it is possible to gain a better understanding of the text itself and its content through careful consideration of the text and its structure. The present analytical study seeks to investigate some of the factors that led to defamiliarization in Ibn al-Farez's Mimmyyeh and its purpose is to better understand the structure and consequently the content of this ode. The results of the study show that the poet has taken some of the factors in the structure of the ode intentionally. By careful analysis, it is possible to find the hidden layers, which are guides to its content, and see the familiarization efficiency in the formalistic reading of mystical works that are mostly used to obscure mystical concepts. In fact, defamiliarization is a tool of ambiguity of simple mystical concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the issues raised in the study of ancient texts is the problem of distortion, and perhaps this is one of the important factors in creating ambiguity in these texts. Detecting and correcting these distortions can provide readers a more readable text and make it easier to access the information or knowledge presented in these works. One of the famous Persian works is Tarikh-e Beyhaqi (history of Bayaqi) that, despite the publication of valuable corrections, the exact meaning of some of its terms and expressions is not yet clear. One of these expressions is ‘qafa daridan’, which both the commentators and expositors of this work, as well as those who who have already discussed this issue, have accepted it in the same way and all have defined it as a metaphor for ‘discredit and disgrace’. The question of this article is whether this term could have the correct meaning in the same way or is its original form somewhat different and distorted? Based on this, it has been shown with the help of evidence and reasons that the present form of the term and the interpretations that the distinguished commentators have made cannot be correct. Then, with the help of the text of the Tarikh-e Beyhaqi as well as evidence from other ancient Persian manuscripts, the correct form is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narratology or grammar of narration is a systematic and coherent approach to the study of the structure of narration, which, by examining the various layers of a literary work, would achieve hidden meanings or meanings beyond the text of that literary work and enhances the comprehension of the text. This research examines the allegory as a type of narrative according to the most coherent narrative rules and regulations that Gerard Genette’s theories hold on five general principles (Order, Duration ,Frequency, Mood, and Voice .)And afterwards, for example, several of the common allegories of Sanai, Attar and Maulana have been examined in terms of the narrative rules of Gerard Genette . It turns out that in addition to the ambiguity of the allegory, anachronism, speed and acceleration of allegory in the transmission of mystical concepts and its frequency power and repetition in persuading the audience, have played a major role in sustaining the allegory as a mystical favorite literary genre. And in the course of this study ,the evolution of the allegory in these three mystics is also revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: All organisms for managing behaviors require to use of cognitive patterns of the central and peripheral nervous system. This study was done to compare the metacognitive beliefs and tolerance of ambiguity in depressed, anxious and normal people. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was done on 120 depressed, anxious and normal people depressed, anxious and normal people in psychiatric clinic of Zare hospital in Sari city north of Iran during 2017. To measure ambiguity in depressed, anxious and normal people the tolerance for ambiguity scale of lane, wells metacognitive scale, Beck anxiety inventory (BDI) and Beck depression inventory (BDI) were used in this study. Results: Tolerance of ambiguity significantly increased in depressed and anxious groups in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Positive worry beliefs significantly reduced in depressed group in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Negative meta-cognitive beliefs about the thoughts and metacognitive beliefs significantly reduced in depressed group in compared to control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study emphasized the extent of anxiety and depression disorders in relation to ineffective metacognitive problems. These ineffective beliefs can cause a decrease in psychological tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appearance and increasing development of families with both partners employed is regarded as a social revolution in Iran. There are many pressures in this type of family life due to inefficiency of the traditional opinion about division of labor in family. One of the pressures stems from work-family conflict in which sometimes there is no solution and causes many unpredictable outcomes for social cohesion, family performance, individual work performance and also work alienation. Nowadays employees do not work for living but for a job. Affected by economic, social and organizational determinants, job alienation is presently a threatening and destructive factor in the performance of an organization. Forms of alienation include feeling of lack of discipline and power, absurdity and social isolation. When incorrect and compatible with the individual, the job and leadership style chosen will have adverse effects on the behavior and personality of the individual. If the job is regarded as something external by the individual who undertakes to do it, it will be an alienating job. This study investigates the influence that supportive leadership and job characteristics play in work alienation. Dependent variable (work alienation) is studied in relation with social support, role expectations, role ambiguity, work control and work-family conflict variables. In this way, views of Duxbury and Higgins, Carlson and Bluner have been utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]