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The purpose of the research content analysis of the fist secondary school text books( thinking and lifestyle) in regard to self- care. The current research is a quantitative content analysis. In this research, the research community, the content of the thinking and lifestyle textbooks of the first secondary school (7th, 8th) academic year of 1402-1401 were selected. The statistical sample of the research included the seventh and eighth grade thinking and lifestyle textbooks (common for boys and girls) and the method of sampling was also targeted. Content analysis techniques (checklist) were used to collect information. The initial form of this checklist is prepared from the literature and theoretical foundations of the research. In order to check the validity of its content, the prepared checklist was given to the tutors and advisors as well as five experts in this field for modification and after applying their opinions, the content analysis checklist was finalized. The unit of analysis and review in this research was all the components of the book "Thinking and Lifestyle" of the first secondary school (content, pictures, activities, questions) and the unit of registration was a theme. In this research, the Shannon entropy method was used to analyze the data. In this order, the data were normalized and the importance coefficient, information load and standard deviation of each component were calculated. The findings of the research showed that the seventh and eighth grade thinking and lifestyle books paid little attention to self-care. Among the studied components, the most frequency is related to the physical component (observing proper clothing and according to the seasons), emotional (being kind to yourself and others), psychological (feeling of sufficient self-confidence). The lowest frequency is related to the components of spiritual self-care, and most of their sub-components (such as reciting and listening to the verses of the Qur'an and participating in religious ceremonies and rituals, doing good deeds, helping the needy, giving thanks for God's blessings) have not been paid attention to. Self-care skills can be realized by including the components of self-care in educational books and taking a balanced look at it in books of the first secondary school, especially books on thinking and lifestyle.

Objective: The Islamic Republic of Iran needs authority to create indigenous and self -regional security in the Persian Gulf, as well as to counter regional and trans -regional threats in the area. Therefore, this article is aimed at identifying environmental factors (strength, weakness, opportunity, threat) and formulating Iranian powerful strategies.Methodology: It is applied research and is used by the case-context-based method to formulate strategies and tapis techniques to prioritize strategies.Results: Data analysis has found 13 part strategies (3 aggressive strategies, 5 competitive strategies, 3 conservative strategies and 2 defensive strategies). According to the improving the improving the number of 7 main power strategies in the Persian Gulf.Conclusion: The strategic position of the Islamic Republic of Iran for attaining authority is in a strong conservative and strong situation that is moving towards a mild and focused offensive.

Objective: This study was conducted to identify the components of Rights of the Child in the International Convention and to compare it to the upstream documents of the educational system of Iran. Method: The approach of the study was qualitative content analysis and the research method is documentary analysis. The research population of this study was the upstream documents of the educational system of Iran, (Document on the Fundamental Transformation of the Education System in Iran, the National Curriculum Document of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Vision Document of the Islamic Republic of Iran for the dawn of the Solar Calendar Year 1404), which was selected as a research sample through a purposive sampling. The data collection tool was observational review and the study of upstream documents. The method of data analysis is the analysis of the content of the above-mentioned three documents and its comparison with the components and clauses of the International Convention on the Rights of the Child. Findings: This research represented 6 categories of rights (educational, civil/political, social, cultural, economic and health). The results show that the conflict and disorganization in the legal definition of child and children in Iran, the lack of a specific national institution to prescribe and make policies in this field, the duality of the system of thoughts of the institutions in charge of child protection programs, the gap between the definitions of different institutions, including the institution of religion, law and rights relating to children and their rights, the gap between theory and practice in educational programs regarding children's rights, has led to the obstacles in the improvement of children's rights in Iran. Conclusion: Therefore, reviewing the definition of a child, making a detailed policy based on the components of children's rights, coordinating legal institutions regarding the strict observance of legal provisions in operational plans is very necessary. Keywords: child، Rights of the Child in the International Convention, the upstream documents of the educational system of Iran.

AbstractGamma Ray (GR) log is widely used to overcome the lack of continuous core samples and thin sections in many subsurface reservoirs, significantly reducing the uncertainty of presenting a robust sequence stratigraphic framework. The Lower Cretaceous Fahliyan Formation and Late Cretaceous Sarvak carbonates host important hydrocarbon accumulations in SW Iran and the Persian Gulf. This study addresses the application of Gamma Ray Dynamic Integrated Prediction Error Filter Analysis (GR D-INPEFA) and Normalized Cumulative Gamma Deviation Log (NCGDL) curves to discriminate and correlate sequences of the studied carbonates in two giant oil fields in the Abadan Plain and Northwestern Persian Gulf. In the first stage, depositional sequences were differentiated using the results from the core description and petrographic analysis. In this respect, four and three third-order depositional sequences were identified in the Sarvak and Fahliyan formations respectively. In the second stage, according to the turning points of the D-INPEFA and NCGDL curves, they were picked as positive or negative breaks in all studied wells. Based on calibrating the results from the analysis of D-INPEFA curve with the identified depositional sequences, positive changes (PB) occur at sequence boundaries (SB) and negative trend (NB) changes are associated with maximum flooding surface (MFS). The trend of changes in the NCGDL curve compared to the D-INPEFA curve is quite opposite. In other words, Positive Surfaces (PS) correspond to MFS and Negative Surfaces (NS) occur at SB. The results demonstrate that the proposed integrated method is feasible and effective to identify sequence stratigraphic key surfaces in similar carbonate and siliciclastic reservoirs of Iran.Keywords: Sarvak, Fahliyan, Gamma Ray Log, Sequence Stratigraphy, Stratigraphic Key Surfaces IntroductionThe distribution of various components of the petroleum systems (source, reservoir and cap rocks), generally has a close relationship with the sequence stratigraphy pattern (Parvin et al. 2019; Makled et al. 2020). Data from various sources with different scales, such as microscopic thin sections study, cores interpretation, petrophysical log signature, and seismic sections, can be employed in sequence stratigraphic investigations (Van Buchem et al. 2011; Kadkhodaie and Rezaee 2017; Tavakoli 2017; Guo et al. 2021; Yong et al. 2021; Hassan et al. 2022). The identification of key sequence stratigraphic surfaces is typically done accurately by information and results provided by cores and microscopic thin sections study. Nevertheless, cores are only available in limited and sparse wells as a discontinuous nature due to the high cost, lengthy process, and limited cores preparation (Hassan et al. 2022). Hence, it is crucial to identify a method that, in conjunction with the core data, can provide a precise and continuous comprehension of the sequence stratigraphic framework at the well scale.Petrophysical well log data especially GR log has long been used in sequence stratigraphic interpretation (Catuneanu 2006; 2017). Due to its low impact from environmental factors, stability against diagenesis processes, and availability in the majority of drilled wells in a field, the GR log is effectively used in identifying sequences and interpreting key sequence stratigraphic surfaces (Moghaddasi et al. 2020; Falahatkhah et al. 2021). The possibility of a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between key sequence stratigraphic surfaces, and a numerical interpretation of the GR log in recent studies is highlighted (Falahatkhah et al. 2021). The curve of D-INPEFA and NCGDL are effective in identifying and matching key sequence stratigraphic surfaces (Behdad 2019; Mayhoub et al. 2019; De Jong et al. 2020; Moghaddasi et al. 2020; Khalili et al. 2021; Yong et al. 2021; Kassem et al. 2022).In this study, the application of GR D-INPEFA and NCGDL curves to discriminate and correlate the sequence surfaces of the Sarvak and Fahliyan formations in two giant oil fields in the Abadan plain and Northwestern Persian Gulf was investigated. This study was conducted to reveal the response of GR D-INPEFA and NCGDL curves to key sequence stratigraphic surfaces including SB, MFS, and systems tracts. Material & MethodsBy integrating the results of core intervals description, thin sections study and GR well log data from the Sarvak and Fahliyan formations in two giant oil fields in the Abadan Plain and Northwestern Persian Gulf, it was possible to identify and present sequence stratigraphic framework. For sequence stratigraphic analysis in this study, we employed the van Wagoner model (Van Wagoner et al. 1990). In this model, a depositional sequence is discriminated by identifying two key surfaces including SB and MFS, as well as the transgressive system tract (TST) and high-stand system tract (HST). The integration of petrography analysis and core descriptions was employed to identify the main facies in the studied carbonate succession. Afterward, SB and MFS have been interpreted by integrating interpreted facies and main diagenesis features related to disconformity surfaces. Finally, the identified depositional sequences based on geological studies were compared to the discriminated turning point in cyclostratigraphy via INPEFA and NCGDL curves. Ultimately, the efficiency of this numerical method was determined based on correspondence and agreement of the results with the discriminating of the depositional sequences via geological interpretation. Discussion of Results & ConclusionIn the D-INPEFA curves, the upward trend is called the PB and the downward trend is called NB. The positive trend represents transgressive and the negative trend represents regressive. The positive changes in PB occur at SB and negative trend changes in NB show MSF. On the other hand, the trend of the NCGDL curve completely shows the opposite trend of the D-INPEFA curve. The turning points of the NCGDL curve, including PS and NS, correspond to some levels of maximum inundation and SBs, respectively.The following findings were obtained after investigating the sequence stratigraphic framework of the Sarvak and Fahliyan formations in two giants of fields:1- Four and three third-order sequences were identified in the Sarvak and Fahliyan formations respectively, based on facies interpretation and the pattern of shallowing and deepening facies trends. The disconformity surfaces which are recognized as an SB are discriminated by some evidence, including karstification and brecciation.2- In general, GR log interpretation and calculating INPEFA and NCGDL curves show that PB and NS occur at SB, NB and PS show MFS. As a result, such picked breaks and surfaces are timelines that can be calibrated with facies changes and key sequence stratigraphic surfaces and correlation in the field scale.3- The relationship between the turning points of the D-INPEFA and NCGDL curves with sequence stratigraphic surfaces is not absolute, and in some cases, this relationship can be ambiguous, inverse, or unrelated. In other words, to reduce the uncertainty in the presenting sequence stratigraphy correlation with these curves, the sequences should first be identified through the results of the direct data including core and thin section, and use these curves for correlation after presenting the sequence framework.

Introduction Podiform chromite deposits are small magmatic chromite bodies formed in the lower section of an ophiolite complex. The Khoy ophiolite covers an extensive area in the northwest of Iran along the Iran-Turkey border. In this research study 1200 magnetometry data and geoelectric studies along 5 profiles were designed for prospecting chromite lenses. Mineralogical and geological studies have shown that pyrite, magnetite and other metallic sulfides are formed during the serpentinization process in the fractures of chromite lenses. The amount of released magnetite in the chromitites is less than the amount released in the harzburgite and dunites. Therefore, the number of magnetic anomalies created are less than those generated by bedrocks (Imamalipour, 2009). These metal sulfides increase the chargeability of positive anomalies in the cross-sections. Resistivity also shows a significant reduction compared to the bedrocks due to the metallic properties of chromite lenses. Materials and methods In this research study, geological methods were used to interpret geophysical data in the Khoy ophiolite. Geological surveys at a scale of 1:20000 were implemented in an area of about 70 km2. 1200 magnetic points and resistivity and induced polarization along 5 profiles with a geological map and mineralogical studies were used. Magnetometric data at the 5*10m grid and Ip-Rs data with 10 m interval electrode spacing were collected. For the inversion modeling of Ip-Rs data, Res2d inv software was used and geological and mineralogical data were integrated with magnetometric results. Discussion Exploration of podiform chromite deposits has been a challenge due to their unpredictable occurrence, small size of most orebodies, and intensive tectonic dislocations (Mosier et al., 2012). Moreover, the absence of primary geochemical halos and associated alteration are issues that lead to difficulties in prospecting for podiform chromites. Chromite is an accessory mineral associated with the harzburgite host rock. The results of geophysical studies show that chromite lenses have lower magnetization than gabbro and higher mangnetization than harzburgite (Frasheri et al., 1995). The reason is the mineralogical conditions of chromite lenses and their host rocks. Mineralogical study showed that some chromite lenses have fractures that are filled with silicate secondary minerals (serpentine). Chromite and serpentine are the main minerals, and hematite and magnetite are minor minerals in the chromite orebodies. Although these minerals have been altered and have mostly been converted to serpentine, the earliest composition is likely to be olivine. Dunite and harzburgites are chromite lenses host rock and are mainly serpentinized and contain fine magnetite particles, which can cause positive magnetic anomaly (Imamalipour, 2009, Masoudi and Imamalipour, 2019). These small metallic minerals cause high induced polarization and the embedded rocks show a higher degree of charge. Because of the metallic nature of chromite lenses, the resistivity has a much lower value. Therefore, using resistivity, induced polarization, and magnetic geophysical methods, chromite lenses can be separated from harzburgite host rocks. Results In this study, geophysical resistivity and inductive polarization method with magnetometry, which is one of the most important methods for the exploration of subsurface deposits in the Khoy ophiolitic zone, have been used. As a result, it was found that podiform chromite does not show much difference in the magnitude of the magnetic field. Therefore, this method cannot alone be used to explore chromite deposits. However, the IP-Rs method can be used as a practical method for exploration of these reserves. Chromite lenses have low resistivity values of about 400 to 600 ohm-m. The amount of induced polarization is also much lower than its host rock, with values of 3 to 6 mv/v. Therefore, these properties can be used for chromite exploration at a much lower cost than gravimetric and electromagnetic methods. The reason for these values can also be found in the mineralogy of the chromitite lenses. During the serpentinization process of harzburgite and dunite, magnetite minerals, chalcopyrite, and some metallic elements are released. Released magnetite increases the magnetic properties of chromitite. However, this increase is less than the magnetism of the host rock. The released metallic elements such as chalcopyrite with serpentinite also increase the changeability of the host rocks and chromite lenses with low induction polarization and much lower resistivity could be identified.

AbstractThe Late Jurassic Arab Formation is one of the main oil reservoirs in the Middle East. To investigate factors reservoir quality controlling, the integration of the results from geological and petrophysical data was utilized. Ten main facies were recognized and grouped in five facies belts of tidal flat, intertidal, lagoon, shoal, and shallow open marine, indicating deposition of the formation on a homoclinal carbonate ramp platform. The diagenetic processes occurred in marine, meteoric, and burial diagenetic realms. According to the frequency within the reservoir, five main pore types comprising intercrystalline, interparticle, vuggy, moldic, and microporosity were determined. Four third-order depositional sequences which are correlatable with four reservoir zones (A–D) of the Arab Formation were identified. The development of grainstone facies played an important role in high reservoir potential intervals. In view of their controls on reservoir quality, diagenetic features can be categorized into two classes: (1) diagenetic processes enhancing reservoir quality that include dissolution, dolomitization, and fracturing; (2) diagenetic processes reducing reservoir quality including cementation, evaporate mineralization, overdolomitization, and compaction. Considering its layer cake nature, it is possible to use petrophysical logs for the correlation of different reservoir zones, and depositional sequences between the studied wells.Keywords: Arab Formation, Persian Gulf, Facies, Diagenesis, Pore systems, Sequence stratigraphy, Reservoir quality IntroductionThe reservoir quality of carbonate reservoirs is controlled by many interrelated factors such as depositional facies, diagenetic processes, and tectonic setting (Lucia 2007; Ahr 2008; Moore and Wade 2013). The reservoir quality may be enhanced or deteriorated depending on the type of dominant diagenetic processes (e.g., compaction, cementation, dissolution, dolomitization, and fracturing). The Arab Formation has been extensively studied in the Persian Gulf from different geological and petrophysical aspects, including facies analysis and depositional environment (Hughes 1966; Al-Saad and Sadduni 2001; Daraei et al. 2014; Sfidari et al. 2018), diagenesis, and geochemistry interpretation (Swart et al. 2005; Nader et al. 2013; Morad et al. 2012, 2019), sequence stratigraphy (Al-Husseini 2009; Al-Awwad and Pomar 2015) and reservoir characterization and rock typing (Cantrell and Hagerty 2003; Grötsch et al. 2003; Eltom et al. 2012 Marchionda et al. 2017; Assadi et al. 2018). This study aims to define the depositional facies and environments, diagenetic alterations, various pore types, and reservoir quality variations in the Arab formation in an oil field in the southern Persian Gulf. The important geological features are integrated with conventional petrophysical logs and core porosity–permeability data to delineate the reservoir and non-reservoir zones in a sequence stratigraphic framework. Material & MethodsThis study is based on data from four cored wells (A, B, C, and D) from one of the hydrocarbon fields in the southern Persian Gulf. A total of 248 m of cores (whole cores and slabbed), 201 thin sections, 420 core porosity-permeability plugs and conventional petrophysical well log data were used to investigate its impact of various geological factors on reservoir properties. To differentiate the calcite from dolomite, all thin sections were stained with Alizarin Red-S (Dickson 1966). Also, in order to determine pore types and their properties, epoxy resin was injected into all samples. Depositional facies, diagenetic processes, and pore systems were studied based on core description and petrographic analysis. Finally, controls of depositional facies characteristics and diagenetic alterations on pore types and reservoir quality were discussed in a sequence stratigraphic framework. A set of conventional well logs from the four studied wells, including GR -DT-RHOB and calculated effective porosity (PHIE), were used for reservoir zonation and correlation. Discussion of Results & ConclusionDepositional facies analysis led to the identification of 10 sedimentary facies. They are mainly distinguished based on their constituents, texture, and sedimentary structures, and belong to five sub-environments of supratidal, intertidal, lagoon, shoal, and open marine located on a homoclinal carbonate ramp. Diagenetic imprints occurred in three diagenetic environments of marine, meteoric, and burial. The pore system and reservoir characteristics were influenced by dissolution, cementation, dolomitization, evaporite mineralization, and compaction. The dolomites appear in two types as replacement or cement. The replacement dolomite is classified as fabric retentive and fabric destructive. The dolomite cement occluded intergranular, intercrystalline, and vuggy pores and fractures. Associated evaporite mineralization occurs as primary and secondary. Four third-order depositional sequences were recognized through the identification of maximum flooding surfaces (MFS) and sequence boundaries (SB), which are distinguished on the basis of facies and diagenetic characteristics. Each depositional sequence is a cycle that corresponds to a reservoir zone (Arab A, B, C, and D) within the formation. Porosity–permeability cross plots are depicted for identified lithological types, texture, depositional environment, and pore types groups of the Arab Formation in the studied field. The best reservoir intervals correspond with grainstone facies deposited in shoal sub environment that contain high values of interparticle and vuggy porosity and represented by high dissolution zone. The results obtained in this study can provide a comprehensive understanding of the reservoir characteristic of the Arab Formation in the southern Persian Gulf.

Background: Bullying, as one of the unsolved problems in schools, leads to undesirable consequences. Effective factors associated with bullying, like moral disengagement, are crucial. However, no qualitative study has been conducted to build a model for moral disengagement and bullying. Aims: Identifying fundamental, procedural, and consequential factors of moral disengagement in bullying. Method: The study was qualitative, based on grounded theory. The statistical population included all male students of middle and high schools of the Abhar city. 17 students and a focus discussion group with the average age of 15.5 were selected through purposive sampling in the 2018-19 academic year. The method was semi-structured interviewing. Data analysis was performed using the Corbin and Straus methodology (2008) and the ATLAS.ti 8 software. Results: From initial 630 open codes, 19 secondary subjects and 7 main subjects were obtained. Results showed that the core category of beliefs and functional attitude to bullying are influenced by fundamental factors including determinant experiences, violent atmosphere, and bullying, and procedural factors including weak emotional perception, dysfunctional social perception, and externalization. Conclusions: Fundamental and procedural factors and related matters result in leveraging the moral disengagement mechanism and perpetrating bullying.

The present study was conducted to design and effectiveness of social studies education model based on the IPARD model on service-oriented learning skills in junior high school students. The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The study population was all female students of public schools in Tabriz that 30 female students of primary schools in Tabriz were selected by multi-stage sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people) were replaced. The students in the experimental group were trained based on the service-oriented learning method and the students in the control group were trained based on the traditional method. A researcher-made service learning questionnaire was used in pre-test and post-test. The service learning test was taken from both groups. Cronbach's alpha calculated on this questionnaire at 0.79. The validity of the questionnaire was also verified by experts. The training program designed as an independent variable was performed on them in 11 sessions, two sessions per week. Then, after receiving the training content designed based on the IRARD model on the experimental group, after twenty-four hours, both groups retake the service-oriented learning test. Finally, the data were analyzed using analysis of covariance in SPSS software version 13. In the content implementation program, the method appropriate to the IRARD pattern was used. Findings showed that service-oriented social studies curriculum design based on IRARD model was effective on students' service-oriented learning scores and students performed better in all components of service learning compared to the traditional curriculum.

Background and Objectives: Hospital deductions are one of the main concerns of hospital managers in cost management and also one of the most controversial issues between insurance companies and hospitals. The objective of the present study was to analyze the major causes of hospital inpatient medical records deductions.Material and Methods: This study was a mixed-method research that was done in four-step in 2017. In the first step, systematic review of the main causes of deductions in hospital inpatient medical records was done. In the second and three steps, a questionnaire was designed from the results of the first step to interview the experts in this field. In the final step, after summarizing the results of the three steps, the final causes of hospital inpatient medical records deductions were determined using Delphi technique.Results: Additional requests for encoding in surgical procedures by surgeons and anesthesiologists, sending documents with the signature of the surgeon assistant without his presence in operation, lack of interaction with insurance and its follow-up and a tendency to reform of deductions, employing people with the unrelated specialties in the relevant unit, lack of continuing and comprehensive training for staff, additional request at drugs and supplies fees, incomplete documentation, lack of documentation for full-time physicians and differences in the implementation of guidelines by the insurers were the most important causes of inpatient medical records deductionsConclusion: Given that human error is one of the main reasons for inpatient medical records deductions, justifying physicians and training staff for completing medical records on the principles of proper documentation and quality of data recording and ensuring uniformity of policies and enforcement of insurance guidelines seem essential.

Although there is a general agreement on the role of ethics in the engineering profession, especially civil engineering, a model that can demonstrate how to enhance the professional ethics of civil engineers has not been reported and no clear theoretical explanation has been provided. This research has been conducted in the framework of a qualitative approach using grounded theory research method. Data were collected through semi-structured exploratory interviews. In order to gather information, we interviewed 25 civil engineers using purposeful sampling method from the viewpoint of a skilled person. Data were analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. The content validity of the model was evaluated by both CVR and CVI indices and the reliability of the research findings was obtained through the stability of the process. The results show that 487 codes were extracted from the interviews as well as 42 concepts and 13 categories in the paradigm model including: professional ethics of civil engineers as core and causal, contextual factors (professional competencies), intervening conditions, strategies (human resource planning, organization structure, professional responsibility, professional commitment, disclosure, collaboration with different organizations with engineers), and background factors. The proposed model can be a practical guide for civil engineers. Also, by incorporating this model into the professional ethics course of engineering and teaching it, the adherence of ethical codes among civil engineering students can be increased.

This study aims at investigating the effectiveness of teaching philosophy to adolescents in philosophical community of inquiries using the stories of classical Persian texts on development of aesthetic beliefs and moral judgments of high school students. The research method is quasi-empirical design. The statistical population of the study is the students of the junior high school in Tabriz City, who were selected from 5 subdistricts of district 4 of Tabriz, and two schools were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling and one class from each school. The Taghizadeh and Babaei Aesthetic Beliefs Questionnaire (2017) and the Dorgandasin and Miravarama Ethical Judgment Questionnaire (1998) were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance) were used for data analysis. Based on the results of the study, it can be said that the mean of the experimental group with the value of etiquette (0.61) in the variable of aesthetic beliefs and the value of etiquette (0.322) in the variable of moral judgment is higher than the mean of the control group and that they are significantly different. The Philosophical Teaching Program for Adolescents through the Philosophical Community Inquiry has a positive impact on adolescentschr('39') aesthetic beliefs and moral judgment. Therefore, it can be concluded that through teaching philosophy to adolescents, one can strengthen their aesthetic beliefs and the power of moral judgment.

Abstract The late Tithonian Manifa carbonate is one of the important oil producing intervals in some oil fields of the Northwestern Persian Gulf. The combination of geological and petrophysical data in three key wells in one of oilfield, enabled us to clarify the effects of depositional facies and diagenesis on reservoir quality in a sequence stratigraphic framework. Nine microfacies were recognized that deposited in three facies belts: tidal flat, lagoon and leeward shoal in a homoclinal carbonate ramp. The carbonate interval of the Manifa has been subjected to a variety of diagenetic processes, including micritization, bioturbation, recrystallization, dissolution, cementation, dolomitization, dedolomitization and compaction in three realm of marine, meteoric and burial diagenesis. From the identification of sequence boundaries and maximum flooding surfaces, one third-order sequence was recognized and interpreted. The sequence boundaries are important local and regional disconformity surfaces. Investigation of reservoir quality of different facies demonstrates that diagenetic features have considerable effects on the reservoir characteristics and regulated pore system characteristics. After deposition of the shallow marine Manifa carbonate was drastically subjected to the fresh-water diagenesis in the meteoric realm. The main important meteoric diagenesis alterations including karstification, dissolution, cementation and recrystallization are mainly concentrated below disconformity surfaces of the Manifa carbonate. The poroperm properties are very good related to dissolution phenomena creating interconnected pore space. Vuggy and solution enlarged interparticle porosities are the two dominant interconnected pore types within the reservoir. Considering the reservoir significance of the Manifa carbonate in the northwest Persian Gulf, the conclusion drawn from this investigation can be utilized for a better reservoir characterization. Keywords: Manifa, Persian Gulf, Facies, Diagenesis, Sequence Stratigraphy, Reservoir Quality Introduction Reservoir quality of carbonate reservoirs is controlled by many interrelated factors such as depositional facies, diagenetic processes and tectonic setting (Lucia 2007; Ahr 2008; Moore & Wade 2013). In fact, by controlling the pore system properties, these parameters affect the fluid flow and saturation within the reservoirs (Ahr 2008). Although, the original sedimentary properties substantially control the reservoir quality, but diagenesis may exert considerable influence on pore characteristics (Lucia 2007; Ahr 2008; Moore & Wade 2013). The reservoir quality may be enhanced or deteriorated depending on the type of dominant diagenetic processes (Ahr 2008). The Late Tithonian sequences of the Manifa carbonate is notable carbonate reservoir in some part of the Arabian Platform. Despite of this importance, a little is known about various geological and petrophysical characteristics in Iranian northwestern part of the Persian Gulf. This study is the first report of sedimentological and reservoir geological aspects of this carbonate sequences in subsurface sections of the northwestern Persian Gulf. In this study, by using a complete dataset of drilled cores, thin sections, petrophysical well log and porosity-permeability data, interpretation of reservoir quality evaluation has been carried out on the Manifa carbonate. The aims of this study are to investigate the facies characteristics, depositional environments, diagenetic alterations and evaluate pore system and reservoir properties in relation to the disconformity surface of the Manifa Formation in the northwestern part of the Persian Gulf Material & Methods A continuous, 52-m-thick core through the Manifa Formation was logged in one of oilfield in the northwestern Persian Gulf. To differentiate the calcite from dolomite, all thin sections were stained with Alizarin Red-S (Dickson 1966). Also, in order to determine pores types and their properties, epoxy resin was injected to the samples (130 thin section), and all samples were scanned by a high-resolution (Up to 10000 DPI) scanner (CREO-IQSMART3) at the Petroleum Industry of Research Institute. Petrographic studies were carried out to identify different types of depositional facies, and based on the allochems type and their frequency, different sub-environments were distinguished. Also, the important diagenetic processes affecting the pores system were identified. Based on the combination of the results of facies/diagenesis studies the framework of sequence stratigraphy was introduced and one third-order sequences interpreted. Due to the interpreted distribution of depositional and diagenetic characteristics, petrophysical well logs were used for their correlation between the three studied wells in the studied field. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The core description and petrographic studies resulted in the identification of nine microfacies. These microfacies were attributed to three facies belts including tidal flat, lagoon, and leeward shoal. The carbonate ramp model proposed for the Manifa Formation is comparable with the model and facies distribution presented for this interval in the neighboring area. The Manifa carbonate has been subjected to a variety of diagenetic processes including micritization, bioturbation, recrystallization, compaction, cementation, dissolution, dolomitization, dedolomitization and fracturing. Dissolution, cementation, dolomitization, compaction, along with fracturing have had the greatest impact on the pore system and reservoir properties of the Manifa carbonate. In order to establish a sequence stratigraphic framework and specify the sequence boundaries and maximum flooding surfaces for the studied formation, the results from depositional and diagenetic studies were integrated. Hence, sequence stratigraphic analysis of the studied interval has resulted in the recognition of one third-order depositional sequences with aggradational-progradational stacking pattern. At the Late Tithonian, a eustatic sea-level fall caused platform emersion and subaerial exposure at top of the Manifa carbonate. This sequences are bounded with two local and regional disconformities. From reservoir quality point of view, intense meteoric dissolution of grain-to mud-dominated facies exert a main improving effect and development of intervals with high porosity and permeability. Core poroperm data interpretation clearly demonstrate that most grain- and mud-dominated facies related to different sub-environments have a good reservoir quality due to the high impact of dissolution related to meteoric diagenesis. With respect to the effect of diagenesis on the reservoir properties, the defined diagenetic facies display a distinct trend on poroperm distribution. Porosity-permeability distribution indicating the high heterogeneity is strongly related to the effects of both depositional and diagenetic characteristics. Vuggy and solution interparticle pore spaces are two dominant pore types and show high pore connectivity. Thus, an integrated sedimentological and petrophysical reservoir evaluation of the Manifa carbonate in one of oilfield in the northwestern Persian Gulf indicate that diagenetic alterations had main role in pore system characteristics and reservoir evolution.

The purpose of the present study is to explain the silent threatening points in national macro policy in Iran and how these threatening issues are included in the policy calendar of policy makers. Iran's policy system seems to be influenced by normative, democratic approaches, scientific achievements and stakeholder interests in the "political calendar" section. Destructive threats are introduced into the system, which may be supported by the system itself with civil society, and the main focus of the research is to explain how these dormant cancers are activated and to propose a policy to address them. Theoretical Framework The present research is the theory of functional systems. Using a causal explanation research method, the researcher explains how social threats can be activated by unnecessary policy interventions. The researcher uses the library method and documents to explain how threatening social issues are entered into the policy calendar of policy makers and causal relations of policy interventions and activation of potential threats in Iran. The problem-solving strategy is “problem pathology” and "the legal administrative" view to problem to provide a solution. An important solution to the problem is also institutional refinement.

One of the educational sex dimensions of the Fundamental Transformation Document of education is the bodybuilding and physical educational dimension, and one of the categories covered in this dimension is attention to sexual education. Sexual education is one of the challenging areas of education in various societies and this has led to the creation of many social problems and behavioral deviations among the younger generation. The present study aims to study the barriers of sexual education curriculum in high schools with a phenomenological approach. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview technique with Nineteen people included parents, teachers and principals in Tehran 6th district, with a purposeful sampling method and were analyzed based on the colazzi،s strategy. The results of this research identified the barriers to the sexual education curriculum at the high school in three Emergent Theme and nine Theme Clusters including family factors such as parental resistance and reluctance vs children sexual education, communication skills weakness between adolescents and parents, and the kind of viewing of adolescent sexuality from the viewpoint of adults, also organizational factors such as, dramatic shortage of sexual education specialist teachers in education, restriction and challenges of educational resources in the field of sexual education, support and policy weakness of sexual education in context of Islamic education and challenge of desire interaction between home – school. and finally Sociocultural factors such as social sensitivity, personal and unbiased perceptions of religious foundations.

Introduction Podiform chromite deposits are small magmatic chromite bodies formed in the lower section of an ophiolite complex. Podiform chromite mines have produced 57.4 percent of the world’s total chromite production. Most ore bodies are irregularly dispersed and relatively small, between 0.0004 and 1 Mt, averaging 0.011 Mt (United States Geological Survey, 2012), and reserves greater than 1Mt are most uncommon (Evans, 1998). The Khoy ophiolite covers an extensive area in the northwest of Iran along the Iran-Turkey border. This ophiolite zone comprises one of the most promising areas for prospecting of chromite deposits as a result of extensive outcrops of ultramafic rocks. The Kochuk area is located in the western domain of the Khoy ophiolite (Fig. 1). Some geological and geochemical investigations have been carried out for recognition of chromite deposits in this area by the authors during the last 15 years. The geological criteria of prospecting for chromite deposits from the Khoy ophiolite are discussed in this study. Materials and methods In this research, geological methods were used to identify chromite deposits in the Khoy ophiolite. Geological surveys at scale of 1:20000 were implemented in an area of about 70 km2. Lithogeochemical sampling (eighty five samples), petrography (five samples), ore microscopy (eighteen samples) and sampling for determination of specific gravity of ore (eleven samples) were performed in these study. Testing of bedrock mineralization was performed in a relatively straightforward manner by sampling of outcrops in areas where chromite orebodies cropped out or were underlain below a thin soil cover. In contrast, chromite mineralization prospecting in locations with thick cover were carried out by pitting and trenching. Chemical analysis of the samples was carried out by the XRF method in the Kansaran Binaloud laboratory. Results In this study, geological mapping allows discrimination of ophiolite lithologies (ultramafic rocks, chromitite, basaltic pillow lava, gabbro-diorite, ophiolite mélange, listwaenite and other associated rocks). Ultramafic rocks are important in prospecting for chromite mineralization. Geological prospecting led to the identification of a chromite ore field with a remarkable potential since more than 20 chromite orebodies were recognized. Five mineralized zones called A, B, C, D, E and 13 chromite indices were recognized in the Kochuk chromite field. The A zone is located almost in the central part of the study area. Four ore bodies have been recognized in this zone. The A1 orebody extended by 68 meters in length and 6-9 m in thickness. This subzone is characterized by a lenticular shape with an east-west-trending strike (N115S) and a 60o dipping toward THE south. The B zone is located at ~2.9 km west of the A zone. The B1 orebody consists of the largest known chromite orebody in this area which comprises N120S-trending and 50 NW dipping lenticular geometry extended by 118 meters in length. The thickness of the B1 orebody varies between 6 and 12 meters averaging around seven meters. There are three chromite orebodies recognized as C1, C2, and C3 subzones in the C zone. The C1 orebody is composed of 74 meter-long lens with variable thickness between 3.5 and 9 meters. It has a N40E-trending strike, which dips 45-50 degrees to the west. In the D zone, three small chromite orebodies have been identified. The D1 orebody consists of a 20 meter-long lens ranging from 1 to 5 (avg. 3.5) meters in thickness. This orebody is oriented by a N160S in strike and a 50 NE in dip. The chromitite occurrences have lenticular, tubular and vein-like shapes host by hurzburgite. Rocks of the upper mantle-lower crust transition zone and probably the associated chromite deposits have not been recognized yet in this area (Imamalipour, 2011). The typical ore textures consist of disseminated, nodular, massive, banded and cataclastic. Discussion Exploration of podiform chromite deposits has been a challenge due to their unpredictable occurrence, the small size of most orebodies and the intensive tectonic dislocations (United States Geological Survey, 2012). Moreover, the absence of primary geochemical halos and associated alteration are matters that have led to difficulties in prospecting for podiform chromites. Chromite as an accessory mineral is associated with harzburgite host rocks. This mineral is released during the weathering process and is accumulated within the stream sediment heavy minerals. Therefore, application of the stream sediment geochemistry method may not necessarily result in useful information for determining the location of chromite outcrops. In this study, geological methods were used for podiform chromites prospecting which culminated valuable results. The Kochuk chromite-bearing area was recognized as a chromite ore field in the western city of Khoy. The most important geological criteria of prospecting for chromite deposits from the Khoy ophiolite are: 1) chromite bodies are surrounded by dunite envelopes with variable thickness; 2) the recognized chromite-rich zones are mainly located near gabbroic intrusions; 3) most chromite lenses are oriented along an east–west trend; 4) the existence of chromite fragments on stream beds can be considered to be a suitable sign to define the entry of these anomalous rocks to the stream sediment; 5) morphologically, chromite outcrops often occur protruding from the host rock because of their higher resistance to erosion. This can facilitate the recognition of their outcrops; 6) chromite bearing zones usually do not have or exhibit thin vegetation cover despite the high rate of annual rainfall; 7) outcrops of disseminated ores can indicate the presence of high grade chromite ore in the sub surface parts; 8) the main oxide contents of chromite ores vary from an individual ore body to another one. References Evans, A.M., 1998. An introduction to economic geology and its environmental impacts. Blackwell Science, United Kingdom, 376 pp. Imamalipour, A. 2011. Geochemistry and geological setting of chromitites of Aland area from the Khoy ophiolite complex, NW Iran. Geosciences, 20(80): 47–56. (in Persian with English abstract) United States Geological Survey, 2012. Podiform chromite deposits, database and grade and tonnage models. United States Geological Survey, Virginia, Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5157, 45 pp.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the compliance of electrical engineering ethics codes among students of electrical faculty of Tabriz University and its related factors. In this descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study, 120 students of electrical engineering with a history of activity were selected purposefully. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity index was calculated based on the Bausell& Waltz scale for the total tool of 83.21 and the Cronbach's alpha was 0.76. The questionnaire contains 40 items in three dimensions: individual, technical and professional, and social. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 20 and comprehensive descriptive information of participants was used for inferential information using T, Friedman, analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test. The findings of the research show that the rate of students' compliance with the ethical codes of engineering in all three areas was higher than the average of society and the rankings of these subscales were respectively social ethics, individual morality and technical ethics. Gender variables, job experience and level of familiarity with ethical codes did not show significant differences with respect to ethics codes of electrical engineering. But the level of education varied significantly with ethical codes. By adopting approaches such as designing and codifying the ethical code of electrical engineering and incorporating it into the professional ethics of engineering, teachig and internalization of these ethical codes, the degree of observance of these codes among the students of electrical engineering can be increased.

Introdution: Chronic kidney failure has a serious effect on the patients' quality of life. Nowadays, humans are not only inclined to live longer, but also they are demanding improvements in quality of life. it may be possible to improve the quality of life of those patients by low cost, easy and A little bit of a complication methods such as dialysis fluid cooling . Methods: This study was a clinical trial that randomized, crossover and double-blind. 42 hemodialysis patients were divided into two groups: 20 and 22 patients. Then, the first group received standard hemodialysis (37°c) for four weeks and simultaneously the second group received cold hemodialysis (35°c). In the second four weeks, the type of hemodialysis was changed. During this time, quality of life was assessed three times, before the study, after the completion of the first four weeks and second four weeks with using a short questionnaire of 36 quality of life questions (SF-36). For statistical analysis SPSS22 and Mann-Whitney and Friedman statistical tests were used at the significant level of P

Background and Objectives: Stroke has an unexpected and destructive effect on patients' lives and affects their quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life and its related factors in patients with stroke in Tabriz city. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive-analytic, cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of all patients who visited the neurological department of the Razi Hospital in 2015 with a diagnosis of stroke in Tabriz city. The quality of life in 72 patients was assessed by the quality of life questionnaire (SIS-16) using census method. To evaluate the relationship of quality of life with demographic variables and clinical features, one-way ANOVA and t-test were applied using SPSS (version 23) software. Results: In this study, the mean of total quality of life score was 73.66 ± 29.18. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between educational level and physical therapy with quality of life (p 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, patients’ quality of life is reduced after stroke. To prevent side effects and improving the damages made, rehabilitation services (physical therapy) can be applied. Therefore, according to the importance of rehabilitation for stroke patients, it is suggested that access (physically and financially) to rehabilitation and counseling services are provided.

Considering spiraling costs of management and delivery of health services, using principles of health economics is inevitable. World Health Organization in a report in 2000 emphasized on the use of strategic purchasing as a main strategy for achieving objectives of health system. Therefore, investigating strategic purchasing in context of health system in Iran to understand implementation possibility seems to be necessary. Having this in mind, researchers outlined infrastructures of implementation of strategic purchasing in Iran. Strategic purchasing and regionalization in health system, universal health coverage which is a main objective for health systems, reform plan of health system, family physician plan and reforms in health system were analyzed with an orientation to strategic purchasing and applicable recommendations were offered. Considering high costs of health services delivery and infinite needs of people, using strategic purchasing is a mandatory approach. In this regard, infrastructures like health information management, comprehensive and up-to-date electronic health records should be developed by planners.

Objectives Considering the rapid growth of elderly population in the world, especially in Iran, studying the quality of life in elderly people and the identification of factors affecting them is of particular importance. This research aimed to identify factors which could improve or deteriorate quality of life in elderly women and men. Methods & Materials The present research is a qualitative and phenomenological study. The study participants were 23 elderly who were selected by the purposive sampling method, having ages between 61 and 101 years. The elderly subjects consisted of 60.9% of women and 39.1% of men. Data were collected by in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded and analyzed based on Streubert and Carpenter method. Results Research findings include 6 main themes and 24 subthemes. The main themes are as follows: “internal facilitate contexts”, “external driving factors”, “interpersonal challenges and problems”, “obstacles and deficiencies in the field of external”, “declined desires and aspirations”, and “necessities and suggestions for improvement”. Conclusion Our study indicates that to improve the life, the elderly should pay attention to factors such as the role of religious beliefs, proper nutrition, meeting relatives, reminiscence, and establishing proper social relationships. In addition, removing barriers such as breaking the taboo of elderly marriage, financial support, and providing counseling services could improve their quality of life.

Changes in lifestyle and its contributing factors to some extent resulted in delayed marriage or no marriage as one of the fundamental problems of today society. The problem is more frequently observed in graduate students. The objective of this study is to examine the girls lived experiences of graduate students of Tabriz University of late marriage. This study was conducted based on the qualitative approach using phenomenological method. Participants in this study were 22 delay marriage girls who were selected by the purposive sampling. Data were collected via in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The transcribed interviews were analyzed based on Strabert and Carpenter method. Five main themes were achieved from the experiences of the people. The factors are including the economy, education, culture, cyberspace and the consequences and outcomes. Some Sub-themes are the role of the socio-economic issues, false beliefs and traditions, and virtual spaces. These factors have caused widespread late marriage that has consequences such as depression, Delaissement, anxiety of alone, and humiliation. Some strategies such as promotion of Islamic lifestyle can be improve this phenomenon.

The Permo-Triassic Dalan-Kangan and upper Jurassic Arab formations are important carbonate-evaporate reservoirs resulted from depositional and diagenetic heterogeneities. The objectives of the study are comparison precursor mineralogy, identification of dominant pore types and clarify the role of diagenetic processes on petrophysical characteristics and reservoir quality of the Dalan-Kangan and Arab formations in the Persian Gulf. To achieve this goal core description and petrographic study and core poroperm data from two hydrocarbon fields in the Persian Gulf were integrated. Pore system studies show that different pore types contribute to the fluid flow and production within the Dalan-Kangan and Arab formations. These pore types are inter-granular, intercrystalline, touch and non-touch vugs and microspores. The initial mineralogy of the components had a significant effect on pores system distribution and trend of the diagenesis of the two studied intervals. During the Permo-Triassic and upper Jurassic, the composition of ocean waters has been suitable for deposition of non-skeletal components with aragonite and calcite mineralogy, respectively. Thus, moldic pores in the Dalan and Kangan reservoirs and intercrystalline and inter-granular pores in the Arab Formation occur as the dominant pore types. In Dalan and Kangan formations, micropores are more frequent than the Arab Formation, which is attributed to the dominance of mud-dominated facies during the Permo-Triassic periods. Detailed diagenetic studies indicate that the studied intervals were exposed to dissolution, cementation, anhydrite mineralization, dolomitization, physical and chemical compaction and fracturing after deposition. Dissolution, anhydrite mineralization and cementation seem to have exerted the main effect on pore system properties

Background and Aim: It is necessary that various aspects of health information and statistics are identified and measured since health problems are getting more complex day by day. This study is aimed to investigate the distribution of Hospitalization Services in Hospitals in East Azerbaijan province. Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive, cross-sectional study, which aimed to determine the share of hospitalization services in different sectors providing healthcare services in East Azerbaijan Province. The study population consisted of all health service providers, including the public sector, private, charity, military, Social Security and NGOs in the province of Eastern Azerbaijan. The data from all functional health sectors, including health centers and hospitals were studied during 2014. The data relevant to performance were collected according to a pre-determined format (researcher-built checklist). Content validity of checklist was approved by five Health Services Management professionals and experts. Results: The study findings showed that the maximum and minimum number of surgeries has been done in the public sector (63.1%) and the non-governmental sectors (3%), respectively. The public sector (71.9%) and non-governmental sectors (Red Crescent and Azad University) (1.2%) provided the maximum and minimum hospitalization services, respectively. Conclusion: According to the study findings, Policies should be aimed to create balance and harmony in the provision of services among all service providers.

Background and Objectives: Job satisfaction is the most important factor affecting the performance and productivity of the organization. The purpose of this study was to assess job satisfaction among staff of Jundishapur medical teaching hospitals; based on Herzberg's two-factor model. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The sample size of 147 was calculated. Stratified sampling method was used. The questionnaire used to collect data consisted of demographic characteristics and job satisfaction in a Likert scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean score and standard deviation) and analytical statistics (Parametric test) in SPSS16 software. Results: In survival factors, the highest average belonged to salary subscale with mean score (3.35 ± 1.05). The other subscales were estimated relatively inappropriate .Regarding motivational factors; all subscales were estimated relatively inappropriate. The recognition subscale showed a significant association with age (P Conclusion: In order to enhance the efficiency of hospital staff, in addition to the domains that prevent staff from quitting their job, it needs to emphasize on their motivation as well.

Internal evaluation is a process of the study of the university system and quality of scientific groups by members of system that can make a surprising evolution in higher education. The aim of this study was to internal evaluate of Civil Engineering Department of Malayer University to develop and improve the quality of that department and provide solutions to its problems. For this purpose, after grounding the CIPP model components, to internal evaluate of this group, seven factor such as objects, management and organization; Faculty members, students, educational and non-educational training courses and curricula, teaching-learning process, graduates and educational, and research facilities was evaluated. In order to assess these factors 47 criteria and 182 items was considered. Each of these items was recorded by measuring one or more variables. This research is applied research and the descriptive - survey research method were used. The instruments used for data collection included researcher made questionnaires, interviews, checklists and necessary data analysis. It is tried to determine the current status of the department and the suitability of each item. The results showed that except of faculty members factor that was desirable, other factors of internal evaluation was not favorable in civil engineering department. In other words, the present situation of civil engineering department was relatively favorable. To improve the quality of the department, university authorities and department planners should eliminate the above-mentioned deficiencies.

Given the growing population of the elderly, paying attention to their quality of life is one of the key factors in social health. One of the factors affecting the quality of life of the elderly is loneliness. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe and explain seniors' experiences of loneliness. The present study was carried out using qualitative and phenomenological methods and purposive sampling was done by conducting deep interpretive interviews with 19 elderly women. The interviews were recorded and analyzed by the Streubert/Carpenter method. The findings from the experiences of elderly women of loneliness have been identified in five main themes including “the causes of loneliness in the elderly”, “physical condition”, “being abused”, “positive attitude towards the elderly”, and “ways to reduce loneliness”. Sub-themes were obtained from the core of the main themes including avoiding activities of interest, children leaving home and death of the spouse, hearing impairment, pain and walking problems, Alzheimer's disease, feeling of being a burden, rejection from the family, problems of the children's lives, being considered a blessing or not, dutifulness, attachment level of children, increasing connection with God and attending religious places, attention the physical health of the elderly and the increasing social relationships of the elderly. It is necessary for health authorities to develop support strategies by family members, health care providers and policymakers, and to adopt programs for educating families with elderly members.

Medical tourism, as one of the subdirectories of health tourism is one of the most important branches of tourism industry that has great economic and social benefits. The aim of this study is lived experiences of medical tourists during their treatment in Tabriz hospitals. The study was conducted based on the qualitative approach, using an interpretive phenomenological method. Participants in this study were 20 medical tourists in hospitals of Tabriz who were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The transcribed interviews were analyzed based on the hermeneutic approach using the analysis method proposed by Diekelmann, Allen, Tanner (1989). The mentioned interviews continued until no new meanings emerged and until the researchers were satisfied with the depth of their understanding. The analysis from lived experiences of medical tourists revealed five factors as the main reasons of choosing this hospital: financial, social and cultural issues, transportation, accommodation, and hospital structure. As one of the potential destination to become the country tourism hub, Tabriz medical tourism needs to remove obstacles such as brokerage, inappropriate administrative structure of hospitals, transportation, accommodation, and financial restriction

Background and Objectives: It is necessary that various aspects of health information and statistics are identified and measured since health problems are getting more complex day by day. This study was aimed to investigate the distribution of outpatient services in East Azerbaijan province. Material and Methods : This research was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. In this study, the data from all functional health sectors, including hospitals, health centers, and all clinics and private offices (public, private, charitable, military, social security and NGOs sectors) in 2014 were studied. The relevant performance data were collected according to pre-determined format (researcher-made check list) approved by five professionals and experts in health services management (content validity). The study was conducted in different sites including Deputy of Treatment, health section of University of Medical Sciences, Social Security Organization, Iran Health Insurance, Imam Khomeini Relief Committee, Welfare Organization and healthcare organizations of the oil industry. In order to analyze the data, SPSS 18 software was used. Results: The information and data were collected according to pre-determined format (researcher-made check list) approved by five professionals and experts in health services management (content validity and reliability). In general, the highest and the lowest outpatient services, have been provided in the private sector (53.6%) and the charitable sector (0.6%), respectively. Social security with 27.7% and public sector with 13.4% are the largest providers of outpatient services after private sector in this province. Conclusion: The results showed that the private sector in comparison with public sector is at the forefront of outpatient services. So, policies and decisions should be aimed to protecting and reinforcing these sectors.

Futures studies, as one of human’s undeveloped potentialities help us to decrease doubts. The air power of the world’s hegemonic systems has made it possible to implement their dominance over independent countries in the corners of the world by using their tactical air units. Therefore, in order to oppose this hegemony, the policy-making for the development of the tactical air units, the recognition of the national and international environment and facing the air threats, strengths, weaknesses and the opportunities of the tactical units are analyzed. For this purpose, this paper explains the policy-making for the development of the offensive defense of the Air Force tactical units to empower them in the 21st century and offers the necessary strategies according to its tangible consequences. The research method is descriptive and the research population is the IRI Air Force tactical air units. According to experts, from studying of the documents and the experiences obtained from the performance of the tactical air units during 8-year Holy Defense and studying of the wars during the last three decades in the neighboring countries, it has been concluded that the formulation of principal policies suitable for the regional and beyond regional threats is necessary and indispensible for empowering the Air Force tactical units. The executive policies for the development of offensive defense relying on the important categories of air power such as manpower, equipment, assets and the command system is the significant result of this research.

This paper explains the military service policy-making and the process of nation-making in Iran based on the institutional approach. The author explains how the issues of nation-making and military service entered the policy-making calendar in Iran by application of cyclic process of policy-making. Finding show that there is a collaborative relation between military service policy-making and the process of nation-making in contemporary Iran. The system of analysis in this research is theoretical institutional framework and the methodology is descriptive. The time period of the analysis is early nineteenth century. Based on the policy-making cycle, the policy issue of military service and its entrance to the policy calendar is stated in the problem statement. Finally, after the explanation and analysis of the collaboration of military service policies with nation-making process in Iran, the way of collaboration and coordination between the two main factors during the last two centuries in Iran have been clarified.

The main objective of the present research was to study the relationship of knowledge shar-ing and organizational commitment in Tabriz universities Librarians. (N=143), all of whom were selected as the sample based on the census sampling method. The number of returned question-naires was equal to 136 (95%). The required data and information were collected using the 13-item Wang and Wang Knowledge Sharing Questionnaire, and the 24-item Meyer and Allen’s Model of Organizational Commitment.. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for knowledge sharing, and organizational commitment was obtained 0.81, and 0.72, respectively. For data analysis, descrip-tive and inferential statistical methods were used. Descriptive statistics was used for data classi-fication, summarization, and interpretation. In inferential statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient and one-sample t-test were used. The study findings showed that there is a direct and significant positive relationship be-tween knowledge sharing (and its dimensions) and organizational commitment. The results re-vealed that mean scores of knowledge sharing for principals participated in this study were high-er than the average.

The Lower Cretaceous Fahliyan Formation is one of important hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Persian Gulf and neighboring Arabian countries. Lithologically, this formation is mainly composed of limestone, argillaceous limestone and dolomite. Three major units have been recognized in the Fahliyan Formation (i.e. Lower, Middle and Upper Fahliyan) which are respectively equivalent to the Sulaiy, Yamama and Ratawi formations in the Arabian countries of southern Persian Gulf. To the northwest of Persian Gulf the Fahliyan Formation interfingers with the Garau Formation. The Fahliyan Formation is considered as time equivalent to some part of the Garau Formation, and is recognized as a source rocks in northwestern part of the Persian Gulf. Analysis of available geology and petrophysical data of the key wells penetrated through the Fahliyan and its equivalent Garau formations led to the recognition of 21 facies that were deposited in three sub-environments (belts): inner, middle and outer carbonate platform and also an intrashelf settings. The observed lithofacies pattern in the study area indicate a homoclinal carbonate ramp as the depositional environment for the Fahliyan Formation. Based on the recognized facies within the Fahliyan Formation the spatial distribution pattern of reservoir, source and seal rocks are presented in all the stratigraphic units in order to use a more accurate facies map for the petroleum system modelling.

Background and Objectives : The assessment of patient satisfaction in health care and also enhancing the quality of the hospital without paying attention to the needs, expectations and satisfaction of the patients is impossible. So, the aim of this study was to assess the admission to discharge process in order to improve the patient satisfaction in Noornegat Private Hospital in Tabriz, 2014. Material and Methods : This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014. To perform the study, a questionnaire for patient satisfaction was used with the participation of 234 individuals. We used standard questionnaire for collecting data which its reliability was confirmed. (Cronbach's alpha, . 952). The data analysis was performed by SPSS 18. Results : In this study, the majority of the respondents (76. 9 %) were patients’ relatives and the respondents age range varied from 16 to 81 years. The average of satisfaction score was 2.51 which was lower than the average (3) for satisfaction degree. Totally, rate of satisfaction in different parts were in an average level and the lowest satisfaction rate belonged to accounting and discharge sector. The suggestions and solutions for identified problems in discharge ward were offered in order to increase the satisfaction rate of the patients. Conclusion : Since the process of the discharge is a bottleneck in hospital management process, identifying and offering solutions to the problems in this case increased the rate of satisfaction and the importance and influence of this process on other processes were clearly observed. ​

Parallel to global population and epidemiological transmission, Iran is experiencing population and epidemiological passing period as well. As we can see, Iran’s population level is transferring from mid-life period to oldness and in upcoming decades, its steepness would be increased. Aging period is accompanied by high cost and chronic diseases. It is predicted that in 2030, aged people above 70 comprising less than 8 % of world population portion, will have 50% of all cancers, 58% of diabetes, 95% of Alzheimer’s and other Dementia, 62% of no communicable diseases death, 25% of injuries deaths and 30% of communicable diseases deaths. Material and Methods: This is a review which obtained the results from national census, UN population databases, Population Reference Bureau, Google Scholar, Proquest, WHO, SID, Magiran, books, journals and related population magazines have all been summarized and evaluated. Conclusion: Iran’s population is going to be aged. The upcoming decades will include huge number of aged people. This issue will be succeeded by increasing need to in-patient and out-patient cares and high costs to the health system. Thus, a great focus is needed by health administrators and necessary steps should be taken to face this ever increasing challenge. ​

Introduction: One of the important requirements of nursing profession is to have critical thinking skills for the success in clinical settings. Emotional intelligence is an important factor for improving critical thinking. This study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and critical thinking among nursing students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This was a descriptive–correlational research. The data was collected by standard Emotional Intelligence and Critical Thinking questionnaires. A sample of 200 participants was selected randomly from nursing students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. To analyze the data, Pearson Coefficient inferential statistics, regression analysis, multivariate analysis of variance and t-test were used. Results: The results detected that there is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and critical thinking skills among male and female students. Female students had higher levels of emotional intelligence and critical thinking than male students. Conclusion: Fostering critical thinking and emotional intelligence among nursing students would help them improve social relationships and their ability to resolve conflicts this could also enhance nursing students' problem-solving skills and judgment abilities which in turn leads to providing more qualified clinical services.

​Background and objectives : Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women. The cost of care for patients with cancer is an important component of the formulation of national policies and programs for cancer. The present study aimed to analyze and estimate the cost of breast cancer in women attending Shahid Ghazi cancer clinic in Tabriz in 2013. Material and Methods : This is a cross sectional retrospective Cost of Illness (COI) Study which investigated the data in a 6 month period using researcher-made questionnaire. Using bottom up approach costing method, direct and indirect costs of 34 patients suffering from breast cancer who were attending Shahid Ghazi cancer clinic of Tabriz were gathered from patients’ perspectives. Data were analyzed using Excel 2007 software. Results : Average direct medical costs of patients were estimated 116327582.35 Rials and average nonmedical costs were estimated 2580294.12 Rials. Total costs were estimated 54338083000 Rials. Conclusion : Due to the high costs and the incidence of breast cancer, the increase of supplementary insurance coverage seems necessary to reduce the crippling costs. The early detection and screening for patients to reduce the cost burden can be useful.

Alteration of ophiolitic ultramafic rocks, formation of listwaenite and associated mineralization are interesting phenomena of metallogeny of Khoy ophiolite. It seems that the hydrothermal circulations responsible for mercury mineralization were derived from geothermal systems caused by intermediate to acidic magmatism in Neogene-Pleistocene time. Reactivation of brecciated serpentinite with hydrothermal solutions led to the silica-carbonate hydrothermal alteration and formation of listwaenite. The importance of these alteration types is due to associated Hg-Au mineralization. Based on the microscopic mineralogical studies, XRD analysis, geochemical characteristics and field relationships, three types of listwaenite including silica, silica-carbonate and carbonate have been recognized. Tavreh mercury occurrence has formed in relation with silica type listwaenite which also named as birbirite. Alteration zones have structural controls and are restricted to shale (marl)/serpentinite fault type contacts. Mineralogically, silica type listwaenite mainly consists of quartz, chalcedony, opal and secondary iron hydroxides. Magnesite, dolomite, calcite and clay minerals are the minor phases. Toward silica-carbonate and carbonate listwaenites, silica minerals decrease while carbonate minerals increase. Geological field relations and existence of residual chrome spinel in the listwaenite of Tavreh area confirmed the ultrabasic host rock. Based on geochemical studies, average values of SiO2, Fe2O3, MgO and L.O.I as the main components of silica listwaenite are 82.6, 6.99, 1.02 and 3.74 wt %, respectively. Among rare elements, average values of Hg, Pb, As and S have been obtained as 646.2 ppm, 517.7 ppm, 329.1 ppm and 281 ppm, respectively. Mass changes (gains and losses) of major and minor elements during the alteration process in the Tavreh area have considered, using Gresens’ equation in this study. Cinabar-bearing silica listwaenite is enriched in SiO2, Al2O3, K2O and Hg components and is depleted in MgO and MnO. Silica-carbonate type shows enrichment in CaO, Na2O, Al2O3, K2O and TiO2 and deplection in MgO, MnO P2O5, SiO2, Cr2O3 and Fe2O3. Carbonate type shows increase in CaO and Sr and reduction in SiO2, Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2 and MnO.

Qareh Qeshlaq marble quarry as one of the valuable resources of ornamental stones in West Azarbaijan province formed through thermal carbonate springs while its mineral deposit thickness is limited in comparison with surface extension. In the present research, geological and blocky modeling of the marble deposit was carried out in order to develop a production planning for this quarry, identifying the position of single-marketable-block extracted from it and increasing its economical aspects for exploitation. During the study, in addition to preparing a geological and blocky model for the quarry, firstly the optimum dimensions of its extractable single marketable-block were quantified and then through representing the confining surfaces equation of marble strata in the computer, the optimal maximum dimension and the number and exact location of the single marketable-blocks were determined and presented to the operating team. Based on the findings of these studies and according to the existing 83 exploratory boreholes data, it is possible to extract 183 single marketable-block pink marble and 103 single marketable-block malachite both with 1.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 m raw dimensions while only 2 single marketable-block alabaster layer with 1.3 × 2.5 × 2.5 m dimensions. The results also show that with applying extraction consideration, regarding the productivity coefficient of the layers, and removing the gradual color changes zone, the maximum thickness of the single marketable-blocks for the pink marble, malachite, and alabaster will become 1.65, 1.65 and 1.4 m, respectively.

Background and Objectives : Decision analysis models are conceptual framework for most of the cost - effectiveness (CEA) and cost-utility (CUA) analyses and this model increasingly plays an important role in decision making. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding and use of decision analysis and economic modeling techniques with a particular emphasis on decision trees and Markov modeling. Material and Methods : A review of the published literature was performed using the seven search engines and databases which include Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, EconLit, EBSCO and HEED with key words including: Decision Analysis, Health Economic Modeling and TreeAge and their combination to describe the structure, application, and limitations of the more popular decision analytic methods including decision trees, Markov models, and sensitivity analysis in healthcare. Results : We identified 19 relevant published articles. The results indicated that decision analytical models are widely used in economic evaluation of health care interventions with the objective of generating valuable information to assist health policy decision-makers to allocate scarce health care resources efficiently. Conclusion : Decision analytic modeling allows a rational, feasible, scientific, and timely approach to measure the efficiency of new medical technologies in health care by using the best available evidence of different sources to produce detailed estimates of the clinical and economic indicators. Despite TreeAge Pro software increasing use in developing countries as economic modeling studies of various health interventions, unfortunately its role and impact are not known in Iran yet. ​

Mercury mineralization has occurred in relation with a listwaenitic type hydrothermal alteration system in Tavreh area located northwest of Khoy. Mercury-bearing alteration zone which has an area about 0.4 km2 is situated in one of Aland river upstreams. The only mercury compound found in this district is mercury sulfide (cinnabar) deposited as vein and veinlet forms. Geochemical investigations indicate that mercury distribution has variable values which vary between 0.36-10500 ppm. Its average in alteration zone is 300 ppm, although its average reaches to 0.35 percent in the mineralized veins. Considering the Clarke amount of mercury, it has increased more than 3750 times in overall alteration zone and more than 46000 times in mineralized veins. Based on the stream sediment heavy mineral geochemistry, distribution of cinnabar under physical weathering and transportation processes has occurred at least 7 km far away from the altered zone in downstream sediments. Mercury concentrations in samples taken from surface and underground waters are less than 0.1µg/L. In comparison with mercury concentrations, data obtained from other world’s ore fields and considering the maximum permissible contaminant level in drinking waters, it can be concluded that the waters of this region have not been contaminated in mercury. Therefore, despite the extent of anomalous zone in Tavreh region, this zone cannot play a role as the contaminant source of environment. It is seemed that due to presence of mercury as stable mercury sulfide compound, the possibility of its leakage could not been obtained due to decomposition of this mineral.

Mercury mineralization has occurred in relation with a listwaenitic type hydrothermal alteration system in Tavreh area located northwest of Khoy. Mercury-bearing alteration zone which has an area about 0.4 km2 is situated in one of Aland river upstreams. The only mercury compound found in this district is mercury sulfide (cinnabar) deposited as vein and veinlet forms. Geochemical investigations indicate that mercury distribution has variable values which vary between 0.36-10500 ppm. Its average in alteration zone is 300 ppm, although its average reaches to 0.35 percent in the mineralized veins. Considering the Clarke amount of mercury, it has increased more than 3750 times in overall alteration zone and more than 46000 times in mineralized veins. Based on the stream sediment heavy mineral geochemistry, distribution of cinnabar under physical weathering and transportation processes has occurred at least 7 km far away from the altered zone in downstream sediments. Mercury concentrations in samples taken from surface and underground waters are less than 0.1µg/L. In comparison with mercury concentrations, data obtained from other world’s ore fields and considering the maximum permissible contaminant level in drinking waters, it can be concluded that the waters of this region have not been contaminated in mercury. Therefore, despite the extent of anomalous zone in Tavreh region, this zone cannot play a role as the contaminant source of environment. It is seemed that due to presence of mercury as stable mercury sulfide compound, the possibility of its leakage could not been obtained due to decomposition of this mineral.

Two types of mineralization including porphyry copper and epithermal gold mineralization have occurred in relation with an intermediate volcano-plutonic complex in Masjeddaghi area. Different alterations including silica, advanced argillic, intermediate argillic and propylitic have been distinguished in relation with epithermal mineralization, which have a zonal pattern. Elemental mass gains and losses during alterations were calculated using Zr as an immobile monitor. Silica zone has enriched in SiO2 and relatively in Al2O3 and K2O, and has depleted in Na2O, MgO and CaO. Ba, Sr, Pb, Rb and Cu elements have also enriched. The advanced argillic zone shows enrichment in SO3, Al2O3, SiO2, K2O, MgO and L.O.I; and depletion in Fe2O3, CaO, Na2O, MnO and MgO. Barium, Cu, Sr and Zn have depleted in this zone. Propylitic zone has enriched in MgO, CaO, L.O.I and SiO2, and has depleted in Na2O and K2O. Geochemical and mineralogical evidences indicate that the hydrothermal leaching of mafic minerals in parent rocks and formation of quartz, kaolinite, sericite and alunite assemblage in advanced argillic zone; and chlorite, epidote and calcite assemblage in propylitic zone is responsible for the above mentioned chemical variations. It is likely that the gains and losses of elements have been controlled by agents such as water/rock ratios, temperature changes and chemistry of hydrothermal solutions. The CIA and MIA indicators in the altered rocks indicate the intensity of alteration in silica and advanced argillic zones in comparison with propylitic zone.

In recent days, computer is becoming one of the most essential instruments in advanced countries for the researchers and the domain of its application is going to be increased every day. Using the 3D modeling of the earth, its mine resources and the brilliant details which are given by the models, the researching and exploring groups will find out the inconspicuous and attractive aspects of the genetic structure and the geological history of these resources. In this paper which is a result of the researches done as the case study on a group of aragonite deposits in West Azarbaijan province, modeling of under study mineral deposits and the genetic approaches obtained from the models lead into explore and discover some other resources of the same minerals which is widely accepted recently in the market of decorative rocks in Iran. In modeling procedure of these resources which is a product of the geysers, the profile of these lime generating springs and their directional order on some specific hidden fracture is determined and approximate location of the new resources for the next explorations is assigned. At the moment, these assigned locations as new resources are being explored and even exploited.