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Currently, one of the most common ways to use the drug is to take it orally. It is easier and less painful than other common methods, such as intravenous or intramuscular injections. However, the effectiveness of drugs in these conditions is very limited due to poor pharmacokinetic behaviors and the sensitive structures of the drug molecules. Therefore, drugs need to be protected along the way to reach the drug delivery destination. It is important to design nanocarriers that are resistant to the acidic fluid of the stomach while changes in the intestinal fluid due to the environment of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the significant difference in the pH of the gastric and intestines. Chitosan (CS), a cationic polysaccharide, has received widespread attention due to its inherent mucosal adhesion properties, modulation of epithelial tight junction integrity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, improved stability, low toxicity, simple and gentle preparation methods, and various drug delivery solutions. Chitosan nanoparticles are prepared and characterized by different techniques. In addition, chitosan derivatives such as thiolated and carboxylated chitosan have been investigated to increase the effectiveness of oral drug absorption, effective dose control, and reduced side effects. Moreover, the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles, different synthesis methods, their widespread applications as oral drug delivery carriers, and their effects on drug delivery were investigated. This study aims to further development of these nanoparticles as effective therapeutic and diagnostic carriers in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Bleeding tendency is a complication among patients with renal failure. Many studies show the benefit effect of high dose of conjugated estrogen infusion in prevention of bleeding among uremic patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect low dose orally administered conjugated estrogen in patients with acute renal failure who underwent kidney biopsy Subjects and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the patients were divided in two groups. In group 1, ten units of cryoprecipitate was infused on the day of biopsy and in group 2, 0.06 mg/kg conjugated estrogen in three oral divided dose was administered for 5 days before biopsy. Results: Overall 36 patients, group 1 (9 males and 9 females) with mean age of 39.7 ±1.42 and group 2 (12 males and 6 females) with a mean age of 35.3 ± 1.13 were investigated. No significant differences between these groups in terms of mean age (P= 0.172) and males and females (P=0.310). In both groups, hematuria was the most common complication, 15 (83.3%) in group 1 and 13 (72.2%) in group 2 with no significant differences between them (P=0.691). In group 1, two patients (11.1%) and in group 2, one patient (5.6%) had major bleeding (P=0.990). Major bleeding with hemodynamic instability occured in one case in both groups but they did not need surgical intervention. Conclusion: According to the study, oral low dose conjugated estrogens can prevent bleeding among patient with acute renal failure who underwent kidney biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 300 million people are suffering from asthma worldwide. Since some patients have difficulty swallowing tablets and capsules, oral films stepped into the market. This drug form is easily consumed without the need for drinking water. Additionally, fast-dissolving oral films release their drugs more rapidly. Ondansetron, folic acid, zolmitriptan, dextrometorphan and loratadin are some examples of this kind of formulation. Methods: In this study, the salbutamol oral films were made by sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol as the base polymer and glycerin as the plasticizer by casting method. The prepared films were evaluated for pharmaceutical properties such as thickness, disintegration time, assay, and drug release. The Design-Expert 7.1.5 software (Stat-Ease, Inc., USA) was used for designing and evaluating the formulations. Design was validated by extra design checkpoint formulations. Findings: The survey of the films shows that the formulation containing polyvinyl alcohol and sodium carboxymethylcellulose had desirable pharmaceutical properties and was selected as the optimum formulation with desirability factor of 0.884. This formulation began to disintegrate within 60 seconds and 93 percent of drug was released within 150 seconds. The release kinetic of this formulation best fitted the Non-Fickian profile. Conclusion: According to the desirable specifications of fast-dissolving salbutamol oral film comprising immediate drug release and being comfortable to use, the compliance of patients in asthma treatment would greatly improve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]