Search

Introduction: Implementation of standard precautions plays an important role in preventing nosocomial infections, as well as the safety of patients, and health care workers. This study aimed to determine the knowledge and compliance of health care workers with standard precautions in teaching hospitals in Ilam, Iran, during 2019. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted based on a descriptive cross-sectional research method. The study setting included all teaching hospitals affiliated to Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. The study population consisted of 200 health care workers, including nurses, paramedics, midwives, as well as associates and experts of the operating room, laboratory, and anesthesia, who were selected through the census method. The data were collected using demographic and professional characteristics form, as well as knowledge and compliance with standard precautions questionnaire. Knowledge questionnaire covers 20 items, and the maximum possible score is 20 (range:0-20). A higher score indicates a higher level of knowledge about precautionary standards. Compliance with standard precaution questionnaire consists of 20 items giving a score range of 0-80. A higher score indicates a higher level of precautionary standards. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22). Findings: Data from 180 participants were collected and analyzed in this study. The mean (SD) knowledge score and compliance with standard precautions were obtained at 15.58 (3.07) and 69.64 (9.89), respectively. There was a significant difference between the knowledge scores of the participants regarding gender and ward type (P

Introduction The starting point of this study is to focus on social malingering, which bears up the avoidance of performing legal and moral duties pretexted as unjustified external factors. The main question iswhy and how this social action appears in social interactions and daily life. In Iran, various political and social groups do not take responsibility for their behaviors; instead, they blame others for their shortcomings and anomalies. Many intellectuals have turned their backs on politics and do not pay attention to people's lives. Also in social interactions and daily life, drivers may not take responsibility for their driving violations and carelessness; similarly nurses and physicians consider low facilities, inadequate salaries, and benefits and similar factors as the main cause of their shortcomings. It is often heard that the lack of competency of authorities is the only cause of social problems and issues. The aforementioned instances could form malingering that has a social dimension. According to experts, malingering is not an individual problem; rather, it stems from major cultural and psychological problems in a society. In this way, the majority of psychiatric and psychological researches on malingering seek to diagnose and treat it from a psychological point of view. Using the concept of social malingering in the sociological context, this study seeks to analyze the contexts of formation and emergence of the avoidance of performing legal and moral duties pretexted as external unjustified factors in social interactions and daily life. Five research questions are formed in this study: 1) What are contextual conditions in the occurrence of social malingering?; 2) What are intervening conditions in the occurrence of social malingering?; 3) Under what causal conditions does social malingering appear in social interactions and daily life?; 4) What do malingerers think about their performance?; and 5) What strategies do people use for social malingering, and what are the strategies for dealing with them in social interactions and daily life? Materials and Methods In this study, following the semantic inference and conceptualization of the phenomenon of social malingering and the sociological analysis of the contexts of its formation in social interactions and everyday life, we intend to pursue social malingering, based on the classic grounded theory method (GTM) scheme, the classic model of Glaser, in the emerging design to the GTM. In this way, social malingering and its strategies have been observed in various ways in the practical and daily life of the employees and clients in complex No. 10 of the Dispute Resolution Council Center in Tehran, Iran. That is, we concentrated on places, people, and events that maximize our understanding of social malingering in that field and enrich its categories in terms of features and dimensions. For this purpose, 36 people were selected by means of theoretical sampling for depth interview runs. The data obtained from interviews were analyzed and categorized using the two-step coding process in the classic GTM scheme. In the data coding process and its categorizing, we used MAXQDA software Discussion of Results and Conclusions This study identified the ‘survival strategies in conditions of social anomy’ as a core category. Thus, social malingering in the fluctuations among disintegration and social dependency could be seen as a strategy for survival in conditions of social anomy; circumstances in which the reduction of social capital, on the one hand, and the existence of many motives for revenge on the other, lead individuals to shirk responsibility and shirk their legal and moral duties. At the same time, the social dependence arising from the attachment of a need or necessity causes the pretension, justification, and reasoning, and the reference to external factors as an excuse for non-fulfillment of obligations and lack of conscientiousness.

Introduction: Today’s life is based on living in a media world. Media has an important effect on socialization of human beings. They can affect people’s gender role expectations. Television, satellite, the internet, magazines, and newspapers have not only controlled the entrance of information to our minds, but also made us spend a great deal of our times on them in everyday life. According to many studies, television and satellite programs such as films, serials, news, entertainments, documentaries, and advertisings are among the most widely used media with substantial impacts on people's lifestyles. The questions dealt with in this study were how and to what extent they could affect the gender role expectations of 15-year-old and older people in Yasouj City and what kind of model could be used to explain them. Materials & Methods: The current study was based on a quantitative method and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to gather the required data. The statistical population of this research included some parents with their children, who could answer the research questions, in Yasouj City. Based on the census of 2016 made by the Iranian Sencus Organization (1396), the population of Yasouj City was 134532 people with 34850 families. The research sample size was based on a "Lane" sampling table at 95% level of confidence interval (Alpha=0.05 and N=373 people). First, the different areas of Yasouj City were identified based on a multi-stage random sampling method. Then, the questionnaires were distributed in the main streets and blocks randomly determined in each area. It was mostly tried to choose half of the parents with half of their children in the sampling process. The dependent and independent variables were gender role expectations and media utilization, including foreign and domestic media uses, respectively. The data were analyzed by using SPSS-25 and AMOS-23 statistical software. Discussion of Results and Conclusion: The model’s parameters showed the significant effects of the level of trust in television, age, cultural capital, rate of television use, rate of satellite use, and level of trust in satellite on the level of gender role expectations. These factors could explain 59% of the variance in gender role expectations. However, the effects of identifications with satellite and television on gender role expectations were not significant. The following results were obtained by performing a moderation analysis on the effects of the variable of parent-child status on the relationship between the uses of satellite and television and gender role expectations. The standard coefficient of the effect of using satellite on gender role expectations for the group of parents was -0.32. The same effect on the use of TV was estimated to be 0.52. However, in the group of children, these values were equal to -3.33 and -0.02, respectively. The effect of television use on gender role expectations among the parents was stronger than among the children. The effects of satellite use on gender role expectations at the sample level (statistical population) were not significantly different between the parents and children. According to the findings of this study, domestic media like television were promoters of traditional values to a greater extent and increased gender segregation, while such media as satellite further reduced the belief in segregation of gender roles. Another indirect and, of course, important result of this investigation was the inconsistency of the programs broadcast on the Iraninan national television with the cultural requirements, especially with regard to gender in today's world of youth as it was turned out that Iranian Radio and Television had littele effect on young people’s gender beliefs and only affected the group of parents. It could be concluded that Iranian Radio and Television could lose many of their viewers and leave the field to the influence of other media if they do not change their orientations towards gender issues.

Background and Objective: The outbreak of COVID 19 has caused excessive stress and anxiety among people in different communities. In Iran, as in other countries, this outbreak has led to adverse psychological consequences for people from all walks of society, including nurses. The present study aimed to assess the level of job stress in nurses exposed to COVID- 19 in educational hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 335 nurses who were assigned to two groups of target (exposed to COVID-19 patients) and control (not exposed to COVID 19 patients). The Osipow questionnaire was used to evaluate job stress. Appropriate statistical analyzes were conducted at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Based on the obtained results, the target and control groups significantly differed in the level of job stress with mean scores of 19.0.59±22.56 and 183.07± 21.52, respectively (P

Introduction: Designing behavioral modification interventions for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) warrants the audiences identification and analysis. This study aimed to determine the predictive factors for using (PPE) based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) constructs among workers of Iran Aluminum Factory, 2018. Material and Methods: In this descriptive analytical study with cross-sectional method, a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic information, knowledge questionnaire and designed items based on the SCT construct, was fulfilled by 188 workers employed in production line of Iran Aluminum Factory in Arak. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and logistic regression analysis on SPSS 24. The significance level was set at P< 0.05. Results: Among the participants, 46.8% (n=88) and 52.2% (n=100) of workers had moderate and high level of knowledge, respectively. Demographic variables such as marital status, educational level, income, age, work experience and employment status (p

Background: Macroalgae are rich in diverse valuable compounds so they are known as the 21 century medicinal plants. In this study polar to nonpolar extracts of four macroalgae species, Sargassum boveanum, Fucus trinodis, Galaxaura rugos and Laurencia denderoidea were collected from the Persian Gulf coastlines, evaluated for their phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Material and Methods: Phenol and flavonoid contents of species were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activities of extractions were analyzed by total antioxidant activity (TAC) and reducing power of Fe3+ respectively and also antibacterial activity of samples were analyzed by disc diffusion method against two gram positive and two gram negative bacteria. Results: F. trinodis showed the highest phenolic (1.38 gGA/100gDW.) and flavonoid (0.798 gQE/100gDW.) contents and G. rugosa showed the lowest phenolic (0.240 gGA/100gDW.) and flavonoid (0.094 gQE/100gDW.) contents. Chloroform extract of F. trinodis (2.98 ugASA/mg) and S. boveanum (2.48 nm) showed the maximum level of TAC and reducing power antioxidant activities, respectively. The samples with high content of phenolic and flavonoid contents showed the highest antioxidant activity too. All the three extracts of S. boveanum and F. trinodis showed the considerable antibacterial activity against all the four examined strains of bacteria especially negative gram bacteria. Conclusion: The studied macroalgal species showed considerable phenolic content and bioactivities suggest that they can be suitable for medical and medicinal applications.

Introduction Malingering means pretending to be sick to escape responsibility, a widespread matter that can be generally seen in medicines, prisons, barracks, and some public and private offices/organizations (Rahbar Taramsari et al., 2018: 46). However, malingering is not only about health, social ethics, or personal issues, as many experts stipulated that malingering stems from some major cultural and psychological problems in any society (Davoodi, 2016). Most psychiatric and psychological research on malingering seeks to diagnose and treat it from a psychological point of view. This study aims to deal with this problem by adopting a sociological approach. The central question of this research is: why and how does the avoidance of performing legal and moral duties regarding external and unjustified factors appear in social interactions and/or daily life? This concept, which has been considered at the beginning of the research with the conceptual tool of social malingering, needs to be clarified. Since this concept has recently been to some extent worked out by the authors of this study and because its conceptual framework might not be clear for some readers, we seek to explore how social scientists, whose thoughts and individual experiences are referred to in this study, would understand and perceive the phenomenon of social malingering. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study was the semantic inference and conceptualization of the phenomenon of social malingering and the sociological analysis of the contexts leading to malingering formation in social interactions and everyday life. In this study, social malingering has a broader meaning that is received in the integrity and completeness of the research. Materials and Methods: In this study, by referring to the thoughts and individual experiences of social scientists, and with the grounded theory approach, the authors sought to understand social malingering in social interactions and everyday life. To this end, with a qualitative approach and conducting problem-centered interviews, we adopted grounded theory to explain social malingering in our society. This path is based on the systematic GTM scheme (SY-GTM), the systematic model of Strauss and Corbin, in the systematic approach to the grounded theory method. In this way, by the theoretical sampling method, 15 experts and social scientists were selected for in-depth interviews. The data obtained from interviews with research participants were analyzed and categorized using the three-step coding process in the systematic GTM scheme. According to social scientists such as Stern (1981) and Strauss and Corbin (1990), qualitative methods especially grounded theory, aim to discover unknown areas of life. In the present study, in line with the same purpose, by exploring the topics related to social malingering in various documents and opinions, the authors focused on what, how, and why social malingering acts from the perspective of experts and social scientists, especially sociologists. The logic for choosing Strauss and Corbin’s paradigm model or the systematic GTM scheme in the underlying grounded theory strategy in this study was the participants who took part in the study. Some issues like a conversation with social scientists and experts, having common literature that was constantly associated with sociological concepts and terms, and being unconscious in the beginning and the middle of research consciously strengthened the concern for accuracy, scientific methods, and structure of the study. Naturally, the reference to the thoughts and individual experiences of social scientists reinforced the systematic and precise scientific procedures that Strauss and Corbin emphasized in the systematic GTM scheme. In the present study, the authors have also used the MAXQDA software to achieve a theoretical model that explicates and explains social malingering in social interactions and everyday life. One of the features of this software is its inherent capability for drawing the model. Last but not least, it can be very useful to explain the grounded theory of the research. Discussion of Results and Conclusions: This study identified protest as a core and pivotal issue. Protests against cultural and social conditions and the lack of ontological security, along with causal conditions, contextual conditions, and mediator conditions, all have led to the application of social malingering strategy by members of the society. In other words, in any society in which there is a lack of ontological security, bad governance, ideological morality, individuality cult, weakening of social morality, and the anomaly of individuals and reference groups, members would protest and do social malingering. The result of such a life-world is a decline and weakness in social capital and the unpredictability of social behavior. According to the findings of the present study, social malingering includes specific actions and interactions that are associated with irresponsibility, rationalization, and pretension. This social action manifests itself in various ways in everyday interactions and should not be simplified to just one aspect. Also, social malingering is understandable in the plotting of its causal, contextual, and mediator conditions, and in the network among those conditions

Background: Excessive and irrational use of antibiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea has caused increased resistance to these medications. It is well defined that most cases of diarrhea in children do not require the use of antibiotics. This study was aimed to determine the status of antibiotic administration for treatment of acute diarrhea in children younger than five years. All who admitted at the pediatric ward of Besat Hospital in Sanandaj. Methods: First, the study was approved by the ethics committee of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. The archived files of all children under 5 years with a positive history acute diarrhea who were admitted in Besat Hospital of Sanandaj during the period of 1 years, from May 2016 to May 2016 were reviewed. Demographic information such as age, gender, type of diarrhea, type of nutrition, type of the prescribed antibiotic, results of the stool and blood samples were collected and recorded in the questionnaire.In Stool samples the contained a large number of WBCs and RBCs along with high fever, Shigellosis were considered. The results were analyzed by SPSS software, version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: A total of 1,029 cases were reviewed. 60% were boys. The highest incidence of diarrhea (75.5%) was observed at 12-24 months and the lowest rate of diarrhea was under 6 months (11.5%). The frequency of diarrhea was lower in winter than in other seasons. Only 31.49% of children received proper and rational treatment with antibiotics. The most commonly used antibiotics in hospitalized patients were ceftriaxone (94.5%) and before hospitalization was cefixime (39.5%). Based on the results of this study, it was found that 66.13% of children younger than 5 years with acute diarrhea had appropriate treatment. 31.94% of patients had inappropriate antibiotic therapy. Conclusion: In most cases of acute diarrhea in children, no evidence of bacterial or parasitic infection was found. However, a high percentage of patients received antibiotics without laboratory evidence (stool testing).

Objective Rural tourism has grown exponentially in recent decades. Meanwhile, Doolab village is one of the nationally approved villages in Kurdistan province, which is considered as an attraction according to studies conducted in terms of rural tourism and has attracted 62% of the tourists to its residences. Therefore, in order to investigate the reason behind their success, the researcher intends to examine the entrepreneurial marketing dimension model – a concept that seeks to describe marketing processes and identify opportunities in a fluctuating environment for small businesses with limited resources – among the entrepreneurs of Doolab village. Hence, the main purpose of this study is to determine the ethnographic status of entrepreneurial marketing in rural tourism in Doolab village. Methodology The present study is interpretive in terms of philosophical approach. Therefore, this study is a qualitative research based on ethnography. The statistical population includes all the residents of Doolab village who were active in the field of rural tourism as entrepreneurs. According to the purposeful sampling method, 10 entrepreneurial villagers were selected for this study. Moreover, validity, transfer, trust, approval and authenticity were examined by university professors for validity and reliability of the data. Observation, interview and note-taking methods were also used to collect the data. Finally, the extracted concepts were modeled based on schematic analysis technique using Max QD software version 18 through open coding method. Findings The results of entrepreneurial marketing conceptualization coding showed that a total number of 286 key points were extracted from the content of the interviews, which according to their concept which were devided into 158 common initial codes (concepts). The results of categorization related to entrepreneural marketing showed that a total number of 44 categories were extracted from 158 open source interviews. Finally, the results of the coding within core categories related to entrepreneurial marketing showed that among the total number of the interviews with the samples under study within the 44 categories, 10 core categories were extracted including opportunity-oriention, predictive, value creation, resource leveraging, customer-orientation, innovation, risk-taking, content-oriented, guidance and leadership, and goal-oriented. Conclusion In the present study, it was concluded that entrepreneurial marketing has 10 dimensions and rural tourism in Doolab village proposes economic, ecological, cultural, environmental, social, agricultural, services and measures, experience-oriented dimensions. Entrepreneurs in Doolab village, based on the tourism nature of the village as a tourist destination, have long been known for their history, religion, politics, and agriculture, and they have the best visual perspective as well. Preservation of values ​​and customs and the intact nature of the village due to the existence of new style houses in cities and gardens have led to fewer constructions. Most of the people who are involved in ecotourism in this village were familiar with the tourism industry and had built their buildings in the old texture of the village and had used original decoration and interior architecture.

Introduction: Prevention of occupational accidents is of a great importance. Analysis of accidents and their causes could prevent the accidents recurrence. The study objective was to investigate the causes of occupational accidents in a dispatching project. Material and method: This research is descriptive-analytic. Data were extracted from the reports of occupational near-misses and accidents recorded between 2013 and 2017 and analyzed using Tripod-Beta model. Then direct, indirect and root causes of the accidents were identified. Based on the causes identified, a questionnaire was developed to analyze the workers’ mental patterns in relation to the real causes, and Friedman test was used to rank the causes. Results: The results showed the falling/dropped objects hit a person, inappropriate working conditions and lack of safety trainings were, respectively, the most important direct, indirect and root causes as per the analysis results. The leakage of flammable and explosive substances, hazardous conditions in the workplace and discrimination in rewards were the most important causes from the employees’ views. Conclusion: Identifying and ranking the most important causes of accidents would help to prevent the occurrence of similar events. Also, the analysis of the causes based on the employees’ mental patterns could be effective in the prevention of accidents.

The term Iranian language is used for any language which is descended from proto-Iranian language, spoken in central Asia. Iranian languages have been spoken in the areas from Chinese Turkistan to the Western Europe. This language (proto-Iranian) comes from proto Indo-Aryan. The Iranian and Indo-Iranian (Aryan) languages belong to the main language called proto-Indo European language. This language perhaps was spoken in the area of southern Russia. The Iranian languages have three chronological periods: Old, Middle and New Iranian languages. Persian is the only language which has document in three stages. The Iranian languages in old Iranian stage are Median, Persian, Saka and Avesta which have corpus or words in corpus languages. The Iranian languages in Middle stage are Persian, Parthian, Sodian, Bactria, Chorosmian, and Saka languages from which the Parthian belongs to the north west Iranian languages. The Parthian languages have evidences in Middle stage and New stage of Iranian languages. This language has also evidences in Parthian period and Sassanian period. The Parthian evidences are also from Manichaean literature. The Manichaean literature belongs to Manichaean Religion. It is from Arsakid and Sassanian period and also from Islamic period. The known Middle Iranian language spoken from about 3 centuries include: Khotanese, Sogdian, Chorasanian, and in Bactria Bactrian was spoken. In Parthia, Parthian was spoken as the language of Arsacids. In pars of pre-Sasanian dynasty, Middle Persian, called Pahlavi was spoken. This language became the official language of Sassanian dynasty. It was the language of Zoroastrian literature called Pahlavi. Today the Iranian language is spoken in Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, in the west of Chinese Turkestan and Pakistan, Afganistan and Tajikistan. These languages are Ossetic spoken in Ossetia: Digoroa and Iron. Kurdish spoken in three variants in eastern Turkey and Syria, northern Iraq and west Iran, Baluchi, spoken in eastern Iran and western Pakistan and in southern Afghanistan and central Asia and Pashto spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan. These languages and dialects can be divided in to several larger groups on the basis of grammatical, phonetic and lexical isoglosses. The languages of southeastern and southern Iran often have a/d/ where other Iranian languages have /z/ (for example, dân, Farsi to know, but zân in Kurdish). Other asoglosses, for example the word for “to do” kar/Kard (Kird) and kun/kurd (kird), gōw-goft in farsi and wāč- (wāj-/wāxt) in west Iranian dialects (Kurdi, Gruganni, Taleši and so on). The start of Parthian period may be placed after the middle of the 3rd century BCE. When the conflict between Seleucus II and his brother Antiochus Hierax opened the way for the eruption of the nomadic Iranian Parthians in to the province of Parthian in north west of Iran also the (Selucid dynasty). After that, they become known as Parthian and they used the Middle Iranian language of north west of Iran (Parthian language). The subsequent establishment of the Parthian empire took place in two stages: Mithradatse I (ca 171-139 BCE) and Mithradates II (ca 124-88 BCE). In this time the territorial expansion completed. As said, Parthian in one the Iranian language the text of which has remained in the middle period of Iranian languages from the Parthians and followers of Manichaean religion. There is no trace of this language in the modern period of Iranian languages. Nevertheless, the New Iranian dialects each follow one of the Iranian languages in the middle and ancient period. Some of new Iranian languages can be considered the sequel of the Middle period languages. For instance, the Persian language is classified a continuation of Middle Persian and the Yaghani is a continuation of Sogdian. The question is, can an Iranian dialect in the new era be considered as a continuation of Parthian language? The study aims to clarify the linguistic links between the Parthian and Gorgâni dialect from the verbal, phonological, and syntactic point of view, by examining the literary works of Hurufiyye sect, written in Sadegh Kia’s Gorgâni Dictionary. To this end, words and sentences have been selected from the Turfan and inscriptional Parthian, and have been compared with the words and sentences of the Gorgâni dialect in the Hurufiyye works. The Hurufiyye works belong to an Islamic sect, which believe in the meaning of the words. This sect had written these works in new Persian, but with elements from Gurgâni dialect. In the end, the result shows that Gurgâni dialect, in the investigated evidence, can have links with one of the survivors of the Middle Iranian language, the Parthian. This dialect has been prevalent in Gurgâni since the Teymurid era or later, and then has gone into silence.

A mental disorder depression is one of the major causes of quality of life that can impair educational, family, and social functioning to the point of disability. The research aim was to compare the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Solution-focused Therapy on Quality of Life and Depression in depressed young girls. This study was semi-experimental that used pretest and post-test design with a control group. The study population included all depressed girls that referred for treating depression in the year 2019 to counseling centers in Tehran, selected by available sampling method. The sample included 40 depressed young girls that were randomly assigned to three groups of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; Solution-focused therapy and a control group. Data collected with a depression questionnaire and a quality of life questionnaire. Then Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Solution-focused Therapy for 9 sessions of 2 hours treated and the control group did not receive anything. Data were analyzed using multiple covariance analyses. Although the results showed that both treatments had a positive effect on depression and improved quality of life, but acceptance commitment therapy was more effective, and there is no significant difference between the two treatments in both variables. Therefore, acceptance and commitment therapy can be a treatment of choice to reduce depression and improve quality of life in depressed young girls.

Background & Objective: Energy efficiency in wheat cultivation in agro-industry Company of Mazrae Novin Iranian (Agh Ghalla in Golestan province, Iran) was investigated. The aim was comparison of the wheat production method in this company, according to calculated energy efficiency indices, with reported values from other places. Materials &Methods:The company has four units each with an area of 323, 59, 857 and 673 ha, namely A, B, C and D units, respectively. These units were categorised according to their location and farms integration. All farms were rain-fed. Energy efficiency indices were calculated according to direct culled data from each unit. Results: The weighted average of energy input for farms was estimated to be 31.7 GJ.ha-1. Almost 60% of the energy input was indirect energy (in the form of fertilizers, seed, pesticides and machinery) and 40% was direct energy input from tractor fuel. The weighted average for grain yield in farms was 2244 kg.ha-1. The energy intensity of only grain production was 14.12 MJ.kg-1. This high energy intensity results from extra high inputs to achieve the mentioned high yield from rain-fed farms. By converting the grain yield to energy equivalent, the energy output/input ratio was about 1.04 MJ.MJ-1. Conclusion: Optimisation of nitrogen fertiliser consumption and reduction of machinery operations make opportunities to reduce energy input in company's rain-fed farms without reducing the grain yield. The use of straw as the by-product should be considered by the company.

Introduction Professional development is mainly related to how it is is influenced by job status and the balanced effect of job triangle-work, communication with colleagues, and personal development.The imbalance of this triangle for any unpleasant cause may lead to a number of negative attitudes toward work. Career plateau is one of them, meaning lack of promotion, lack of diversity and challenge in the job, it is an objective-subjective situation whose degree and type differ among different groups within a society and is influenced by individual abilities, organizational characteristics, privileges and opportunities available to individuals and their perceptions of these opportunities. "In this situation, the first question that comes to mind is whether this person wants to stay his remaining life in this organizational position?Many actors in the field of science and technology in science and politics and management in the field of higher education act as an activist. In this unfavorable situation, they only intend to protrude themselves and make abusive tactics and strategies, because the playground requires that they use these tactics. The name of this stream can be ‘time to drown people’. There are different views and perspectives regarding its areas and causes. Some sources of workplaces have been listed as two organizational and personal sources. The main objective of the present research is to analyze the sociological potential of the faculty members' potential in Iranian universities. Material & Methods The research methodology was a mix method, in the qualitative phase, the method of grounded theory (systematic approach) was used. This research has been carried out using a theoretical methodology as a qualitative method with a semi-structured interview technique and an exploratory approach. For this purpose, a qualitative-targeted sampling method was conducted with 17 faculty members from the Department of Humanities and Basic Sciences of Tehran, Ahvaz and Yasouj universities. For data analysis, the coding method has been used. The result of analyzing and encoding data in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding revealed the extraction of 135 concepts, 23 subcategories, 9 key issues of prominence of political-factual criterion of managerial posts, insecurity of university space, features and weaknesses in management,inappropriate university policies, scientific advancement of concerns, the feeling of universal discrimination, individual characteristics of members, financial and social concerns, and the lack of infrastructure facilities; along with the core category ‘structural-facilitative potential of the facade of faculty members’. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The findings of the qualitative research stage indicate the formation of the faculty member’s semantic system about the phenomenon of plateau on a number of major issues and a core category called ‘structural affordability of career plateau potential’, which covers other major issues. According to the research results, non-professional management and non-selection based on professional competencies can exacerbate the challenge of the effect of non-professional (bioscience) factors on occupational subjects, and all of the above points may lead to anxiety and flutter the faculty members. Based on the concept of agency, it can be said that despite the structural pressures mentioned, the faculty members are not in the same structure, but they have different concerns depending on the level of motivation, the skills and abilities, and other individual characteristics, or the submission of the structure.They have become passive, or are able to cope with structural problems and become even ‘stars’. In other words, it has the highest potential for people with disabilities, because of lack of skills, disability and frustrated feelings, and inability to upgrade their organization.

Introduction: Safety climate is defined as the employees' common insights about safety management in a specific place and time. Nurses have a highly risky occupation, in which they are required to take safety issues into consideration. This study aimed at investigating the attitude of nurses towards safety climate in the hospitals of Kermanshah City, Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytical research was conducted with 112 nurses in the hospitals of Kermanshah City. A two-section questionnaire was administered for data collection. The first part was related to the nurses' demographic and occupational characteristics and the second part contained the nurses' safety climate questionnaire. After data collection, the data were analyzed by SPSS-16. Results: Results showed that the mean and standard deviation of the safety climate in nurses was 0.56 ± 3.06. A significant relationship was found between all factors, except for the relationship between cumulative burnout and error reporting. The safety climate was almost equal between men and women. Moreover, safety climate was higher in single people than the married ones. In the morning shift, the highest safety climate was in the workplace. Furthermore, people with a second job felt safety climate more. Conclusion: Research results showed that safety climate was not at a satisfactory level in the studied nursing personnel. Therefore, it is suggested to improve the safety climate and its effects on the safety performance by training safety issues, holding technical courses on safety, and adjusting work-rest time.

In this paper, a non-periodic preventive maintenance scheduling optimization model for multi-component systems is provided based on the maximum availability of system components. In addition to providing the required level of system reliability and satisfy other system constraints (maintenance activities and available resources), total costs (direct and indirect) associated with minimal maintenance and, if necessary, one of the maintenance activities include in inspected and serviced simple, preventive repair and preventive replacement for each component, is proposed. Each of these activities uses various sources and regarding the position of the repairing component, effects differently on the reliability of the system. The costs considered include in direct costs (simple service, repair and replacement) as well as indirect costs (out of order and random failures). Since the proposed model has a complex structure, in order to solve the problem, the Genetic Algorithm (G.A) has been used and the results is presented. In the end, performance and use of this model, for a 10-part series - parallel is presented in the form of a case study.

Background and Objective: Job stress is one of the factors affecting workers' health and occupational productivity. In recent years, stress has been considered as a factor in the loss of productivity and efficiency induced by stress. This study aimed to investigate the effect of job stress on workers' productivity in one of the Oil and Gas Companies in Southwest Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, two separate questionnaires, namely Health and Safety Executive and productivity questionnaire (by Saatchi) were used to assess the job stress and workers' productivity. The validity and reliability of these questionnaires have been reviewed in previous studies. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 24). Moreover, a P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: According to the results, the mean score of workers' job stress was 3.68 ± 0.43. The results showed that 36.4% and 63.6% of the workers had low and no stress, respectively. In addition, there was a reverse correlation between productivity and job stress with dimensions, such as role, relationship, support of authorities and coworkers, as well as demands (P

Hypertension can be classified into HOT and COLD in Persian medicine. In HOT hypertension, cardiac output is increased which causes an increase in heart rate or stoke volume; therefore, treated with bloodletting (cold temperament), food such as barley is recommended. In COLD hypertension, blood viscosity or arterial sympathetic tone is increased which is usually associated with mental stress which is treated with relaxation techniques such as dry cupping and hot food such as olive.

Introduction Health is not essentially a biological concept and instead, it includes the socio-psychological aspects. Moreover, health is not a personal theme and it is rooted in the structure of the society. There is valid evidence that social determinants of health have a great effect on physical health. Based on some estimation, almost half of people’s health is determined by the social factors like, poverty, literate, housing, occupation, and respecting the women rights, and the other half is due to the health system, genetic issues, and the environment. Diabetes as a metabolic disease that results from disorder in insulin leakage, insulin function, or both has been rapidly increasing during the past several decades and now, it is becoming a public health problem all over the world. The outbreak of diabetes was 285 million in 2010, this rate reached 371 million in 2012, and it is predicted that it will reach 552 million by 2030. Based on the evidence, the epidemic of diabetes in Iran is high and around 7 million people are infected to diabetes in this country. The rapid increase of diabetes has a close relation with social factors. In this regard, it could have a close connection with the social capitals. It is assumed that social spaces including participation and trust through social support, awareness and sensitivity, facilitate the health or create it as well. In fact, social capital can raise health through providing social support, self-esteem, and mutual respect. On the other hand, it is believed that people who have cultural capital are equipped with a set of knowledge and cognitive skills, which prevent them committing high risk behaviors. Finally, economic capital gives people the possibility to provide their basic needs like food and house, cope with the problems that bring about less stress, and have more access to health and therapy. As a whole, it seems that social, cultural and economic capitals are able to influence diabetes. Given that, this relationship has been rarely studied, the main purpose of this research is to investigate whether the social, cultural, and economic capitals affect physical health (diabetes). Material & Methods This cross-sectional survey has been carried out on the people aged 40 to 60 in Tabriz. Thus, 385 people were selected by means of random multi-sage sampling method. In a one-month phase, the respondents were invited to a special laboratory in Tabriz for doing a blood test free of charge. After referring to the laboratory and doing the test, they were given the research questionnaires to respond. For assessing social capital variable, the social capital questionnaire developed by Onyx and Bullen (2000), was employed. This instrument had been used before in Iran and of course its psychometric properties had been confirmed. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of internal consistency was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, which was 0.875. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure cultural capital consisting of three dimensions: institutional, visual and objective. This questionnaire has 15 items, which is measured at two-level nominal rating scale (yes = 1 and no = 0) and scores range from 0 to 15. According to the items of this questionnaire, which were mainly based on objective reality assessment, the content validity and opinions of the reviewers were used to determine its validity. Internal consistency was used to determine its reliability by Kuder-Richardson method which was 0.766. For measuring economic capital operationally, researcher-made questionnaire consisted of 10 items was used to measure the operational capital of the economy, consisting of 2 items (yes = 1 and no = 0) at nominal level, with scores ranging from 0 to 10. Considering that the items of this questionnaire are also based on objective reality assessment, content validity was used to assess validity and Kuder-Richardson coefficient was used to determine its reliability, which was 0.780. Finally, for measuring physical health, the result of blood sugar extracted by the blood test was made use of. The Logistic Regression Analysis lastly was used for the calculation of the relationships between the variables. Discussion of Results & Conclusions Based on the descriptive research findings, the rate of infection to abnormal diabetes among the respondents was 15.1% which is approximately compatible with the formal statistics in Iran which is 12% of the population over 18 years of age. According to the research findings, social capital has a significant impact on physical health, and with increasing social capital, the proportion of the chance to join the normal blood sugar group increases. This research finding in accordance with the theoretical bases of the study which show that social networks with decreasing anxiety, enforcing health, requesting more suitable health service, and activating the defensive body system, can improve the health. The research findings also indicate that, cultural capital has a significant effect on physical health (diabetes) so that, with increasing the cultural capital the probability of being a member of the normal group (non-diabetes), increases. This research finding in agreement with the theoretical framework of the study and displays that the respondents who have a higher level of information and cognitive abilities, are more sensitive toward their health and as a result, they avoid doing behaviors which can increase the risk of being infected with the diabetes like over consuming sweets, sugar substances, soda or tolerating the severe hunger that are able to create disorder in exudation insulin. Finally, the research findings demonstrate that, economic capital has a significant effect on physical health (diabetes) so that, the higher economic capital people have, the higher chance they have to be the member of the normal group (non-diabetes). It should be pointed out that, this research finding in harmony with the theoretical bases which show that increased economic capital will provide greater access to health services as well as exercise and more opportunities for physical health.

The management of information and communication technology in the country is developing in all sectors, including the field of science and technology information. In this regard development requires an accurate recognition of needs and determination of relationships among various stakeholders. Therefore, the commitment and participation of all stakeholders in the design and implementation process of ICT development ensures the success of the development objectives. Iranian Research Institute for Science and Information Technology (IranDoc) as one of the largest custodians of country’s scientific and technologic data provides the value added services on existing researches data and plays a key role in the development of scientific services based on technology in the country. In this research project, we try to draw a comprehensive map of the services of the Iranian Research Institute for Science and Technology (IranDoc) in e-government context in the field of information science and technology of the country, considering the development of information technologies and especially e-government in the country. In this project, beside analyzing the value chain of the of scientific and technology information of the country, functionality of the field of information technology will be determined by taking stakeholders in the chain into consideration and it will provide necessary requirements for the development of services. In the current plan, by reviewing the upstream documents and programs and expectations of the country’s scientific and technological information system, the position of IranDoc services is being redesigned and the current service development path is illustrated. Also, a comprehensive review of the pattern of service delivery in the form of e-government in different countries has been carried out and the similarity of services provided in our country has been analyzed. In this regard, services provided in e-government approved formats were presented in the country. The approach of the research is largely qualitative. In the first stage, research is formed based on studies and the concept mining as well, and extraction of key terms from upstream documentation is derived a general view of service design. In the second phase, a comparative study of e-government in different countries has been identified as the comparative pattern of the country, and finally by conducting specialized interviews and utilizing the expertise of the services, we provided the role of the Institute of Information Science and Technology of Iran (IranDoc) in e-government context.

Background and aims: Growth of labor productivity is one of the most important factors of development and competitiveness of the economy. In targeting economic growth, a significant contribution is being made to improve productivity. Labor productivity in a community has several socio-economic dimensions. Since labor productivity reflects the level of production and performance of people in the community, it is therefore very close to general well-being, because when a society produces its population, it has more prosperity and resources than a lower-productivity economy. The situation of labor productivity determines the success of an economy in competing with other economies, with lower finished product costs and lower prices that may not be feasible for a low productivity economy and exit from market competition. Worker productivity in a community is one of the key multivariate variables, which is always a matter for the attention of community planners and policymakers. The importance of this issue for developing economies, such as Iran, is twofold; in fact, one of the main priorities of the Iranian economy is to improve productivity, which is, of course, in large-scale programs of the community, such as development plans (in development programs, it is usually said that one-third of economic growth will be achieved through improved productivity) Or general policies such as resistance policies and policies to reduce dependence on oil and enhance the competitiveness of the Iranian economy. Although productivity improvements in the Iranian economy have always been seriously addressed, significant improvement in productivity, especially compared with other economies, has been a mystery of numerous theoretical and empirical studies. One of the reasons for failure to improve the productivity indicators in Iran is that less attention has been paid to the relationships and determinants of productivity. Hence, effective factors on improving the productivity, has been the focus of attention of researchers in different fields. One of the most important determinants of labor productivity is the improvement of health indicators in the society.The health status of people in the community is regarded as human capital, whose health costs and community health as a net investment and treatment costs reduce the effects of illness as an alternative investment. Through various channels, health can affect the level of production and productivity of a country. First, directly in most cases, healthy people work better than others and have a more creative and ready mind. Healthier workers are physically and mentally stronger, they are less likely to go to work and gain a living. Health also has indirect effects on production and productivity. For example, improving health in the workforce will have the incentive to continue to study and acquire better skills, because improving health will, on the one hand, increase the attractiveness of investment in education and educational opportunities. Also, increasing health and health indicators in the society will help people save more by reducing mortality and increasing their life expectancy. Physical capital has increased as a result of increased popularity in society, and it will also indirectly affect labor productivity. Applying people with higher education in an economy, due to more human capital, leads to increased labor productivity and economic growth. At the firm level, the general health of the workforce reduces job stress and thus improves their productivity. Therefore, safety in the work environment is directly related to the ability to perform work. Of course, the health of the workforce is not just about their physical condition, but their mental health and communication with affection and respect in the workplace will improve their performance. Unfortunately, the impact of health expenditures on improving productivity has been underestimated in Iran. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of health expenditure on proving labor productivity in Iran. Methods: The present study has investigated the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and labor productivity using time series data related to the sharing of health expenditure during the period of 1351-1394. Due to the long-term nature of the effect of health expenditure on labor productivity, Johansson-Juselius co-integration has been used. One of the key concepts of econometric studies, especially in time series data, is the problem of the steady-state variables over time. If the time series variables used are not proportional to the model coefficients, while there may not be any relation or conception between the model variables, the coefficient of determination of its R2 can be very high and cause inaccurate inferences in this case. Of course, at macro level, we usually encounter non-invariant variables, and variables overlap from their previous path over time. Therefore, while it may be possible for two variables to diverge from their original paths and, in fact, to be non-negative, but they may move in one direction (They may be convergent). In econometrics, the concept of convergence is used to examine the long-run relationship between variables. The concept of convergence is that when two or more times series variables are linked to one another, based on theoretical foundations, to form a long-term equilibrium relationship, it may be that the series itself has a random process, but in the long run They follow each other well, so that the difference between them is stable (mana). Therefore, the concept of co-integration is a long-term equilibrium relationship that the economic system moves over time. The methodology is used to determine the number of convergent variables among the variables by first applying the maximum value of the special value and the effect test presented by Johansen and known as the likelihood ratio statistics. Then the Co-integration Equation and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) are estimated. we also implicitly explained the impact of other variables such as education, per capita capital and urbanization on labor productivity. Results: The results indicate that per capita health expenditure has a positive and significant effect on labor productivity in long-term with a coefficient of 0.36. As the one percent increase in per capita expenditure of health improves the productivity of labor force in Iran by as much as 0.36 percent. Expenditures on education and physical per capita also have a positive and significant effect on labor productivity with coefficients of 0.41 and 0.09. But in terms of urbanization, urbanization is often associated with improved productivity, given that economic development theories have economic development with urbanization. What the current study suggests is that the rate of urbanization has not only been accompanied by improved labor productivity in Iran in the long run, but also urbanization has a negative and significant effect on the productivity of labor in Iran with a coefficient of 0.02. The short-term convergence rate (ECM coefficient) to long-term equilibrium value is -0.3 / 0, which indicates the high speed of the moderation, so that it takes less than three periods to adjust the short-term value to long-term equilibrium Conclusion: The present study shows that for budgeting of health sector, the long-term goals of it, namely, the impact of it on productivity and consequently economic growth and development should be considered. The results indicate that long-term health expenditures have a positive and significant effect on improving labor productivity. A one-percent increase in health spending will improve the labor productivity index by 0.36. A one percent increase in higher education costs will also increase labor productivity by 0.4 percentage points. The health and education sector has long-term effects and should not expect short-term results to be spent on these sectors, and policy-makers in general should increase the share of health and education of national income over time. Labor productivity. Another result of the study is the positive and significant impact of the existence of physical capital on labor productivity. This result is also consistent with theoretical and empirical expectations. Having a work tool and improving its technology can enhance human performance. Basically, one of the limitations of developing countries is the lack of sufficient funds for labor force recruitment. By mobilizing domestic and foreign capital, policymakers will be able to utilize more labor force and increase labor productivity by providing technological and capitalist needs. The present study shows that in order to improve the productivity of labor force in Iran, special attention should be paid to health and education. Eventually, the growth of urbanization in Iran leads to a confounding phenomenon and reduces the labor efficiency. Although based on economic theory, urbanization has been accompanied by economic development for developed countries, the results of this study shows that this category has not been true for Iran. Urbanization in Iran is not the developmental one, but due to the lack of facilities in rural areas, the unequal distribution of facilities at the geographical level, local unemployment and the increase in land prices and housing in urban areas; therefore, it cannot be expected that in the Iranian economy, urbanization along with Improvement of development indicators, but on the contrary, because of its disproportionate growth with socioeconomic facilities, the consequences of environmental degradation, pollution, traffic, inequality, destruction of social indicators and, consequently, the health of people in these areas, and therefore have a negative impact on labor productivity Laid down. Therefore, it is suggested that community planners move towards decentralization policies and improve business conditions in rural areas.

Background and Aim: Diagnosis of leukemia is very difficult, therefore, it is necessary to use image processing techniques. The main objective of this study was to provide a system based on intelligent models that could improve the accuracy of the diagnostic system for acute leukemia. Materials and Methods: The images produced in this study were extracted from the University Degli Studi Dimilan database and processed in the MATlab 2014a software. In this research, Fuzzy-Cmeans method was used in fragmentation and neural network and support vector machine in classification networks. Ethical Considerations: In this study, all principles of research ethics were considered. Findings: Feature data were extracted using the original image transfer to RGB, HSV, Lab and Enhanced RGB spaces. The data obtained from the previous step were entered into the SVM network, then the network separated normal data from abnormal data. The results of comparing the output of the proposed method with different educational methods showed the highest mean of accuracy equal to 95.7%. Conclusion: The application of the proposed network in this study was that eliminate the weak points of all the networks in addition to presenting the advantages of these network. Combining the networks improved the accuracy of output up to 98% and considerably reduced the time required for calculations.

Background and purpose: Patient adherence to treatment is considered as an important aspect of treatment. Inadequate adherence to treatment of the heart failure (HF) patients leads to intensification of the disease, high risk of re-hospitalization and death. In this respect, this study was designed and implemented with the aim to determine the effect of a Web-based family-oriented supportive education program in adherence to treatment of the HF patients after discharge from hospital. Methods: This clinical trials study was done on the HF patients and their families after discharge from Chamran Hospital/Isfahan in 2018. Seventy HF patients and their families, who had inclusion criteria for the study were selected and divided, by random allocation, into intervention and control groups. The control group received pre-discharge hospital training in one session, and the treatment group received an educational supportive program in addition to the training session, for one month. The program included sending educational materials through Soroush Application as well as weekly phone calls following up. The demographic information and the scores regarding adherence to treatment were collected using a questionnaire before, immediately and one month after the intervention and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic information and mean of adherence to treatment before the intervention. However, there were significant differences between treatment and control groups immediately and one month after the intervention of adherence to treatment (P

Today, skeletal musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most important occupational health issues and have a high prevalence in almost all occupations, and preventing it involves evaluating and modifying working conditions. This study aims at assessing the risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders of work by QEC in forestry workers of two regions of Guilan and Mazandaran forests. In this study, statistical population included 51 workers in three jobs of felling and bucking, skidder driver, and manual loading worker were studied by census method. The Nordic questionnaire and QEC method were used for determining the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and assessing the risk of these disorders, respectively. The results showed that the highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was in the waist, neck and back segments, respectively. The significant relationship between weight, body mass index, work experience and smoking with musculoskeletal disorders was observed. Results of QEC evaluation showed that the 72.6 percent of worker are in risk level of 4, while these values for risk level 1, 2, and 3 were 7.8, 9.8, and 9.8, respectively. In vibration exposure, speed of operation and stress about 64.7, 62.7, and 70.6 percent of worker were in high and very high levels. The results indicate a high prevalence of disorder among workers. The main ergonomic problems in study area include inappropriate physical condition, bending and twisting of the waist, lifting and carrying heavy loads, vibration, speed during work and stress.

The current descriptive study aimed to explore the impact of social trust on strategic performance in manufacturing companies in Sanandaj with a focus on the mediating role of innovation using the Structural Equation Modeling. The random sample of 111 comprising three groups of CEO, production managers and marketing and sales managers were selected from the population of the staff working at all manufacturing companies in Sandandaj with at least three years of active production experience. The research data were collected through administering three standardized questionnaires including the Innovation Questionnaire, Social Trust, and Strategic Performance Questionnaires, each with respective reliability estimates of 0.79, 0.81 and 0.77. The results obtained from the Structural Equation Modeling revealed a significant relationship between innovation and social trust. Also, the findings indicated that social trust had significant and positive impact of on strategic performance through innovation. That is, trust and innovations are among prerequisite conditions of strategic performance whose increase will bring about a subsequence growth in strategic performance.

The purpose of this study was to discovering the pathologies of subsystems in families with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and survey the effectiveness of child parent relationship therapy on discovered problems and empowerment of these families. The present study is a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). The first part of the research is qualitative in the phenomenological method. The sample consisted of 16 families (27 members) who had the first-hand experience with this phenomenon. The tool was a semi-structured interview, which was analyzed data with Colaizzi method. In the second part of the study, 4 parents (2 mothers and 2 fathers) were selected purposefully and analyzed in a single case method. Qualitative findings included the discovery of pathologies in three subsystems of families and development of an ADHD-based family questionnaire, which included 77 questions with appropriate validity and reliability. Quantitative findings included the significant effectiveness of child parent relationship therapy on family empowerment and the discovered problems in ADHD-based family. The results showed that injuries by ADHD children not only negatively affected each family member but also challenged the family system and confirmed the need of these families to support, supervise, treatment and comprehensive education.

Background: Adding morphine as adjuvant intrathecal drug for cesarean section is a gold standard for post-operative analgesia according to literature, but because of frequent incidence of nausea, vomiting and pruritus, it has limited popularity. Various mechanisms have been demonstrated for the opioid-induced pruritus, with a variety of medications with different mechanisms of actions for prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of intramuscular promethazine on intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus after cesarean delivery. Methods: In a retrospective descriptive-analytical study, recorded data of two thousand American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I or II women undergoing elective cesarean delivery at the Bahman Hospital of Tehran, Iran, during the period of 2008 to 2013 were reviewed. Participants were divided into two groups of one thousand for each theme; the initial group underwent spinal anesthesia by employing intrathecal morphine as part of a standard anaesthetic regimen without prophylactic administration of promethazine, the subsequent group received 25 mg intramuscular promethazine after intrathecal drug administration. The incidence and severity of pruritus (absent, mild, moderate or severe) and intensity of pain using numeric rating scale (NRS) and also the incidence of nausea and vomiting were examined as main variables. All data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 22 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA) and P values of less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results: The incidence of nausea (P=0.025) and vomiting (P=0.046) was different in two groups; with statistical significance. The mean score of pain according to numeric rating scale (NRS) was similar in both groups (P=0.46). The frequency of pruritus was statistically similar in both groups, (P=0.302); but the severity of itching showed statistically significant difference between two groups (P

Semiochemicals play a key role on host selection of parasitoids. Responses of parasitoid wasp,Habrobracon hebetor(Say), to volatiles emitted fromEctomyelois ceratoniaeZeller larva, pomegranate as its host plant and herbivorous induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) were investigated using a Y-shaped olfactometer. The results showed that the last larval instar ofE. ceratoniae, its feces,the mechanically damaged pomegranates and the infested pomegranates by larva were attractive for the parasitoid wasp. The volatiles ofE. ceratoniaelarvae and its feces were extracted by solid phase micro-extractionand then identified by GC-MS. Respectively, 40 and 45 components were identified in headspaces of the last larval instar ofE. ceratoniaeand its feces. The major identified components were1-Pentadecane, Nonanal, Octanal, Decanal, Hexanal and Limonene. More studies are needed to identify HIPVs and also to evaluate the behavioral activity of identified volatiles.

Aim and Background: The purpose of this research is to predict marital conflict through differentiation and personality types, since understanding the factors that increase marital conflict plays an important role in reducing divorce. Methods and Materials: This study is descriptive - correlational and structural equation modeling. Population consist of all parents of students in Sanandaj, Iran in 2017. The sample consisted of 500 parents (250 couples) who were selected by two-stage cluster sampling method and completed Big Five Factor Personality, Differentiation of Self Inventory and Marital conflict questionnaire. The data from the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. Findings: The findings indicate a negative and significant relationship between marital conflict with personality types (except neurotic type) and differentiation. In other words, personality types (except neurotic type) and high differentiation reduce marital conflict, and vice versa. Also, the correlation between personality type and Differentiation is positive and significant Conclusions: The results of this study show that personality type of individuals and their differentiation level can be good factors for measuring and predicting marital conflict

مقدمه: شیوع بیماری von Willebrand در بیماران دارای خونریزی شدید قاعدگی، در مطالعات غیر بومی و بسته به جمعیت مورد مطالعه، بین 20-5 درصد برآورد شده است. شیوع این بیماری در ایران تنها در یک مطالعه بررسی شده است. ضرورت در نظر داشتن بیماری von Willebrand در حین برخورد با منوراژی و تشخیص و درمان آن اهمیت فراوانی دارد. روش‌ها: همه‌ی بیماران مراجعه‌کننده با شرح‌حال منوراژی که شامل معیارهای ورود و فاقد معیارهای خروج بودند، وارد مطالعه شدند. فرم رضایت‌نامه از تمام بیماران به صورت کتبی اخذ گردید و پس از ارسال نمونه‌های لازم، درمان دارویی برای آنان شروع شد. جواب آزمایش‌ها ثبت گردید و سپس توسط متخصص آمار و پزشکی اجتماعی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: 186 بیمار مبتلا به منوراژی مراجعه‌کننده به کلینیک‌ها و بیمارستان‌های الزهرا (س) و شهید بهشتی اصفهان بررسی شدند. 44 مورد (4/20 درصد) به بیماری von Willebrand نوع یک و 6 مورد (2/3 درصد) به بیماری von Willebrand نوع دو مبتلا بودند. همچنین، 1 مورد بیماری برنارد سولیر تشخیص داده شد. شیوع و شدت کم‌خونی فقر آهن در بیماران مبتلا به بیماری von Willebrand، 90 درصد و سطح هموگلوبین، 9/8 میلی‌گرم در دسی‌لیتر به دست آمد. 70 درصد بیماران از نژاد قوم بختیاری و 68 درصد حاصل ازدواج فامیلی بودند. 66 درصد افراد نیز از نظر سابقه‌ی خانوادگی معادل‌های اختلالات پلاکتی، مثبت ارزیابی شدند. نتیجه‌گیری: شیوع کلی بیماری von Willebrand در زنان مبتلا به منوراژی، 6/23 درصد گزارش گردید که از شیوع متوسط مطالعات مختلف (5-20 درصد) بالاتر است. شیوع و شدت کم‌خونی فقر آهن نیز در زنان مبتلا به von Willebrand، بیشتر می‌باشد.

Background: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of quality of life therapy on improving relationships with coworkers, and reducing work-family conflicts among the personnel in Alzahra Medical Education Center, Isfahan Iran. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest, and follow-up method and control group. The statistical population of this research included all employees of Alzahra in Isfahan. The sample consisted of 30 employees who were selected non-randomly, and randomly assigned to two equal groups of experimental and control. The experimental group received 9 treatment sessions of one and a half hours, under the training of quality of life therapy, while the control group did not receive any treatment. In the pretest, posttest, and follow-up period, both groups completed the relationships with coworkers scale, and the 18-item questionnaire on work-family conflict. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive (means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (repeated measures analysis of variance). Findings: The quality of life therapy significantly improved the relationships with coworkers (F = 33.198; P < 0.001), as well as the work-family conflict (F = 10.480; P < 0.001) in experimental group, compared to control group. Conclusion: The results showed that quality of life therapy has an effect on improving relationships with coworkers, and reducing work-family conflicts.

Introduction: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an enveloped DNA virus in the Herpesviridae family which causes various infections globally. Acyclovir (ACV) is a choice treatment, and the widespread usage of ACV has lead to the emergence of HSV strains resistant to ACV. Therefore, the discovery of novel anti-HSV drugs deserves great effort. Oliveria decumbens is a traditional medicinal plant used in Iran for many purposes, particularly for gastrointestinal disorders and analgesia. There is no report about antiviral effects of this plant; so, this report was the first study to evaluate antiviral effects of Oliveria decumbens. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of Oliveria decumbens flowers methanolic extract against HSV-1. Materials & Methods: In this laboratorial study, methanolic extract of the dried powder was obtained through maceration method. Then, the solvent was removed by rotary evaporator. The cytotoxicity and antiviral activity were evaluated by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay in Vero cell line and at different incubation times. Cell cultures were treated with the extract before, during, and after infection to study its antiviral activity. Findings: The cytotoxicity results revealed that cytotoxic concentration of the extract which reduced viable cells number by 50% (CC50) was above the range of 1500µg/ml. The findings also indicated that the plant extract had the most antiviral activity when it was mixed with the virus, and this mixture was used to infect the cells where it reached a high antiviral activity of 43.75percent. Discussion & Conclusion: As demonsterated by our gains, the tested methanolic extract displayed a moderate antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-1. &nbsp

Iran’s proper status in the development of science and knowledge at the international level represents the institutionalized decision making system in this sector of the country. Besides, Iran’s strategic documents always emphasize on the formation of a place for the country’s knowledge and technology. Regarding to the development of technologies and IT infrastructures, this paper focuses the technological functions of scientific information management in the research and resource management value chain and analyzes the facilitation of the research services enhancement in the country. The approach of the paper is almost qualitative. At first, we identify the scientific and technological information value chain and its stockholders, applications, requirements, based onthe previousdocuments,and international documents including goals and strategies, plans and actions. Then, we recognize the classification, and the definition of IT based on service systems. Finally, we present the IT functionality of scientific information management and research value chainbased onthe stockholders as a conceptual model.

To study the effects of delayed irrigation on growth and ratoon of millet (Pennisetum americanum cv. Nutrifeed) in the first harvest and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. Speedfeed), a field experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran, at summer 2014. Factors consisted of irrigation regime at three levels, including irrigation after 80 (control), 120 and 160 mm evaporation from a Class A evaporation pan as main plots, crop species at two levels, including Nutrifeed (millet) and Speedfeed (sorghum) as subplots and harvest number ( at two levels) as sub-sub plots. At regrowth, all treatments were irrigated as control regime (80 mm evaporation). At 1st harvest, delayed irrigation decreased leaf photosynthetic pigments contents, LAI, SLA, LWR, leaf and stem dry weight and forage yield and increased proline, sucrose and leaf soluble sugars contents at both species. Similar effects of delayed irrigation were observed at regrowth. The highest forage yield belonged to normal irrigation of Speedfeed (9376 kg/ha), however, Nutrifeed showed a better performance at regrowth (4250 and 3816 kg/ha of forage, respectively). Nutrifeed had a better forage quality, owing to a higher leafiness index at both harvests (46.7% and 45.0%, respectively).

Nature-based tourism is one of the most important types of tourism that plays a very important role in the development of sustainable environments. One of the best practices for sustainable environmental development is to focus and improve the pro-environmental behavior of the tourist. Hence, this research explores the pro-environmental behavior of the tourist and empirically investigates the role of attachment to the place on tourist satisfaction. To this end, 286 domestic tourists who visited the international wetland of Alagol were surveyed using available sampling method. Using structural equation modeling through Liserl software, the results showed positive and significant effects of attachment to the location and tourist satisfaction on the pro-environmental behavior of tourist. The attachment to the place also had a positive and significant effect on the satisfaction of the tourists.

To reduce crime, it is necessary to study the reasons of criminal behavior. A critical viewpoint in investigating environmental conditions of committing crime is economic aspects of environment. In this research the impact of economic factors on crime in Iranian provenances during years 2000-2013 has been studied. To do this, panel smooth transition method (PSTR) has been used. With Inflation as a transition variable, PSTR results show existence of two regimes and a threshold value indicate that in the first regime (low level of inflation), real income per capita doesn't have a signification impact on crime, however, in the second regime (high level of inflation), the impact of real income per capita on crime is negative and signification. In low level of inflation, the impact of income inequality on crime is positive and signification but in high levels of inflation, this variable has no impact on crime. In low level of inflation, industrialization has an insignificant impact but its impact in high level of inflation is positive and signification. Unemployment in both regimes has significant and positive impact in crime.

To study the effect of bacterial siderophore on the second crop of maize (SC645) under drought stress conditions, a split-factorial experiment, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan at summer 2014. Sampling time was considered as main factor. Five samplings were performed after imposing the irrigation treatments. The factorial combination of two irrigation intervals (75 (unstressed control) and 120 mm evaporation from Class-A pan) and two siderophore application treatments (with and without application) were considered as sub factors. The foliar application of siderophore (2000 mg l-1) was applied two times. In addition, 20 kg siderophore ha-1 was applied with irrigation. The chl a, b and carotenoids decreased with delay in irrigation while increased with siderophore application in each irrigation. Also, proline, soluble sugars and sucrose accumulated with increasing irrigation intervals and delay in irrigation. Increase in intervals and delay in irrigation without siderophore application resulted in an increase in membrane lipid peroxidation. The trend of changes in traits was significantly influenced by the availability of soil moisture, and modifications in the above-mentioned trait values were observed with delays in irrigation. Irrigating (rewatering) of plants subjected to water deficit stress did not improve their traits values compared with the unstressed control, indicating that short-term effects of drought would not recover by irrigation. Bacterial siderophore enhances the ability of osmotic adjustment and photosynthetic capacity and is effective in ameliorating the harmful effects of drought

Modeling of the rainfall-runoff process is important. The Results of the rainfall-runoff models have been used directly on issues such as water resource management, flood control and design of hydraulic structures. According to variety of accessible rainfall runoff models, selecting an appropriate model for a basin is important in terms of productivity and water resources management. In this study the performance of two rainfall–runoff models, IHACRES and GR2M in simulation of monthly flow were evaluated in Darhe Tkaht basin between 2000 and 2013 time. The models in the study region were calibrated and validated. The error between observed and simulated flow values was estimated based on the criteria Nash, root mean square error and the total flow volume error. Simulations is indicative satisfactory performance of two models in monthly flow simulation. In addition, the results show that the HACRES model simulate monthly flow with The Nash coefficient 0.7 and RMSE 0.56, better than the GR2M model.

Due to the psychological, physical and communicational problems of families with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder children, this study aimed to compare the efficacy of Functional Family Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on family empowerment and quality of life in families with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder children. this study was quasi- experimental with pre - posttest. The population of the present research included all the families who had referred to the counseling centers of Sanandaj city, in 2016 and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was diagnosed for their child based on clinical and diagnostic interview. This research was conducted on 30 families selected by available sampling method from those who responded to the call for research and were divided into two experimental (n=10) and one control group (n=10). The experimental groups received 9 two-hour treatment sessions once a week. Data were collected using Family Empowerment Scale and World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and analyzed using multiple analysis of covariance in SPSS 20. The results of study showed significant differences between the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test of the experimental and control groups (p

The Relationship between Organizational Entrepreneurship and Communications Network in Health Deputy of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences Khodayari-Zarnaq Rahim1, Ravaghi Hamid2, Fadayi Dehcheshme Nayeb3, Sanadgol Arman4, Mobasseri Khorshid5* [1]. Assistant Professor, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 2. Associate Professor, Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Medical Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Health Services Management, School of Public Health, Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. 4. PhD Student, Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 5. MSc, Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. *Correspondence: Nursing and Midwifery School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Tel: 04133251379 Email: Rahimzarnagh@gmail.com Abstract: Background & Objectives: Effective communication can be considered as the foundation of modern organizations and effective organizational communication can provide an appropriate context for organizational entrepreneurship. This study investigated the relationship between organizational communications network and organizational entrepreneurship in Vice-Chancellor for Health Affairs in Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015. Statistical population of the research was all staff of Vice-Chancellor for Health Affairs in Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences (n=106), of whom, 90 ones returned their questionnaires. Data gathering was done using the questionnaire of organizational communication network including 14 questions and the questionnaire for organizational entrepreneurship including 31 questions. Scoring was done using 5-item Likert scale. Data analysis was performed through SPSS16 and using t-test, ANOVA and correlation coefficient. Results: Mean score of communication network was 3.28 and mean score of organizational entrepreneurship was 3.13. The results showed a significant direct relationship between organizational communications network and entrepreneurship (P

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder has been characterized by problems in social function, communication and having repetitive and stereotype behaviors. Due to ample problems of such children, families and particularly mothers suffer from tensions and psychological pressures. The present research was designed and conducted by the aim of investigating the effect of group based hope-therapy on resiliency of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Materials and method: The present research was a semi-experimental intervention which was conducted by using a pretest-posttest with control group design. The research population included all the mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder visiting Nedaye-Asr rehabilitation center (specialized for autism children) in Tehran in 2016 whose children were diagnosed to have autism disorder by psychiatrist, pediatrician and clinical psychologist. 30 mothers with autistic children who gained the lowest scores in Connor- Davidson Resiliency Scale (2003) and possessed lower resiliency, were selected by available sampling method and were assigned into experiment and control groups through random assignment. After taking the pretest, subjects of the experiment group received 8 sessions of group based hope-therapy, while the control group were put in the waiting list. After finishing the sessions, the participants of both groups were again evaluated by the questionnaire. The research data were analyzed by univariate covariance analysis test (ANCOVA) and by using SPSS v18. Results: Results of the data analysis indicated that in the posttest stage, there was a significant different between the participants of experiment and control groups concerning their resiliency level. In another words, the group based hope-therapy sessions enhanced resiliency among the mothers of autistic children. Conclusion: Based on the research results, the effect of hope-therapy on the resiliency of mothers of children with autism was confirmed. It is recommended that the centers specialized for autistic children across Iran would use the hope-therapy interventional package for the purpose of reducing psychological problems and enhancing mental health of parents of these children.

This study investigates the influence of the aggregation biases in the estimates of the Ball, Kothari and Nikolaev model (2013). In this regard we investigate the effects of two Aggregation biases: omitted-variable bias and truncated-sample bias. This study is done among firms that are listed in Tehran stock exchange between 1379 and 1394. The results of the panel data regression analysis for 1898 firm – year show the estimates of conditional conservatism based on Ball, Kothari and Nikolaev model are contaminated by aggregation bias and The aggregation effect causes these models to underestimate good-news timeliness and overestimate bad-news timeliness, thereby overestimating differential good-news and bad-news timeliness

Background & Aims: Due to the increasing rate of divorce and its negative effect on quality of life of divorced women, this study aimed to compare the efficacy of solution-focused therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy on depression and quality of life of divorced women. Method: this study was quasi- experimental with pre - posttest. The population of the present research included all the divorced women who had referred to the counseling centers of Sanandaj city, in 2016 and depression was diagnosed for them based on clinical and diagnostic interview. This research was conducted on 48 women selected by available sampling method and were divided into three experimental (n=12) and one control group (n=12). The experimental groups of ACT, Cognitive-Behavior and Solution-Focused Therapy received 9 two-hour treatment sessions once a week. Data were collected using Beck Depression Inventory and World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and analyzed using Multiple Analysis of Covariance in SPSS 20. Results: The results of study showed significant differences between the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test of the experimental and control groups (p

Introduction: A kind of study shift from the mere focus on the modes of production to the modes of consumption, especially the cultural consumption occurred after 1970s, and by the same token a kind of explanatory turn happened from concentration on what are known as “hard variables” such as class to what are known as “soft variables” such as identity. Accordingly, music consumption, as one of the most important kinds of cultural consumption and explaining it based on collective identity came into focus. However, both realities of musical consumption mode and its explanation according to cultural factors have received little attention from the contemporary sociologists in Iran society. Materials& Methods: Considering the mentioned limitations, the present study was done using quantity and survey method (description-explanatory) along with the researcher made questionnaire concerning the kind and the amount of musical consumption (dependent variable) and three modes of important modes of collective identity including ethnic, national and global ones (dependent variable). Lor students of Yasouj University were selected as the participants for some reasons: first by interacting with their families and in the city environment using Lori accent with their friends and relatives, they had access to ethnic talk. Second, they had access to national talk through their presence in the university, interaction with non-Lor friends, taking part in the classes and studying cultural texts with national and beyond ethnic content. Third, with the least skill in English and using new communication technologies like internet and new smart phones, they could have more access to global talk. Thus, for investigating the current study selecting students with Lori ethnic identity background who could also had access to national and global talks looked the most appropriate and logical strategy. According to Morgan table, 380 subjects were identified for the sample and this amount increased to 400 to increase the validity. To access the sample, the cluster random sampling method was also employed. Discussion of results & conclusions: The Friedman mean difference test results revealed that two kinds of pop music and western classic music had the most and the least musical consumptions respectively. Furthermore, the correlational test of different variables of the study showed that the relationship between ethnic identity and local, pop, and religious musical consumption is positive and significant while it is insignificant with western and traditional music. The correlation between national identity and western and pop musical consumption was significant and negative, while this correlation with religious musical consumption was significant and positive. The correlation between global identity and western, pop musical consumption was positive while this relationship with traditional, religious and local musical consumption was negative and significant. Finally, based on the findings it could be claimed that the degree of commitment and attachment to any type of collective identities shape the individual's musical consumption taste and leads him/ her towards consuming a particular musical type. In other words, people don’t select their musical consumption passively but this is an active process based on the identity assets of people. According to multiple regression test results all three kinds of collective identity played a role in the kind and the amount of musical consumption but in specifying one or more musical consumption mode and in different directions. Thus, it can be said that identity role in musical consumptions acts in two ways. First as a positive stimulator encourage people towards a specific musical consumption pattern and second as an inhibitor inhibit them from a specific musical consumption. Lastly, it was clarified that in investigating different musical consumption modes different factors should be taken into account and identical variables are not able to specify the variance and the diversity of musical consumption of different individuals.

Due to the substantial share of public transportation in urban travels, it is necessary to improve qualitative and quantitative aspects of public transportation. In quantitative perspective, it is important to improve characteristics such as infrastructure, number of fleets and coverage area. From a qualitative perspective, factors such as convenience, comfort and the quality of equipment have to be considered. In order to encourage citizens to use public transportation, it is necessary to improve the quantitative and qualitative aspects of bus transportation systems simultaneously. In this paper, the strategies of organizing urban bus transportation will be discussed and analyzed focusing on a framework based on Operational City Bus Systems. Also in this paper, the authors intend to elaborate and analyze required information and its role in designing urban transportation systems.

Since vehicle collision coverage, unlike what it seems, is not very profitable for insurance companies and is moving towards making losses, this paper considered the adequacy of measures and rates used by insurance companies, and intended to optimize the methods by employing more scientific approaches. In order to do so, first, the factors affecting the risk of policy holders were identified and after comparing these factors with existing data in the database of surveyed company, the final factors were selected. Then, after preprocessing these data, prediction of the damage class and the quantity of policyholders’ potential damages were accomplished using neural networks model. So that, with using these results and considering their damage ratio, insurance companies could define optimized premium rates for their policies. The results showed that the offered model was able to predict the damage class and potential damages of policy holders respectively with 91 and 87 percent accuracy.

Background: Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in human solid tumors which by increasing in angiogenesis induction cause tumor growth survival and metastasis. Inhibitory factor hypoxia regulatory factor (HIF1AN) by binding to transcription co activators )CBP/P300(, inhibits hypoxia inducible factor (HIF1α). Objective: The relationship between HIF1AN expression and vascular invasion in colon tumors. Methods: The study included 101 patients with colon adenocarcinoma which were divided to vascular invasion and non-vascular invasion groups. Tumor paraffin blocks were immunohistochemistry stained for HIF1AN and were assessed for intensity and extent of positivity. Statistical relation of marker expression and clinic pathologic findings were assessed. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software and logistic regression and chi-square test. Findings: Nuclear immunoreactivity of HIF1AN was different between two groups. Statistical relation between low HIF1AN expression and tumor vascular invasion were seen (P=0.01). No relation was found between tumor differentiation, depth and HIF1AN. Conclusion: Evidence showed that the low expression or incorrect position of HIF1AN in nucleus of tumor cells was effective on HIF1α inhibition failure and factors associated angiogenesis increased. The HIF1AN played an tumor suppressor gene (TSG( role in colon tumors and decreased protein in the nucleus of colon cancer cells increased the expression of angiogenesis factors and vascular invasion.