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چکیده سابقه و هدف: یکی از راهکارهای مهم برای استفاده از پسماندهای کشاورزی استفاده از ظرفیت بیولوژیکی موجود در قارچ‌هایی دارویی می‌باشد. ضایعات کشاورزی در اکثر نقاط ایران در اثر فعالیت‌های زراعی، باغبانی و جنگل‌داری تولید می‌شوند. و هر ساله هزاران تن مواد زائد سوزانده و یا دور ریخته می‌شوند که این عمل خود منجر به آلودگی زیست محیطی و مخاطرات بهداشتی می-شود. بستر کشت باید علاوه بر قابل دسترس بودن، هزینه‌های مالی کم‌تری را برای تولید کننده ایجاد نماید و همچنین عملکرد مناسبی را هم ایجاد کند. هدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی بسترهای مختلف (ضایعات مختلف محصولات کشاورزی و صنعتی) برای کشت قارچ G. resinaceum می‌باشد. با انتخاب صحیح بستر کشت و بررسی نسبت متعادل کربن به نیتروژن در بستر کشت می‌توان صفات کمی (عملکرد) و کیفی (ارزش غذایی) مورد نظر در قارچ G. resinaceum را بهبود بخشید.مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 3 تکرار با جدایه ایرانی قارچ G. resinaceum در سال 1399 انجام شد. بعد از جمع آوری قارچ از جنگل، کشت خالص قارچ از بازیدیوکارپ استریل شده انجام شد و سپس اسپان قارچ G. resinaceum نژاد ایرانی تولید شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل 7 نوع بسترهای کشت 1. تراشه چوب درخت صنوبر + سبوس برنج (90 + 10) 2. تراشه چوب درخت صنوبر + کنجاله سویا (90 + 10) 3. تراشه چوب درخت صنوبر + کاه و کلش گندم (60 + 40) 4. تراشه چوب درخت صنوبر + کاه و کلش برنج (60 + 40) 5. تراشه چوب درخت صنوبر + ضایعات تراشه چوب درخت خرما (70 + 30) 6. تراشه چوب درخت صنوبر + ضایعات درخت موز (70 + 30) 7. تراشه چوب درخت صنوبر (100) می‌باشند.یافته‌ها: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد بیشترین میزان عملکرد (06/210 گرم بر 2000 گرم بستر)، ماده خشک کل (35/95 گرم بر 2000 گرم بستر)، پلی‌ساکارید کل (95/15 میلی‌گرم بر گرم ماده خشک) و کارایی بیولوژیکی (5/10 درصد) قارچ G. resinaceum به بستر کشت ترکیبی تراشه چوب همراه با سبوس برنج اختصاص داشت. و بیشترین میزان نیتروژن کل اندام میوه‌ای قارچ (67/3 میلی‌گرم در 100 گرم ماده خشک) و پروتئین اندام میوه‌ای قارچ (93/22 میلی‌گرم در 100 گرم ماده خشک) مربوط به بستر کشت تراشه چوب با کنجاله سویا می‌باشد. هم‌چنین کم‌ترین زمان برای مرحله پنجه‌دوانی (66/28 روز)، تشکیل اندام گره-ای (41 روز) و پیش رسی اندام میوه‌ای (65 روز) برای بستر تراشه چوب با سبوس برنج ثبت شد. نتیجه گیری: یکی از روش‌های مناسب برای اصلاح بسترهای کشت و کاهش نسبت کرین به نیتروژن، افزودن مکمل‌های آلی می-باشد. با توجه به نتایج این تحقیق افزودن مکمل‌های آلی مانند سبوس برنج، کنجاله سویا و استفاده از ضایعات کلش گندم، کلش برنج، ضایعات نخل خرما و ضایعات درخت موز به بستر کشت تراشه چوب توصیه می‌شود.واژه‌های کلیدی: اندام‌ میوه‌ای، پنجه‌دوانی، بسترهای کشت ترکیبی، مکمل آلی.

Introduction: Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a plant from the Caricaceae family and grows well in tropical and subtropical regions. Seed Pretreatment and culture substrate are important and effective factors in the processes of germination and seedling growth. In seed priming, seeds are partially hydrated to allow metabolic events to occur without actual germination and then re-dried. Materials and Methods: The experiment was done in a factorial arrangement with the two factors of seed pretreatment and culture substrate in a completely randomized design with 15 treatments, 3 replications, and 10 seeds per replication. This experiment was conducted in 2022 in the research greenhouse of University of Zabol. Pretreatment of seeds including distilled water as control (P0), humic acid (P1) and seaweed (P2) and culture substrate including compost: perlite: vermicompost (1:1:1) (S1), compost: perlite: cocopeat (1) :1:1) (S2), compost: vermicompost: cocopeat (1:1:1) (S3), perlite: vermicompost: cocopeat (1:1:1) (S4) and compost: perlite: vermicompost: cocopeat (1) :1:1:1) was (S5). Pretreatment of biofertilizers including 200 mg/l of humic acid (Humi grow 80% Gardesco) and 2 g/l of 30% Hortiland Vita free seaweed extract based on Ascophyllum nodosum was used for the pretreatment of Bangladeshi variety papaya seeds. Before planting, seeds were first disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 minutes and then rinsed 3 times with distilled water. They were then soaked in the pre-prepared solutions at a temperature of 25 °C for 24 hours in dark room, and then air dried and were cultivated in 32-cells plug containing the desired culture substrates. Results and Discussion: The results indicated a significant effect of seed pretreatment and culture substrate on the germination and growth of papaya seedlings. The minimum average germination time (11.20 day), maximum germination speed index (0.72), seedling vigor index (2342.49) and root dry weight (0.079 g) were recorded for humic acid pretreatment. In addition, under the influence of biopriming with both humic acid and seaweed biofertilizers, the maximum percentage of germination (81% and 79%, respectively), number of leaves (6.30 and 6.23, respectively) and stem diameter (2.43 and 2.36 mm, respectively) compared to the control. Among the cultivation substrates, S5 and S3 substrates showed better results in terms of germination and seedling growth compared to other cultivation substrates. Examining the results of interaction showed that the maximum seedling height was observed in treatments P1S5 (21.03 cm), P1S3 (20.87 cm), P1S4 (19.99 cm) and P1S2 (19.82 cm). P1S5 and P1S3 treatments recorded the highest root length with a statistical class of 9.73 and 9.46 cm, respectively. The maximum shoot dry weight was recorded for treatments P1S5 (0.319 g), P1S4 (0.309 g) and P2S5 (0.302 g) without statistical difference. The plants obtained from the seeds pretreated with humic acid and grown in the S5 culture substrate had significant shoot and root dry weights; This is due to the rapid reversal of seed dormancy and the beginning of germination, as well as the ease of absorption of more water and nutrients by plants during the growth period. Conclusion: seed biopriming accelerated the germination process and increased the growth of papaya seedlings. Cultivation substrates containing vermicompost showed significant results for seed germination, establishment and growth of papaya seedlings. Based on the results of the present study, it is recommended to use seed biopriming, especially with humic acid biofertilizer and vermicompostcontaining culture substrate, to increase the germination percentage and produce healthy seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Calotropis procera Aiton plant is a valuable and effective medicinal species used to treat various diseases, including as an anti-carminative and for indigestion, as well as for anticancer and anticonvulsant treatments. This species naturally inhabits fragmented habitats in southern Iran, particularly near the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, in the arid and semi-arid regions of Sistan and Baluchistan, Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Hormozgan. On the other hand, due to the discovery of adverse effects caused by chemical drugs, people have turned their attention towards using medicinal plants. The health of agricultural products, especially medicinal plants, has special importance. The symbiosis of plants with mycorrhiza can be lead to improve of the root development and will affect on the absorption of water and nutrients. Aim of this study was investigate the effects of symbiosis between C. procera Aiton. with three different species of mycorrhizal on some phytochemical and antioxidant activity, and content of potassium, phosphorus, and sodium in shoots of C. procera Aiton. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Horticultural Science Department, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Transplants were cultured in the soil medium in pot condition. This experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four treatments include inoculation with three different mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradicese, Glomus fasiculatum, and Glomus mosseae) and control (without inoculation) and three replicate. Meusered indices were assessed 8 weeks after transplanting. Measured parameters include; growth indices such as fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, and phytochemical indices are chlorophyll a and b, Carotenoid, phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity, protein, and concentration of potassium, phosphorus, and sodium in shoots. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test using JMP, and means were compared using the LSD test at P˂0.01. Results and Discussion: The results of variance analysis were shown significant effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis on all investigated indices (P ≤ 0.01). Also, means comparison shows a significant difference between the effects of different mycorrhiza species. The highest content of chlorophyll a and carotenoid was obtained in symbiosis with G. mossae, and the highest content of chlorophyll b existed in symbiosis with G. fasiculatum and G. intraradicese. In this regard, it has been found that mycorrhizal symbiosis leads to an increase in water absorption, and an improvement in the absorption of nutrients by the plant, thereby leading to an increase in chlorophyll synthesis enzymes activity. symbiosis of G. fasiculatum had the highest effects on increasing phenol and antioxidant activity. increase in antioxidant activity leading to strong suppression of reactive oxygen species, which ultimately increases the remedial capability of C. procera Aiton. The highest amount of flavonoid was observed in the condition of symbiosis with G. intraradicese and G. fasiculatum, and the highest content of protein was observed in condition of symbiosis with G. fasiculatum and G. mossae. Symbiosis with the G. intraradicese significantly increased the concentration of potassium and phosphorus in shoots of C. procera Aiton, while symbiosis with G. mossae causes to a significant increase in sodium concentration. Generally, the results of the current study were shown that symbiosis with G. fasiculatum and G. intraradicese are more useful than symbiosis with G. mossae. The symbiosis of plants with mycorrhiza fungi increases the volume and length of their roots, as a result of which the roots have more contact with the soil, and the amount of water and nutrient absorption from the soil increases. Conclusion: results of the current study demonstrate that the phytochemical, antioxidant activity, and concentration of potassium and phosphorus and sodium have differed among extract and shoots related to symbiosis of C. procera Aiton and species of fungi. And symbiosis with G. fasiculatum had the greatest effect in increasing the production of secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]