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Many books and articles have been written in the past and present about the doubt of contradiction and conflict in the Qur'anic verses, but each of these works have looked at the issue from a different angle and sometimes they have investigated a specific type of doubt and conflict. The claim of literary inconsistency in the Qur'an is It can be in accordance with the reality that is not compatible with the order and style in Arabic poetry and prose. Therefore, it is still necessary to investigate the doubts of contemporary researchers and orientalists about the literary inconsistency of the verses, to count the different types of this doubt and to scrutinize the claims of the claimants of this doubt.this article has compared and analyzed the position of suspicion of some verses of literary incompatibility with common rules in Arabic texts. The findings of this research were as follows; Part of the doubts related to literary inconsistency in the Qur'an is due to the lack of sufficient mastery of the rarely used rules in Arabic poetry and prose, because the literary and rhetorical rules of the Qur'an are composed of two general and specialized parts, the general part of which is widely used and the specialized part of which includes exceptions and few rules. It is used. Its less used part is common and customary in Arabic poems and texts. The common composition and order in many of the ambiguous verses of literary suspense correspond to the rarely used and elegant rules in Arabic poetry and prose. It is obvious that the critics of the Quran have set only the general rules of Arabic literature as the criteria for literary inconsistency in the verses of the Quran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares Ahmad Ghazali and Jean-Luc Marion's thoughts about love using a descriptive-analytical method. Despite the differences between these two thinkers in terms of thought and time, the content of their thoughts is similar in some ways. In writing Savaneh al-Oshshaq, Ghazali uses the method of esoteric commentary to discover the mysteries of Sufi, and Marion uses Heidegger's phenomenology to explain the hidden angles of the love phenomenon. According to the fact that orientalists like Henry Corbin consider the method of phenomenology in the occident tradition to be in line with the esoteric commentary (Revelation of the Veiled or Kashf al-Mahjoub of Muslim mystics), the comparison of Marion's phenomenological approach and Ghazali's interpretation seems logical in a way. These two thinkers talk about the univocality of the concept of love and do not divide love into metaphorical and real aspects. Therefore, Ghazali and Marion consider love to have the same meaning, whether in human relationships or in connection with God. Marion's main goal is to refute the metaphysical dominance over theology and negate the conceptual and like idol attitude about God, and Ghazali interprets the lived experience of mystics, crosses the narrow fence of philosophical concepts, and uses the language of allegory and mystification to explain love. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friedrich Schlegel is a German Orientalist who has contributed greatly to the linguistic and philosophical developments of nineteenth-century Europe and beyond by studying Sanskrit and revising the theories of people such as William Jones. His most important works include the book of Indian language and wisdom. This book, which deals with the origins of Hindu-European languages, plays an important role in the development of linguistics and the publication of Eastern literature in the West. Schlegel's attention to Hindi also led Orientalists to pay attention to the history of languages and to open a new chapter in Orientalism. However, in many studies Schelgel's role has been overlooked and his name has not been mentioned. The central question is how his work evolved in linguistics. Descriptive-analytical research has shown that Schlegel's work in this work has attracted the attention of many scholars and scholars by emphasizing the similarities of the origins of language, devising new methods in linguistics and proving the theories of earlier linguists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main sources in the research done by Iranian and Turkish orientalists and scholars about the Hurufiya Sect and the thoughts of the head of this Sect, Mirza Fazlullah Estarabadi, is a treatise called "Khabnameh". Its author is Nasrullah Ibn Hassan Nafji, Fazlullah’s disciple and comrade during his stay in Isfahan. Also, another doctrinal text of the Hurufiya Sect is a text called "Makhzan al-Romuz" written by the same author in 825 AH. These two texts are important sources for understanding the thoughts and teachings of the Hurufiya Sect. To this day, no information is available about this author and wherever his name has been mentioned, he has been known by his "Khabnameh". In this research, the manuscripts of these two important texts were introduced. Their copies are kept in libraries outside Iran: "Khabnameh" in Vatican Library and "Makhzan al-Romuz" in Rumi Library and Museum in Konya. In this study, in addition to introducing the two mentioned texts, we dealt with Nasrullah Ibn Hassan Nafji and his birthplace, while his name was found not to be mentioned in historical sources. In fact, we considered the various information that this reporter had provided in the field of geographical and social issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orientalists’ method of expressing the history of the prophet of Islam influenced by unwritten and accepted rules and through time, this method became a major discourse and was influenced by the interpretation of some Jewish Orientalists. The aim of this paper is to examine the components of Jewish discourse in the studies of the history of the Prophet of Islam. In addition, based on Michel Foucault's theory, it tries to analyze these components and the relationship between them. Some of the main components of Jewish discourse that are discussed in this paper are discredit Islamic historical sources, the emphasis on the theory of adoption and adaptation, non-divine nature of the Quran, Muslim’s illusions, and the method of using the components in the Orientalism’s texts and documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]