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Background and Objective: In today's society, preparing healthy food has become challenging due to the variety of food production methods. Oil is produced in several ways in our country. In the cold pressing method, there is insufficient monitoring of the manufactured product. The aim of the present study is to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and the levels of heavy metals of industrial oil compared to cold-pressed oil. Materials and Methods: In this research, 54 samples of sunflower, sesame, and canola oil produced by both cold pressing and industrial refiningmethods were prepared. Their physicochemical characteristics, including refractive index, acid value, iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value, anisidine value, as well as the concentrations of lead, iron, arsenic and copper were determined. Additionally, the effect of storage time on these characteristics was investigated. Results: The Iodine number showed the highest deviation from the standard (61%), with an average of 136.70 gI/100g for the cold-pressed oil and 134.48 gI/100g for industrially refined oiland. The average value of the physicochemical characteristics, except for the saponification value, were higher in the cold-pressed oil samples compared to the industrially refined oil samples, but the observed difference was not statistically significant. An investigation into the effect of storage time on physicochemical properties revealed a significant increase in peroxide value (p<0.01) and anisidine (p <0.05) in both oil groups over a two-month period. The average concentration of arsenic, lead, iron and copper in the studied oils was 0.03, 0.78, 0.05 and 0.05 mg/kgoil, respectively. A deviation from the standard was observed only in one sample of cold-pressed sunflower oil, with an arsenic concentration of 0.11 mg/kgoil). Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the refined industrial oils exhibited more favorable chemical characteristics and stability. It is suggested that cold-pressed oils should be consumed within a short period of time. For frying purposes, refined industrial oils are preferable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics (extraction yield, color development, fatty acid profile, iodine value, saponification value, phytosterol profile(, DPPH radical scavenging activity and oxidative stability of cold pressed hazelnut oil extracted from microwave pretreated kernels (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 min, 600 W). The results showed that microwave pretreatment of persian hazelnut kernel increased the oil extraction yield, color development and phytosterol contents of all oil samples. Also, no significant differences (p≥ 0.05) were observed during microwave pretreatment in saponification value (188-191 mg KOH/g oil) and fatty acids profile of hazelnut kernel oil samples. The predominant unsaturated fatty acids in oil samples in all treatments were determined as oleic acid C18:1c (77.43-78.32%) and linoleic acid C18:2c (9.85-10.18%), respectively. The predominant phytosterols in oil samples in all treatments were determined as β-sitosterol, Δ-5-Avenasterol, Campesterol, Δ-7-stigmastanol and sitostanol. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity were observed in oil samples of MW-0 (90.62%) and MW-2.5 (89.94%), respectively. In addition, peroxide value, anisidine value and totox value of control hazelnut oil (MW-0) and pretreated hazelnut oil (MW-2.5) at an oven temperature of 160 ° C at 0, 3, 6 and 9 h intervals were determined. Also oxidative stability index (OSI) was determined by rancimat test at 120 ° C. The results indicated that microwave pretreatment is a promising strategy for amplification of oil extraction yield and phytosterol contents in obtained oil from persian hazelnut kernels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties (extraction yield, color development, fatty acid profile, iodine value, saponification value, phytosterol profile(, DPPH radical scavenging activity and oxidative stability of cold pressed walnut oil extracted from microwave pretreated kernels (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 min, 600 W). Results showed that microwave pretreatment of persian walnut kernel increased the oil extraction yield, color development, the polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) ratio and phytosterols of all oil samples. Also, no significant differences (p≥ 0.05) were observed during microwave pretreatment in saponification value (192.71-193.73 mg KOH/g oil), iodine value (150.12-151.81gI2/100 g oil) and SFA, MUFA, PUFA values of walnut kernel oil samples. The predominant unsaturated fatty acids in oil samples in all treatments were determined as linoleic acid C18:2c (55.67%- 56.49%) and oleic acid C18:1c (20.70%- 21.56%), respectively. The predominant phytosterols in oil samples in all treatments were determined as β-sitosterol, Δ-5-Avenasterol, Campesterol,Δ-7-Avenasterol and Δ -7-Stigmasterol. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity were observed in oil samples of MW-0 (90.62%) and MW-2.5 (73.96%), respectively. In addition, peroxide value, anisidine value and totox value of control walnut oil (MW-0) and pretreated walnut oil (MW-2.5) at an oven temperature of 160 ° C at 0, 3, 6 and 9 h intervals were determined. Also oxidative stability index (OSI) was determined by rancimat test at 120 ° C. The results indicated that microwave pretreatment is a promising strategy for amplification of oil extraction yield, the content of phytosterols and PUFA/SFA) ratio in obtained oil from persion walnut kernels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, olive leaves which are rich in phenolic compounds were used as sources of natural antioxidants during extraction of oil from rapeseeds by coldpress. This new method was developed to increase bioactive compounds, stability and shelf life of the oil. Qualitative factors (phenolic compounds, acidity, peroxide value, schaal test) in oil extracted from rapeseeds incorporated with 0 (control sample), 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% (w/w)of olive leaf were performed every 30 days of 90 days storage at room temperature. The results showed that samples containing more olive leaves had more phenolic compounds. Acidity and peroxide value increased but the amount of phenolic compounds decreased during storage. The highest amount of peroxide value was found for samples containing low percentages of olive leaves. The sample containing 10% olive leaves had the highest acidity compared to other samples. Overall the results showed that extraction of rapeseed oil by this new method will produce a new product rich of phenolic compounds and similar properties compared to virgin olive oil that has more linolenic fatty acids (omega-3) than olive oil. Generally, extraction of oil from a mixture of olive leaf with rapeseeds produces a bioactive rich oil which can be introduced as a new product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palestine has always been a focus of Muslim geography due to Israeli occupation and the struggle for independence. The years 1993 to 2000 have been named as the peace process in the long history of the Palestinian people's struggle against Israel. In the meantime, a second intifada was formed due to the ignorance of the Israeli government. Turkey, like other countries, followed developments in the Middle East closely, spared no effort to advance the peace process, and covered Palestinian news in the media, as in the first intifada during the second intifada. The media, as the link between politicians and the people, plays a major role in instilling their ideology in the audience. Meanwhile, despite the claims of neutrality, the press, according to an ideology, we see their special policy in producing news. In this study, using the method of critical analysis, the discourse of the editorials of the three newspapers Hürriyet, Cumhuriyet, and Yeni Şafak about the second intifada has been analyzed. The discourse analysis of these media outlets reflects an infra-structural approach to the Second Intifada in Hürriyet, Cumhuriyet, and Yeni Şafak, and an extra-structural view of Israel and Palestine. In examining the mentioned newspapers about the second intifada, we see their different approaches in supporting the parties involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, olive leaves which are rich in phenolic compounds were used as sources of natural antioxidants during extraction of oil from rapeseeds by coldpress.This new method was developed to increase bioactive compounds, stability and shelf life of the oil. Qualitative factors (phenolic compounds, acidity, peroxide value, schaal test) in oil extracted fromrapeseeds incorporated with 0 (control sample), 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% (w/w)of olive leaf were performed every 30 days of 90 days storage at room temperature. The results showed that samples containing more olive leaves had more phenolic compounds. Acidity and peroxide value increased but theamount of phenolic compounds decreased during storage. The highest amount of peroxide value was found for samples containing low percentages of olive leaves. The sample containing 10% olive leaves had the highest acidity compared to other samples. Overall the results showed that extraction of rapeseed oil by this new method will produce a new product rich of phenolic compounds and similar properties compared to virgin olive oil that has more linolenic fatty acids (omega-3) than olive oil. Generally, extraction of oil from a mixture of olive leaf with rapeseeds produces a bioactive rich oil which can be introduced as a new product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: The aim of this research was based on increasing of the quantity, quality and effectiveness of this vaccine, protection of personnel and cost-benefit of production. In this regard two diphtheria toxin separation methods (Separator and Filter press) were compared. Methods: Corynebacterium diphtheria (PW-8/CN-2000) was cultivated in 350L fermentor and half of the cultivation toxin clarified by Seitz filter press method and diatomaceous earth as filter aid and the rest was clarified by separator. Three sterile samples (50 mL) of each three produced batches were assessed by minimum lethal dose (MLD), specific toxicity test (STT), toxin flocculation titer (Lf, Kf - Ramon flocculation test) and SDS-PAGE. Other parameters like time consumption for toxin clarification with specific volume, quantity, product clarification, volume and clarification of product in two methods compared. Results: The results confirmed that the separator clarification method was more advantageous to filter press. Also, volume and transparency of the final product after clarification by separator were better than Filter press method. In addition, the separation time and costs used in the separator method were much less than Filter press method. Conclusion: In conclusion, use of separator clarification method was suitable alternative to current filter press method in terms of quantity and quality of diphtheria vaccine production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]