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Today, the extraction and use of biologically active compounds from agricultural and food wastes has received much attention. In the present research, the effect of enzyme treatment, ultrasound and the combined effect of enzyme treatment and ultrasound on the extraction of phenolic compounds of sour grape wastes was done so that 2 pectinase enzymes (Pectinex Ultracolor and Pectinex Yildamesh) at levels of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg and ultrasound (times 10, 25 and 40 minutes) and (sound intensity 30, 60 and 90%) were used. The effect of enzyme treatment, ultrasound and the combined effect of enzyme treatment and ultrasound were investigated. According to the obtained results, the highest extraction efficiency belonged to Yaldemesh enzyme and with increasing sound intensity, the extraction efficiency increased significantly. On the other hand, increasing the extraction time led to an increase in extraction efficiency (p≤0.01). So that the highest extraction efficiency was observed in the sample extracted by Yaldemesh enzyme and under ultrasound at 90% sound intensity for 40 minutes (p≤0.01). According to the obtained results, the highest flavonoid, total phenol and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS) belonged to Yaldemesh enzyme, and with increasing sound intensity, antioxidant activity increased significantly (p≤0.01). On the other hand, increasing the extraction time led to a significant increase in antioxidant activity (p≤0.01). The highest antioxidant activity belonged to the sample extracted by Yaldemesh enzyme and subjected to ultrasound at a ultrasound intensity of 90% for 40 minutes and was introduced as the best treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aquatic sediments of the rivers and the Caspian Sea provide numerous microscopic habitats for a large community of microbial organisms that are actively producing fuel enzymes due to favorable conditions. Materials and methods: Surface sediment sampling of the Sefidrood, Siahrood, and Haraz rivers as well as the Caspian Sea was carried out. The samples were cultured in YGC agar medium by the pour plate method. Fungi grown on these plates were examined for the presence of Protease, Amylase, Lipase, Dnase, Chitinase, Lectinase and Pectinase. Then, the differentiation between yeast isolates was performed by chromagar media; the molecular identification of the isolated yeasts was performed by PCR and sequencing of PCR products. Results: A set of four isolates was isolated from fourteen stations in three stages by sampling of rivers and Caspian sediments after continuous sequencing and cultivation on YGC Agar. All isolates produced Lipase, DNase and Amylase. Two isolates produced Protease and Lisetinase. None of the isolates had the ability to produce Chitinase and Pectinase. Two isolates, SHOO2 and SHOO7, had the most diverse enzyme production. Biochemical and morphological identification of four isolates was also performed accurately, and then genetic identification of two isolates SHOO2 and SHOO14 was performed, which were similar to Candida tropicalis species and Candida fameta, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: Based on the available sources, there have been reports of Pectinase and Kinase activity in yeasts isolated from different sources. To justify this observation, it can be said that the region was affected by the isolation and the enzymatic activity of the isolated yeasts. Aquatic sediments can be a good source of yeasts with the ability to produce a wide range of useful enzymes needed in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pectinase enzyme has a great importance in the food industry. It is capable of decomposing Pectin significantly, which is the substantial element of turbidity of the juices. As a result, it plays an important role in clarification also ability to maintain organoleptic properties and quality of nutrients. The usage of enzymes in the industry is costly and some measures should be taken to allow the enzyme to be used several times without altering its efficiency. In this research the commercial pectinase enzyme was immobilized on calcium alginate beads. Free and immobilized enzymes activities in different temperatures and pH were determined. Then storage stability and reusability of enzyme were investigated. For optimized clarification of tomato juice by immobilized enzyme, the response surface methodology was used. Three factors including temperature (30-45°C), time (15-45 min) and enzyme concentration (2-6%) in 3 levels were used to evaluate the effect of parameters on turbidity of tomato juice as a model system, the importance of interacting the effects of factors also determined. Optimization has been conducted to achieve the lowest turbidity of tomato juice at the lowest used enzyme. Optimized conditions achieved by concentration of immobilized enzyme 2%, temperature 45◦C and time 45min, and with yield of clarification 27/09 times for tomato juice. Results showed that the best temperature and pH for free and immobilized enzymes were 45°C and 3, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Most of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Azopirillum if accompanied with strong cellulase producing bacteria such as Cellulomonas, their colonization may be increased and their host plants growth improved. Materials and methods: Six endophytic Azospirilla which isolated from three rice and three wheat cultivars and also one strain from commercial biofertilizer (Green Biotech Co.), identified by biochemical tests and 16S rDNA analysis and were studied on the basis of cellulase, pectinase and auxin production and also their chemotaxis toward rice and wheat cultivars exudates was investigated. Two cellulase positive (A5 and A6) and two negative (A2 and A3) strains were selected and their interaction with C. uda ATCC 491 on auxin production and colonization on roots were compared. Results: This study showed that none of the strains had pectinase activity, but the strain isolated from rice had more Carboxy methyl cellulase (CMCase) activity. Selected isolates and C. uda ATCC 491 showed chemotaxis toward roots exudates. In most of the isolates, rate of auxin production increased by coculture with C. uda ATCC 491. Also, it was determined that C. uda ATCC 491 promoted the colonization of Azospirillum without or with cellulase activity on rice and wheat roots, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: Co-inoculation Azospirillum with C. uda ATCC 491 improves plant root system due to stimulation or additive effect of auxin production and cellulase activity, followed by more uptakes of water and minerals by roots. Also, it raises the number of colonization niches for useful bacteria such as Azospirillum and finally quantitative and qualitative plant parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]