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Introduction: Identifying related and influencing factors on marital satisfaction is of particular necessity and importance. It seems that attachment styles and loneliness are among the factors affecting marital satisfaction. Aim: The present study aimed to determine the structural relationships between attachment styles and marital satisfaction with the mediation of loneliness. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of this study included all women and men who were referred to family counseling centers in Ilam City in 2019 with complaints of marital problems of which 320 people were selected by convenience sampling method. To collect data Adult Attachment Questionnaire by Simpson (1990), ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (1993) and The University of California Loneliness Scale (1996) were used. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS .24 and Amos. 24. Results: In the present study, the results showed that loneliness and marital satisfaction had a negative and significant relationship (β=-.258, P=.001). Avoidant attachment (β=-.189, P=.001) and anxious attachment (β=-.138, P=.001) and marital satisfaction had a negative and significant relationship. Loneliness in the relationship between secure attachment (β=.149, P=.001), anxiety (β=-.043, P=.048) and avoidance (β=-.140, P=.001) and marital satisfaction had a mediating role. Conclusion: The results showed that loneliness mediates the relationship between secure, anxious and avoidant attachment and marital satisfaction. Therefore, it is suggested that couples and family therapists, in counseling and couple therapy, to increase marital satisfaction, should also pay attention to people's attachment styles manifestations and feelings of loneliness caused by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: According to studies, the severity of maladaptive schemas is directly related to parenting experiences and coping methods. Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of parenting styles on early maladaptive schemas with the mediating role of overcompensation and avoidance coping styles. Method: This descriptive research was of the correlation type (structural equation modeling). The statistical population was all the students who were studying at the undergraduate level in the country, which was selected by the multistage cluster sampling method (after dividing the entire country into 5 areas and selecting 5 universities by the researcher and five trained colleagues), 1509 participants were selected as a sample and responded to Young Schema (YSQS3), Young Parenting (YPI), Young-Ray Avoidance (YRAI) and Young overcompensation (YCI) questionnaires. Data analysis was done by structural equation analysis using SPSS-23 and AMOS-24. Results: The findings showed the appropriate fit of the model (RMSEA=.087, X2 /df=31.77, CFI=.93). Parenting styles had a significant direct and positive effect (β=0.27) on early maladaptive schemas (P<0.01). Also, parenting styles had a significant indirect and positive effect (β=0.21) on early maladaptive schemas through the mediating variables of avoidance and overcompensation coping styles (P<0.01). Bootstrap approximation was used to analyze the significance of the effects. Conclusion: The results of this research can be used to explain the factors affecting early maladaptive schemas and as a suitable model for designing comprehensive programs in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Online games addiction is a growing concern which the prevalence is estimated at 1.2 to 8.5 percent among teenagers and young adults. Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance in the relationship between brain-behavioral systems and addiction to online games. Method: In terms of method, the research was among descriptive-correlation researches of structural equations type. The statistical population included all the students of the first year of high school in the education and training region of Hormozgan Bastak in the academic year of 2021-2022 which 350 people were selected as a sample using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. They responded to the questionnaires of behavioral inhibition/activation systems (1994), cognitive fusion (2014), acceptance and action - second edition (2011) and online games addiction(2002). Structural modeling was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the behavioral activation system and the behavioral inhibition system have a significant direct relationship with the online games addiction with coefficient values of 0.46 and 0.42, respectively (P < 0.001). Also, the behavioral activation system and the behavioral inhibition system are significantly related to online game addiction indirectly with the mediation of experiential avoidance with a coefficient value of 0.17 and 0.15, respectively and the behavioral inhibition system with the mediation of cognitive fusion with a coefficient value of 0.21,. (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In order to reduce online games addiction, experts should evaluate personality traits on the one hand in order to identify the sensitivity of behavioral inhibition/activator systems, and on the other hand, seek to reduce cognitive biases along with cognitive and retrospective challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The pathological use of computer games has become one of the most important concerns of mental health professionals in recent years. Objective: This study aimed to propose a structural model for online gaming addiction, based on social rejection and cognitive ability, with emotional avoidance serving a mediating role. Methods: In this descriptive correlational study, the research population comprised all secondgrade students from secondary schools in Ardabil, Iran, during the 2022-2023 academic year. A sample of 226 students was selected using a convenience sampling method. Data was gathered using various questionnaires, including the Online Game Addiction Questionnaire by Wang and Chang (2002), the Cognitive Abilities Questionnaire by Nejati et al. (2012), the Social Peer Rejection Measure by Lev-Wiesel et al. (2013), and Kennedy’s Emotional Avoidance Strategy Inventory (2015). The collected data was then analyzed using structural equation modeling in SPSS Version 20 and AMOS Version 22. Findings: The results revealed significant direct path coefficients for social rejection (β=0.18, P=0.004) and cognitive ability to emotional avoidance (β=0.62, P<0.001), as well as social rejection (β=0.50, P<0.001), cognitive ability (β=0.25, P=0.009), and emotional avoidance to online game addiction (β=0.39, P<0.001). The results also indicated that emotional avoidance played a mediating role in this model (P<0.005). Conclusion: The findings showed that social rejection and cognitive ability affected addiction to online games through the mediation of emotional avoidance. Therefore, it is recommended to hold workshops with the aim of reducing and preventing addiction to online games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Considering the high prevalence and negative effects of borderline personality disorders, it is important to know as much as possible about this disorder and to identify the predictors and variables of this disorder. Aim: The present study was Mediating role of experiential avoidance in predicting borderline personality disorder based on childhood trauma. Method: The present study was a correlational description. The statistical population included all male patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder admitted to psychiatric hospitals in Shiraz in 2022, which were selected using targeted sampling of 60 people. Data collection was done using the childhood trauma questionnaire (2003), the experiential avoidance questionnaire (2011) and the short scale of borderline personality disorder symptoms (2009). To analyze the data, path analysis test, structural equations and Smart PLS software were used. Results: The findings showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between childhood trauma and experiential avoidance (R2=0.711; p<0.05). Path analysis findings also showed that childhood trauma plays a significant role in predicting borderline personality disorder (path coefficient 0.546) and also the avoidance of experience plays a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and borderline personality disorder, so that the path coefficient is 304. 0/ has shown a significant decrease (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that experiential avoidance has a mediating role in predicting borderline personality disorder based on childhood trauma, so it is necessary to pay attention to the component of childhood trauma along with attention to experiential avoidance as a model to reduce the severity of psychological complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Marital satisfaction serves as a fundamental predictor of stability and well-being within individuals' lives and families. Aim: This study aims to develop a structural model that predicts marital satisfaction among young couples by examining the interplay between behavioral activation/inhibition systems and attachment styles. Method: The current study was a description of structural equations. A sample of 370 young couples in Tehran during the year 2021 was selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected through demographic questionnaires, Enrich's Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1998), the Behavioral Activation/ Inhibition Scale (1994), and the Adult Attachment Scale (2015). Path analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25 and LISREL version 8.8 for data analysis. Results: The results of the path analysis revealed several significant findings. Firstly, the inhibition system demonstrated a direct negative impact on marital satisfaction (ß=-0.16, P<0.05), along with ambivalent insecure attachment (ß=-0.42, P<0.01) and avoidant insecure attachment (ß=-0.19, P<0.05). Conversely, secure attachment displayed a direct and positive effect on marital satisfaction (ß=0.26, P<0.01). Furthermore, the inhibition system exhibited a direct and positive influence on avoidant insecure attachment (ß=0.18, P<0.01) and ambivalent insecure attachment (ß=0.19, P<0.01). Additionally, the activation system had a direct positive effect on secure attachment (ß=0.28, P<0.05) but a direct negative effect on avoidant attachment (ß=-0.30, P<0.01). Conclusion: The results of the study underscore the direct predictive role of the activation/inhibition system in marital satisfaction, with attachment styles playing an indirect role. Therefore, therapists should consider these variables to enhance satisfaction levels in couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the pattern of structural relationships of the role of parenting styles and intolerance of uncertainty in the tendency of internet addiction with the mediation of experiential avoidance in adolescents . Method: The research method was descriptive and correlation based on structural equations. The statistical population of all male students of the second year of high school was studying in the government schools of Ardabil city in the academic year of 2022 -2023. From this population, a sample of 180 people was selected using available sampling method and answered the questionnaires of Internet Addiction (1996), Experimental Avoidance (2011), Parenting Styles (1972) and Intolerance of Uncertainty (2007). SPSS version 25 and SmartPLS version 4 software were used to analyze the collected data . Results: The results of structural equations showed that authoritarian style (β=0.17, P=0.001) and permissive style (β=0.39, P=0.001) and intolerance of uncertainty (β=0.27, P=0.001) have a positive and direct effect on internet addiction, and authoritative style has a negative and direct effect on internet addiction (β= -0.21, P=0.001). Also, the results of indirect effects showed that experiential avoidance mediates the relationship between parenting styles and intolerance of uncertainty with internet addiction (P=0.05) . Conclusion: The results showed that parenting styles and intolerance of uncertainty are important factors of internet addiction that affect internet addiction through the mediation of experiential avoidance; Therefore, psychologists and school counselors are advised to hold workshops aimed at reducing and preventing internet addiction among adolescents . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic, autoimmune, multisystem inflammatory disease that can cause skin lesions, inflammation of the joints and membranes covering the lungs and heart, nephritis, cardiovascular, hematological, gastrointestinal, and neurological diseases. In this way, the symptoms can appear slowly and gradually or quickly and change with the stages of activity and recovery (1). This disease significantly affects the quality of life in physical, emotional and social aspects (2). On the other hand, the results show that about 80% of lupus patients complain of psychological problems that cause damage to their lives (7). In the meantime, the use of experiential avoidance is known as a maladaptive strategy that is the product and continuation of anxiety and depression (8). Research shows that the set of inflexible emotional avoidance measures is a factor of vulnerability and psychological risk factor for the development, persistence and exacerbation of psychological symptoms (10) and significantly reduces the quality of life (9). Therefore, for these patients, treatment methods or therapies are used to minimize the consequences of the disease and improve the quality of life and psychological symptoms. Performing effective interventions aimed at reducing the psychological and cognitive consequences of these patients can be effective in improving the quality of life as well as psychological symptoms such as experiential avoidance of these people. In this regard, one of the effective psychological therapies that has been able to be effective on a wide range of emotional disorders and anxiety, is Barlow integrated meta-diagnostic therapy. Transdiagnostic intervention focuses on emotion regulation, but sometimes due to lack of emotional control, there are approaches that do not target emotion regulation and behavioral change is targeted, including act intervention. Acceptance and commitment therapy or act is a behavioral therapy that focuses on valuable involvement in life. The results showed that act-based therapy was effective in reducing depression, anxiety, and increasing quality of life (14,15,16). In general, due to the effectiveness of act in the treatment of anxiety and depression, this treatment is used for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Therefore, this study, in continuation of the evolution of non-drug therapies effective in reducing the symptoms and psychological symptoms of lupus erythematosus, systematically intends to study these two treatments (act and meta-diagnosis). Therefore, the present study seeks to ask whether the treatment of acceptance and commitment (act) and integrated meta-diagnosis affect the quality of life and cognitive symptoms of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus? Methods: The research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in 2019 in the rheumatology clinic of Imam Ali hospital in Zahedan and private rheumatology clinics, 45 people were replaced in two experimental groups (act and meta-diagnosis) and one group (control) based on purposive sampling method. The Lupus McIlham et al. (2007) Quality of Life Scale and the experience avoidance acceptance and practice of Bones et al. (2011) were used to collect data. Act Hayes et al. (2011) and integrated transdiagnostic therapy of Barlow et al. (2017) including were used 10 sessions of 60 minutes twice in a week. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the post-test means of the experimental and control groups; This means that act therapy and meta-diagnosis training can improve the level of experiential avoidance as well (p <0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A normal sexual desire plays an important role in marital stability; therefore, it is essential to identify factors affecting it. Aim: The present study aimed to predict sexual desire based on emotional self-regulation, experiential avoidance, and depressive symptoms in female teachers in Bafq, Iran. Method: In this descriptive-correlational study, the statistical population consisted of 225 female teachers, who taught the second grade of high school in Bafq, Iran, during the academic year 2021-2022. Finally, 130 samples were selected from the statistical population via convenience sampling. The data collection tools included the Halbert Index of Sexual Desire (1991), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by John and Gross (2003), Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (2011), and Beck’s Depression Inventory (1961). Data analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient test and multiple regression analysis in SPSS Version 26. Results: The results showed a significant positive relationship between cognitive reappraisal and sexual desire. On the other hand, sexual desire had a significant negative relationship with procrastination, suppression/denial, distress tolerance, experiential avoidance, and depression (P<0.01). Moreover, the results of regression analysis revealed that depression, cognitive reappraisal, and procrastination could predict sexual desire (coefficients: 0.25, 0.26, and 0.24, respectively). Conclusion: The present results showed that emotional self-regulation, experiential avoidance, and depression were influential factors in sexual desire. Therefore, appropriate methods should be implemented to improve the teachers emotional self-regulation, experiential avoidance, and depressive symptoms in order to increase their sexual drive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: During the outbreak of Corona, the anxiety due to Corona led to psychological distress and challenged distress tolerance. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the structural relationships between Corona anxiety and experiential avoidance with the mediating role of distress tolerance in the period of the outbreak of Covid-19. Method: The method of this study was based on the fundamental objective and the descriptive method of the correlation type based on the structural equation method. The statistical population included all students of Kharazmi University in 2018-2019, who were students during the outbreak of Corona and virtual education. Based on this, 350 students were selected by multistage cluster random sampling. The participants responded to Alipour et al.'s Corona Anxiety Scale (2018), Simons and Gaher's Distress Tolerance Scale (2005), and Bond et al.'s (2011) Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire in a Google form. Finally, the data were analyzed via SPSS-24 and AMOS-14. Results: The results showed; the structural model between Corona anxiety and experiential avoidance with the mediating role of distress tolerance had the goodness of fitness. The direct effect of experiential avoidance on the anxiety of Corona disease was positively significant, therefore, the direct effect of experimental avoidance on distress tolerance and distress tolerance on Corona anxiety was negatively significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: Experiential avoidance can predict the level of Corona anxiety with the mediating role of distress tolerance. Based on the findings, it is suggested; researchers should pay attention to the psychological findings obtained from this study in future studies in the field of disease anxiety, especially diseases that are highly contagious such as covid-19 in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Depression and love trauma syndrome are characterized by changes in mood and emotions and disruptions in performance. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of emotion focused therapy on mental pain, experiential avoidance, and forgiveness in women with depression, who experienced a romantic relationship breakup. Method: In the present study, a semi -experimental, pretest -posttest, control group design with a three - month follow -up was employed. The statistical population consisted of all females, aged 18 -35 years, who experienced a romantic relationship breakdown in Isfahan, Iran, in 2021. Thirty participants were selected via available sampling and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group participated in 10 sessions of emotion focused therapy (90 minutes per session). For data collection, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM -V Axis I Disorders (SCID -I), Love Trauma Syndrome Questionnaire (1999), Beck Depression Inventory (1996), Heartland Forgiveness Scale (2005), Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale (2003), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (2004) were used. Descriptive and inferential data were analyzed in SPSS Version 24, using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The results indicated significant differences in the mean scores of mental pain, experiential avoidance, and forgiveness between the experimental and control groups (P<0.001). Regarding these variables, 73.1%, 39.7%, and 80.1% of the variance between the groups in the post -test, and 76.2%, 41.8%, and 77.1% of the variance between the groups in the follow -up were attributed to the effects of intervention, respectively. Conclusion: The emotion focused therapy was effective in improving the mental pain, experiential avoidance, and forgiveness of women with depression and who experience relationship breakdown. Therefore ; this method can be used to improve the emotional health of these women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor characterized by a negative reaction at an emotional, cognitive, and behavioral level to uncertain situations. Aim: The current study investigates the factor structure, reliability, and convergent validity of the Iranian version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale-12 and its predictive role in anxiety, depression, and contrast avoidance (CA). Method: This is a cross-sectional, psychometric study. Two large samples (N1=1210, N2=228) were collected with the convenience sampling method from three university students in Zanjan city (i.e., University of Medical Sciences, Azad University, and Payame Noor University) who were studying from February to July 2020. Data were collected using CAQ-GE, BAI, BDI-II, GAD-7 and IUS-12. The data were analyzed with Mplus 7.4, Amos 24, and SPSS 26 software. Results: EFA and CFA supported the two-factor model for IUS-12. In addition, the results indicated that the IUS-12 has an excellent convergent validity (p<0.01) and an acceptable internal consistency (α=0.89). Regression analysis results confirmed the predictive role of IUS- 12 in predicting anxiety and depression and pointed out the possible transdiagnostic nature of the CA. Conclusion: Iranian version of IUS-12 showed good psychometric properties and a robust twofactor structure. Therefore, using it in predicting constructs related to anxiety and depression could help us extend our knowledge of the underlying factors of psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Various psychological factors, such as mood and anxiety symptoms, can affect pain outcomes. Aim: The present research was conducted to identify these factors aiming at providing a conceptual model of pain outcomes based on emotional schemas and symptoms mediated by experiential avoidance, pain acceptance, and self-compassion of patients with chronic pain. Method: In this descriptive correlational research, the statistical population consisted of men and women (aged 30-50) with chronic low back pain referring to pain clinics in Akhtar, Labafinejad, and Imam Hossein hospitals, Tehran, Iran, in 2019-2020. We selected 400 people using a convenience sampling method considering the inclusion criteria. The tools included the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ), Emotional Schemas-Short Form, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ), Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) and the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Data were analyzed with SPSS-21 and LISREL-8.8 using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results: The fitted model showed that the direct effect of mood and anxiety symptoms on increasing emotional schemas (p<0.05) was equal to 5, and the direct effect of emotional schemas was significant on increasing experiential avoidance, reducing pain acceptance and self-compassion (p<0.05). Also, the indirect effect of mood and anxiety symptoms through increasing emotional schemas, increasing experiential avoidance, decreasing pain acceptance, and self-compassion on increasing pain outcomes was significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Experiential avoidance, pain acceptance, and self-compassion could mediate the relationship between emotional symptoms and emotional schemas to pain outcomes. Therefore, developing therapeutic interventions based on emotional schemas to reduce emotional schemas and experiential avoidance and increase pain acceptance and self-compassion could help reduce pain outcomes in patients with chronic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Postpartum depression has an effect on reducing maternal attachment and family relationships and can be a threat to the safety and well-being of mother, infant and other children. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of meta-emotion combined therapy on anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance in women with postpartum depression. Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with two-group pretest-posttest method. The statistical population of the study was all women referring to Golestan Health Center in Ardabil in the years 2018-19. Sampling method was available. Using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, 40 subjects (20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group) were selected. Then, for the experimental group, meta-emotion combined therapy protocol was performed during 12 sessions and the results were analyzed based on experimental avoidance and anxiety sensitivity scales using covariance statistical method using SPSS software version 18. Results: The results showed that the mean scores of post-test anxiety sensitivity and experimental avoidance in the experimental group were lower than the control group. In other words, meta-emotion combined therapy on reducing anxiety sensitivity (F=129.89, P=0.001>0.05) and experimental avoidance (F=229.10, P=0.001>0.05) is effective. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the meta-emotion combined therapy, through emotion regulation and reduction of negative emotions, is an effective therapeutic approach in reducing anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance in women with postpartum depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Suicide is one of the mental health problems and the third leading cause of death among adolescents. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the role of experimental avoidance, emotional regulation difficulties, and body image concern in predicting the probability of suicide among adolescent girls. Method: The method of the present study was descriptive of the type of correlation and the statistical population included all adolescent girls in Kermanshah City in 2019. By available sampling method and based on Morgan table, 350 people were selected as a sample. The research instruments included the adolescents Suicide Questionnaire, the Bond et al. Experimental Avoidance Questionnaire, the Grater and Roemer Emotional Regulation Difficulties Scale, and the Lillton body image concern questionnaire, all of which were valid and reliable. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis were used simultaneously, which were finally analyzed by SPSS software version 22. Results: The results showed that experimental avoidance, emotional regulation difficulties components (except lack of emotional awareness), and body image concern had a significant effect on the probability of suicide (P>0.001). The results of the analysis also showed that the predictor variables together can accurately determine the 27.7% the probability of suicide. Conclusion: The probability of suicide in adolescent girls can be predicted by the variables of experimental avoidance, emotional regulation difficulties, and body image concern. Therefore, it is suggested that psychologists and counselors pay attention to the role of experimental avoidance, emotional regulation difficulties, and body image concern to reduce adolescent's suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders and ulcers constitute a large number of patients referred to general and internal clinics and preliminary studies of gastric ulcer have shown the role of psychological factors in the production of susceptible gastric ulcer. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on pain intensity and stress coping styles in patients with gastric ulcer. Materials and Methods: The present study was an intervention with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population was all patients with gastric ulcer referred to public health centers in Tehran in the winter of 2018. Among the volunteers participating in the study, 30 patients with gastric ulcer were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group (15 people in each group). Measurement tools included McGill (2000) Pain Intensity Questionnaire and Andler & Parker (1990) coping styles. Subjects in the first experimental group participated in 8 sessions of 90-minute cognitive-behavioral therapy. The subjects in the control group did not receive psychological treatment during this period. For data analysis, mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures and post hoc tests were used. Ethical considerations: This study with the ID IR.IAU.K.REC.1397.85 has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch. Results: The results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy led to an increase in problem-oriented coping style (P<0.01) and a decrease in emotion-focused coping styles (P<0.01) and avoidance (P<0.01). Also, the mean scores of pain intensity decreased compared to the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: It can be concluded that cognitive-behavioral therapy was effective on pain intensity and stress coping styles in patients with gastric ulcer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Emotional problems are among the most common traumatic brain injury consequences that are associated with major depression after traumatic brain injury. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between alexithymia and emotion regulation in patients with major depression disorder after traumatic brain injury. Method: This descriptive-correlational study was performed on 60 patients with traumatic brain injury diagnosed with major depression disorder and treated in Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Kashan. Data were collected using second version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (Bond & et al, 2011), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Bagby, Parker & Taylor, 1994) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) and analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test and Celsius regression analysis. Results: The findings of the study showed a significant relationship between alexithymia, emotion regulation and experiential avoidance (P<0.01) and experiential avoidance plays a role of partial interfaces in the relationship between alexithymia and difficulty in emotion regulation (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, change in experiential avoidance leads to a change in alexithymia and emotion regulation. This study paves the way for using experiential avoidance reducing focused interventions, including acceptance and commitment therapy in major depression disorder after traumatic brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Suicide can be defined as a conscious act of self-harm that leads to death. Aim: The aim of this study was to comparison attachment styles and alexithymia in suicidal attempts and control group. Method: In this casual comparative study, 100 individuals (50 suicide attempts and 50 normal individuals) were selected by convenience sampling. All participant completed the attachment styles questionnaire and Toronto emotional alexithymia scale. Data were analyzed using MANOVA by SPSS-21. Results: The results showed that the difference between two groups was significant in difficulty in regulating emotions. Also, the difference between the two groups in avoidant and secure attachment style is significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to result, it can be argued that interpersonal and emotional factors play a meaningful role in suicide. It seems that interpersonal factor and emotional characteristic should be considered in planning for prevention and treatment of suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: People with stutter, like other people, are prone to suffering from fears, stress, anxiety and anxiety. Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive flexibility, cognitive avoidance and mood in male students with and without stuttering in high school language in Tehran. Method: The method of this research is comparative causative research. The statistical population of this study was all male high school students in Tehran during the academic year of 2017-18. Out of the education districts, District 18 was randomly selected from among all schools in the educational area, a sample of 30 male students with stuttering disorder was selected through stratified sampling and 30 students without stuttering by cluster sampling as sample size. In order to collect the research data, Dennis and Vander Wall Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Sexton and Dugas Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire, Toronto mood nougat and Riley Stutter severity were used. Results: The results of the analysis of the research data showed that the mean scores of stuttering students in comparison with normal students in cognitive flexibility were lower, but in cognitive avoidance and alexithymia were upper (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that people with stuttering disorder are weaker in cognitive flexibility variables than in their normal students, and in cognitive avoidance and alexithymia compared to normal students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Attachment and love are the styles that have primary relationships in the family environment and are regarded as stable and multi-generational factors. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison between attachment styles and love styles in couples raised in divorce and normal families. Method: The method of study was causal-comparative. From all couples who were living in Divandareh city, two groups of 50 Couples raised in a divorce family (25 females and 25 males) and 50 Couple raised in a normal family (25 females and 25 males) were selected through available sampling method. The Collins & Reid's (1990) attachment Styles and the Hendrick & Hendrik (1969) love styles Scale were used as tools of investigation. multivariate analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficient tests were used for analyzing data. Results: The results showed that there are significant differences between attachment Styles and love style mean scores in couples raised in divorced and normal families. Generally, mean scores of Safe, avoidant attachment styles and showy, erotic love styles were higher in the couples raised in divorced families than the couples raised in normal families. While, couples raised in normal families gain-ed significantly higher scores in anxious attachment style, romantic, friendly and sacrificial love Styles in comparison to the couples raised in divorced families. Conclusion: Attachment and love styles play an important role in the family stability and sustainability of this social institution, and this needs to be addressed in prenatal and divorce counseling centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder, which is associated with mental disorders. Therefore, it is essential to study mental health and strategies for coping with stress, in such individuals. This study was performed to compare Profile of Mental Health and Strategies for Coping with Stress in Women with and without Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Materials and Methods: The design of this study was descriptive-causal comparative. The population included all women with and without Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, from Zahedan province in year 2018. 46 women who were detected as having GERD and were advised to receive gluten-free products from the relevant centers and gastrointestinal clinic were selected and 47 healthy individual who were matched with respect to demographic characteristics with the patients with GERD were selected by purposive sampling method. The participants answered SCL-90-R and Andler & Parker coping strategies questionnaires. Results: The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that the mean scores of somatic symptoms (F = 17.41), interpersonal sensitivity (F = 3.8), depression (F = 10.59), anxiety (F = 16.68), phobia (F = 4/97), psychosis (F = 4/34), and avoidance style (F = 20/20) were significantly more in patients with GERD compared with healthy people. Conclusion: Mental health in patients with GERD is significantly worse than healthy people and the use of avoidant coping strategies in such patients is more common than healthy individuals. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention to the psychological status of such patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Experiential avoidance is one of the trans-diagnostic factors that can play an important role in formation and continuity many problems of individual's mental health. Aim: The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of experiential avoidance on general health in non-clinical samples. Method: In this cross-sectional study, the number of 150 students of Shahed University were selected via multi-stage cluster sampling method. Tools that used in this study were Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ- 12). Results: Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between experiential avoidance with general health (p<0.01). Regression analysis also showed that experiential avoidance has a significant role on anticipation general health (p< 0.01). Regression analysis indicated that the experiential avoidance can predict 42% of variance of general health in university students. Conclusion: Finding showed that experiential avoidance has a counterproductive effect on general health in college's students. Thus, it is necessary to considering suitable solutions to reduce experiential avoidance in order to prevent psychology problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Body-focused Behaviors (BFRBS) are repetitive, body-centered and non-functional habits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of AEBT therapy in reducing anxiety and experiencing avoidance of mixed trichotillomania، skin picking disorder and nail biting with a three-month followup. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted with a single-subject experimental design, multiple step-line and follow-up on six patients (two patients for each disorder) in 10 sessions over three months. Samples were selected purposefully. Data was collected through Massachusetts Hospital – Hair Pulling Scale، Skin Picking Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire and Malone- Massler Nail biting scale. Results: The results of this study showed that Acceptance Enhanced Behavioral Therapy can reduce anxiety in patients with trichotillomania, skin picking and nail biting, as well as experimental avoidance in patients with trichotillomania and skin picking decreased and the results were maintained during the follow-up period, but the reduction of experimental avoidance in nail biting was not significant and requires further studies on this subject. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that AEBT can effectively treat anxiety symptoms and experimental avoidance of patients with trichotillomania, skin picking and nail biting disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In processing of universalization and universal making, identity will be one of the most important problems in front of developing regions and proceeding this category will unavoidable. Purpose: The purpose of this research is investigating the relationship between identity styles, responsibility, religious biases and loneliness among MA students in Islamic Azad University Semnan Branch. Methodology: The sample of this study involves 250 MA students in Islamic Azad University Semnan Branch and we have used sampling method to select the participants. The present research tool is Berzonsky's identity styles, responsibility, Allport's religious biases and UCLA loneliness and solidarity research method. For analyzing data by the use of multivariate regression statistic method and Pierson's solidarity, the investigation hypotheses have been tested. Results: The results showed that dizzy/avoidance identity style could predict the students' loneliness. Also, there is an inverse and negative relationship between their responsibility and commitments and the students' loneliness and there is no ability to predict the students' loneliness based on religious biases. Finally we come to this conclusion that there is no significant difference between two groups of girls and boys in terms of identity styles, responsibility, religious biases and loneliness. Conclusion: For decreasing loneliness, it is better to encourage the commitment and normative styles in people and making responsible sense in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]