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Concrete quality control tests usually focus on the compressive strength of concrete, while neglecting other important properties such as impact and explosion resistance, which are essential for creating resilient concrete structures. Additionally, in the process of refining sugarcane, Bagasse, a yellow fiber that is considered a waste product, is produced. Khuzestan province alone produces around one million tons of Bagasse annually, which leads to environmental concerns. To address these issues, this research investigates the mechanical properties and impact resistance of concrete containing lightweight LECA aggregates and Bagasse fibers under compressive and impact loads. Initially, a target mix scheme is determined, and samples are made and tested after curing without the addition of Bagasse and LECA. Then, samples are made with the mentioned mixing design and the combination of Bagasse and LECA by weight ratio of (Bagasse unit, LECA unit). Additionally, samples using LECA (without Bagasse) with 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement of aggregates are made and tested after curing. Compressive and impact tests are performed on all samples in accordance with regulations using appropriate testing machines and procedures. Results indicate that concrete containing lightweight LECA and Bagasse fibers has a higher impact resistance than ordinary concrete, and that the use of LECA in concrete can create structural lightweight concrete.

Due to the environmental problems caused by wind erosion, it is necessary to stabilize the dust centers with mulches. The objective of the present study was to determine and compare the optimum vinasse mulches based on mechanical indicators for sensitive soil stabilization to wind erosion. In this research, vinasse (0, 100, 200 g) is combined with bagasse (0, 25, 50 g), ash bagasse (0, 25, 50 g), filtercake (0, 12.5, 25 g), and one-liter water (81 treatments). At first, the treatments were determined in the appropriate range of salinity and acidity (35 treatments) and in the next step, the mechanical indicators have been measured after mulching on laboratory trays (2×30×100 cm). Optimum mulches have been determined based on five indicators by mean comparison (Duncan). The mean comparison showed that treatments 33, 30, 34, 32, and 19 show the mean difference between the groups based on layer thickness, impact resistance, compressive strength, and shear strength properly. It can be concluded that vinasse (100 and 200 g) with 50 g bagasse reduces the crack coefficient greatly, and the application of vinasse, bagasse, and filtercake does not affect the compressive strength and impact resistance.

Introduction: Bagasse is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane stalks are crushed for juice extraction. Bagasse is widely used in conversional and by-product industries. Bagasse is commonly used as a substitute for wood in many tropical and subtropical countries for the production of pulp, paper, and board. One of the most important conversional industries in the sugarcane agro-industry is chipboard production. In recent years, two chipboard factories from bagasse were exploited in Khuzestan province. In the production of chipboard from bagasse, a lot of waste is produced, most of which include pith. The waste is transferred to the outside of the factory at a great cost and energy level. Also, annually, a large amount of surplus bagasse of conversional Industries is obtained in Khuzestan agro-industries. These wastes cause many environmental and health problems, while these wastes can be used to generate energy. On the other hand, chipboard industries consume a lot of energy which is mostly fossil energy. Nowadays, in many sugarcane agro-industries in different countries, wastes are used to generate energy for sugar plants and conversional industries. Bagasse is often used as a primary fuel source for sugar mills. Materials and Methods: Current research is focused on the direct energy consumed in chipboard production from sugarcane bagasse and whether it can be provided by using residues and wastes of Debal Khozaie Agro-Industry Company. Data were collected from agro-industry companies as well as by sampling and measuring waste, input and energy consumption at the chipboard factory of Debal Khozaie. Direct energy consumed in the chipboard production from bagasse includes diesel fuel, electricity, natural gas, and labor. Input and output values of materials (bagasse, pith, etc.), and energy consumption (electricity, diesel, natural gas, etc.) were collected using both laboratory tests and data available in agro-industry. Potential of energy generation from bagasse, pith, wood chips, and straw in Debal Khozaie agro-industry, were considered by the direct burning method. Also, the potential of biogas production from vinasse in agro-industry for energy production was calculated. The moisture of bagasse (fresh bagasse, 24 hours, five days, 30 days, and 45 days after gathering), outdoor dried pith, outdoor dried straw and wood chip were measured based on the ASTM D2974 standard method in the laboratory. Ash percentage of bagasse, peat, straw, and Wood chips were measured using a furnace, desiccator and a scale. Also, the lower heating value of bagasse, straw, pith, and wood chips were measured using a calorimeter bomb. Results and Discussion: The direct energy consumption in the chipboard factory was determined to be 5.829 GJ m-3 of produced chipboard. Natural gas and electricity were the major sources of direct energy with 78.52% and 18.87% share, respectively. To replace these sources, pith and woodchips form chipboard factory, sugarcane leaves, remainder sugarcane bagasse, and vinasse from molasses-based Razi alcohol factory were considered. Properties of the substituted resources were determined including ash, moisture content, heating value (using bomb calorimeter), and amount of woodchips along with the biogas potential from anaerobic fermentation of vinasse. Results showed that woody residues from chipboard factory and Debal Khozaie Agro-Industry Company had the potential to provide 4.33 fold the energy provided by gas in the chipboard factory, considering the efficiency equal to 60%. Using the residues of the chipboard factory individually, it is possible to replace all the consumed natural gas and electricity energy needed in the chipboard factory as well. According to the volume of available vinasse, the potential biogas production from this resource estimated to be 8.82 Gm3. Conclusion: Electricity, natural gas, and diesel fuel constitute the direct energy consumed in the production of chipboard, and natural gas with 78.52% has the highest share. Electricity accounts for 18.87% of direct energy consumption. The specific energy of chipboard production at the chipboard factory was 5.829 GJ m-3. Only using the pith of chipboard factory can produce 2.85 times the total energy of natural gas consumed in chipboard factory. Investigation of the potential of biogas production from vinasse in Debal Khozaie agro-industry showed that it is possible to generate energy equivalent to 8824.3 thousand cubic meters of natural gas. Overall, the study showed that using the wastes of chipboard factory and sugarcane agro-industry has the potential to replace the entire natural gas and electricity consumption in chipboard factory.

been successfully used for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the characteristics of food products. In this study, the effect of sugarcane bagasse as a source of fiber enrichment (0-25%), soybean water-soluble polysaccharide (0-2%) and frying time (2-5 minutes) on the image characteristics of donuts such as color, number, density and size of bubbles, porosity, energy, homogeneity, contrast and entropy were investigated. The findings of this research showed that the increase of sugarcane bagasse fiber increases the a* index and decreases the L* and b* components of the crust and crumb and porosity. On the other hand, increasing the frying temperature increases the redness of the crust and decreases the lightness of the crust and the porosity of the texture. Meanwhile, the polysaccharide soluble in soybean water had no significant effect on the characteristics of the treatments. The optimization results also showed that if 8.58% sugarcane bagasse and 0.36% soybean soluble polysaccharide are added to the formula and the sample is fried within 5 minutes, the best quality will be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of bacteriacellulose nano fiber gel as reinforcement on physical, mechanical and morphological properties of composites made of bagasse and cement was studied. Nano fiber in three levels (0, 1 and 3% by weight of cement), the mixing ratio of bagasse as lignocellulosic material - Portland cement, in three levels (90:10, 80:20, 70:30%) were the variable factors. The target density of 1.1 g/cm³ and 5% calcium chloride were kept constant for all treatments. The mechanical and physical properties of composites including modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bonding, thickness swelling after 2 h and 24 h immersion in water and density of boards were measured according to the standard DIN-EN-634. In this study, the morphological charecteristics of composites and the distribution of nano fibers was investigated using SEM microscopic images) taken from the fractured cross-section of the samples. The results showed that boards made using bactericellulose nano fiber are exhibit higher modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding. The results also showed that with increasing nano fiber, the density, dimensional stability of the boards and heat hydration of cement mortar increased. The results from SEM microscopic imaging showed that bacteriacellulose nanofiber can fill the pores of the composite and create a uniform structure, thus improved strength of the boards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of various pretreatments, including the torrefaction process, to increase the efficiency and optimizing the consumption of fuel briquettes, have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Therefore, in this research, torrefaction pretreatment at 180 °C temperature was used to modify bagasse biomass. In addition, lignin binding agent was used at levels of 2, 5 and 10%. Fuel briquettes weighing 30 grams were prepared using a manual briquetting machine. The physical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of the resulting briquettes were measured. The results showed that torrefaction pre-treatment by increasing the volumetric density and the amount of fixed carbon up to about 50% of the resulting briquettes was able to increase the heating value of the briquettes up to about 10%. On the other hand, this process led to a decrease in the compressive strength of the resulting briquettes, as a consequence of using lignin as a binding agent which could compensate a significant amount of mechanical loss. The results showed that the volume of volatile substances of briquettes was reduced by 9% with torrefaction pre-treatment, which has a significant effect on reducing the pollution of these briquettes. It was also observed that with the increase in the consumption of lignin, the density and calorific value increased. In general, the results of this research show that the use of lignin binding agent together with torrefaction pre-treatment can make the production of high-quality fuel briquettes from bagasse possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Since, it is possible to use various types of lignocellulosic materials in the production of particleboard, the use of agricultural residues can be considered as a solution to meet part of the raw materials needs of this industry. At the same time, it brings other benefits such as reducing pressure on forest resources, reducing environmental pollution, creating added value and jobs, etc. The hemp plant has attracted the attention of many researchers in the world due to its advantages such as short growing season, low ecological requirements and long fibers. Therefore, in recent years, much research on the use of hemp-core fibers and its husks in the production of wood composite products has been conducted or in progress. This research was conducted to study the possibility of producing a particleboard composite from hemp-core fibers in combination with sugarcane bagasse fibers and also to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of the produced particleboard. Materials and Methods: In this study, hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus) and sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum) plants were obtained from Ahvaz Sugarcane Research Institute and Neopan Karun company, respectively. The debarked hemp fibers were first chipped and then turned into flakes that can be used for the production of particleboard. The other steps of producing particleboard were included screening, drying, gluing, forming and pressing. Sample boards were made from lignocellulosic residues were subjected to two pressing times of 4 and 5 minutes with two pressing temperatures of 170 and 180ᴼ c and four compositions of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75%, kenaf core fibers with bagasse fibers. Other factors, such as resin consumption (10% based on dry material of the board) and press pressure (25 kg/cm² ), were considered as fixed factors. A total of 48 laboratory boards with three replications were produced for each treatment. Physical tests included measurement of water absorption and thickness shrinkage after 2 and 24 hours of immersion in water. Bending strength, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding were also evaluated. The results were analyzed based on a complete randomized design within the framework of a factorial experiment by SPSS software. Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare mean values. Results: The results showed that the bending strength improved with increasing temperature and pressing time. Moreover, increasing the amount of hemp fiber in the composition of the raw material improved the bending strength, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding of the boards. The amount of water absorption and the increase in the length of the thickness of 2 and 24 hours of the boards also decreased with the increase of the pressing temperature, pressing time and the amount of hemp in the composition of the raw material. Conclusion: In general, it is concluded that hemp-core fibers can be used in combination with bagasse fibers to make particleboards with acceptable physical and mechanical properties. Also, the use of bagasse fibers in small quantity in the composition of raw materials make it possible to obtain boards of superior quality. However, a higher amount leads to a decrease in the physical and mechanical properties of the boards. Therefore, hemp-core lignocellulosic fibers in combination with bagasse fibers can be used as suitable raw materials in the particleboard industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Principles of green chemistry in the production of products to reduce and eliminate environmental pollutants can introduce products such as nano-gels as environmentally friendly and biodegradable adsorbents. Freshwater supply is one of the most important goals in improving the infrastructure of aquaculture and industry due to repeated droughts. For this reason, wastewater treatment and reuse can be a suitable way to meet the country's water needs. The purpose of this research was to use herbal nano-gels from agricultural waste (bagasse) to remove phosphate from wastewater treatment. First, the bagasse nano gels were prepared by a mechanical and a top-down mechanism. Optimal values were calculated for each parameter. The optimum amount of dosage, pH, concentration, time was determined 0.2 g, 0.3 g for nano-gel, 5, 100 mg/l, 30 minutes. According to the equations, the adsorption isotherm was the most consistent with the Langmuir model and Temkin and Pseudo-second-order. The results showed that bagasse nano-hydrogels can remove phosphate by less than 0.5 mg/l.

In this study, the strength properties of plastic wood nanocomposite produced using 5 levels of cellulosic residues (bagasse, corn stalk, rice straw, sunflower and canola stem), three levels of nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, nano silica, nanoclay) and urban polymer wastes (PP polypropylene and HDPE, etc.) were investigated. In order to chemically bind the wood / polymer fiber composites, chemicals and reinforcement, coupling agent was used. Extruders and hot presses were used to fabricate the composites. The mechanical properties and bonding strength of the composites were measured using relavent DIN test methods. The results showed that the use of HDPE polymer wastes increased tensile strength, flexural modulus and impact resistance compared to polypropylene wastes. Regarding the use of agricultural residues in the production of wood-plastic composites, in general, the results have shown that the addition of agricultural residues in several types of plastic wood has significantly improved the bending and tensile properties. Among them, the bagasse has a significant advantage over other lignosullose materials. The use of polymer waste and agricultural residues and using nano-silica has shown the best results in strength properties. In general, the results have shown that the use of agricultural fiber residues as reinforcement in plastic woodcomposites improved the expected mechanical properties.

Chemical and biological treatment of dye- containing wastewaters is difficult due to the low adsorption level and chemical stability of dyes. Activated carbon is usually used for adsorption of these materials, but because of high prices and restore problems, researchers trying to find available low-cost materials with high adsorption. In this study, bagasse was used for adsorption of Remzol Black B dye and its capability was examined. Variables were concentration, temperature, pH and contact time, and the degree of adsorption was examined in different situations. Then, adsorption isotherm according to Langmuir and Freundlich models was investigated. The results showed that the adsorption efficiency depends more on pH of solution and less on temperature of the solution. Maximum adsorption of Remzol Black B dye by bagasse occurred in the first 15 minutes of contact. The study of adsorption isotherm showed that both models are suitable for description of adsorption of Remzol Black B dye by bagasse. Maximum adsorption of Remzol Black B dye by bagasse was calculated as 7.51 mg/g. Results of this study showed that bagasse could be used as a low-cost bio adsorbent for the adsorption of Remzol Black B from aqueous solution.

In this study, the strength properties of plastic wood nanocomposite produced using 5 levels of cellulosic residues (bagasse, corn stalk, rice straw, sunflower and canola stem), three levels of nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, nano silica, nanoclay) and urban polymer wastes (PP polypropylene and HDPE, etc.) were investigated. In order to chemically bind the wood / polymer fiber composites, chemicals and reinforcement, coupling agent was used. Extruders and hot presses were used to fabricate the composites. The mechanical properties and bonding strength of the composites were measured using relavent DIN test methods. The results showed that the use of HDPE polymer wastes increased tensile strength, flexural modulus and impact resistance compared to polypropylene wastes. Regarding the use of agricultural residues in the production of wood-plastic composites, in general, the results have shown that the addition of agricultural residues in several types of plastic wood has significantly improved the bending and tensile properties. Among them, the bagasse has a significant advantage over other lignosullose materials. The use of polymer waste and agricultural residues and using nano-silica has shown the best results in strength properties. In general, the results have shown that the use of agricultural fiber residues as reinforcement in plastic woodcomposites improved the expected mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical and biological treatment of dye- containing wastewaters is difficult due to the low adsorption level and chemical stability of dyes. Activated carbon is usually used for adsorption of these materials, but because of high prices and restore problems, researchers trying to find available low-cost materials with high adsorption. In this study, bagasse was used for adsorption of Acid Grange7 dye and its capability was examined. Variables were concentration, temperature, pH and contact time, and the degree of adsorption was examined in different situations. Then, adsorption isotherm according to Langmuir and Freundlich models was investigated. The results showed that the adsorption efficiency depends more on pH of solution and less on temperature of the solution. Maximum adsorption of Acid Orange7 dye by bagasse occurred in the first 15 minutes of contact. The study of adsorption isotherm showed that both models are suitable for description of adsorption of Acid Orange7 dye by bagasse. Maximum adsorption of Acid Orange7 dye by bagasse was calculated as 18.56 mg/g. Results of this study showed that bagasse could be used as a low-cost bio adsorbent for the adsorption of Acid Orange7 from aqueous solution.

Today, to reduce the risks of contaminants, new remediation techniques have been focused on low-cost and environmentally friendly manners. Given the frequency of access, inexpensiveness and good physical and chemical properties, biochar has a high potential for the remediation of water pollutants. In this paper, the efficiency of chitosan engineered biochar (Bc-Ch) and pristine biochar (Bg-Bc) prepared from sugarcane bagasse biomass (Bg) in the Cd2+ removal in aqueous solution was investigated. To this aim, the effects of contact time, adsorbent dosage and solution pH on cadmium removal were evaluated by adsorption isotherms and Kinetic models. The results indicated that the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model could be well fitted with the process of cadmium biosorption. The maximum adsorption capacities of Bc-Ch, Bg-Bc and Bg ,according to Langmuir model, were found to be 32/78 mg/g, 11/57 mg/g and 2/23 mg/g, respectively. For these absorbents, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model showed the best fit to the experimental adsorption data. This study, therefore, indicated that the chitosan engineered biochar could be used as an effective, low-cost, and environmentally-friendly sorbent to remediate heavy metals contamination in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was accomplished on the effects of total chlorine free (TCF) and elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching on optical and mechanical properties of bagasse soda pulps. For this purpose, some unbleached bagasse soda pulps were randomly selected from Ahvaz Pars industry. Then these pulps were bleached with one, two and three P, OP, OPY, O(Ep)P, EHP and O(Ep)H bleaching stages by using oxygen(O) hydrogen peroxide(P), alkali extraction with hydrogen peroxide(Ep), sodium hypochlorite(H) and sodium dithionite(Y). The hand sheets with 70 gr/m2 were prepared from above-mentioned of pulps, and then the optical and mechanical properties were measured and compared according by using TAPPI standard test methods. The results showed that brightness, greenness, tear (except EHP stages), tensile, burst, breaking length strengths and folds were increased and opacity and a* factor were decreased by ECF and TCF bleaching stages. The effects of TCF bleaching stages were more sensible than ECF bleaching stages in improve of bagasse soda properties, too. In general, role of three OPY and O(Ep)H stages and two OP bleaching stages were better than EH(control) stage and unbleached bagasse soda pulps mill in improve of brightness and its paper strengths, too.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of natural weathering induced by critical climate conditions on quality of sugarcane bagasse lignocellulosic material in Pars factory. The experimental samples selected from fresh and also stored bagasse for durations of 6 months, 1, 2 and 5 years, were used. The mechanical and the chemical properties as well the color variations were measured on taken samples. The results showed that the long storage durations of bagasse significantly decreased the quality of row materials observed in hand sheet tensile and fold strengths. The results illustrated that the amount of Lignin and extractives increased (44 % in lignin and 32% in extractives amount respectively) and also decrease in amount of cellulose and hemicellulose was found (10% for cellulose and 43% for hemicellulose) during 5 years storage in yard. According to the results, there was an obvious difference in L and a color index of 5 years old bagasse in comparing with those of fresh bagasse. Finally it can be drawn that the use of discorded and weathered bagasse could cause the loss in the final products quality which means more chemical treatment for bleaching and more using long fiber in paper making process.

In this research, different additives of cellulose nanofibers, cationic starch and polyacrylamide to bagasse pulp and their impact on the handsheet strengths were investigated aiming to replace with imported long-fiber softwood pulp in Pars paper factory. For this purpose, first 3% bleached bagasse cellulose nanofibers, 3% unbleached nano-lignocellulosic fibers, 0.5, 0.7 and 1% cationic starch, and 0.03, 0.05 and 0.1% cationic polyacrylamide were added separately to bagasse pulp. In the next stage,3% bleached bagasse cellulose nanofibers and 3% unbleached nano-lignocellulosic fibers along with 0.5% cationic starch or 0.05% cationic polyacrylamide were used. The results showed, adding nano-cellulose fibers along with cationic polyacrylamide or starch have increased handsheet strengths significantly. Yet, the best treatment was the addition of 3% nano-lignocellulose along with 0.5% cationic starch which resulted in the higher tensile and burst strengths and lower tear and fold strengths than that of adding 12.5% long fibers to bagasse pulp. So that, comparing with paper made from pure bagasse pulp it showed the increase of 16.57% in tensile index, 8.47% in burst index, 9.77% in tear index, and 168.85% in folding strength.

In recent years, the main objective of developing new hydrogel systems has been to convert biomass into environmentally-friendly hydrogels. Hybrid hydrogels are usually prepared by graft copolymerization of acrylic monomers onto natural polymers or biomass. In this study, sugarcane bagasse was used to prepare semi-synthetic hybrid hydrogels without delignification, which is a costly and timeconsuming process. Sugarcane bagasse as a source of polysaccharide was modified using polymer microgels based on acrylic monomers such as acrylic acid, acrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid which were prepared through inverse emulsion polymerization. By this process, biomass as a low-value by-product was converted into a valuable semi-synthetic hydrogel. In the following, the effect of latex type¸ the aqueous-to-organic phase ratio in the polymer latex, time and temperature of modification reaction on the swelling capacity of the hybrid hydrogel were evaluated. The chemical reaction between sugarcane bagasse and acrylic latex was carried out during heating of the modified bagasse which led to obtain a semisynthetic hydrogel with 60% natural components and 40% synthetic components. Among the latexes with different structures, poly(AA-NaAA-AM-AMPS) was the most suitable polymer latex for the conversion of biomass into hydrogel. The bagasse modified with this latex had a water absorption capacity up to 112 g/g, while the water absorption capacity of primary sugarcane bagasse was only equal to 3.6 g/g. The prepared polymer hydrogels were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and determination of the amount of swelling capacity.

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), one of the most important cellulose derivatives, is widely and increasingly used in industries as emulsifier, stabilizer, disperser, thickener, and gelling agent. The main raw material of the cellulose derivative is cellulose from wood and cotton linter. However, lack of the fiber resources, especially in Iran, gradually grown interest on other available fiber resources such as agricultural waste and recycled fibers, as alternative cellulose resources. Bagasse pulp as a non-wood fiber and mixed office wastepaper deinked pulp as a recycled fiber were carboxymethylated in aqueous alkaline medium using mono chloro acetic acid (MCA) as etherifying agent under identical conditions. Then, this paper explores the production feasibility of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) from the unusual pulps combined with the comparison. The chemical composition of the pulps were determined; include α-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extractives and ash content, water retention value, intrinsic viscosity, carboxyl group and pH. α-cellulose content as the most important character of the derivatization was 84.66% in DIP and 71.33% in bagasse pulp. DIP non-polysaccharide compound (lignin, Ext. and ash) was 5.92% compared to 2.36% for bagasse pulp. Cellulose carboxymethylated were done and the degree of substitution (DS), viscosity, purity, pH and yield of the prepared CMC was also determined and found to be dependent upon the source of the cellulose pulp. Viscosity and purity were higher in CMC produced from DIP (981 cPs and 93%, resp.) compared to the bagasse pulp (680 cPs and 87.33% resp.), which is attributed to its originally higher α-cellulose content. Yield and D.S were higher in CMC prepared from bagasse (168.8% and 0.57 resp.) compared to DIP (155% and 0.45 resp.), which are originated from lower crystallinity and molecular mass compound in bagasse, resulted in higher substitution of carboxymethyl groups.

In order to investigate the performance of sugarcane bagasse in the removal of nitrate from effluent subsurface drainage water, a study was conducted at the physical models laboratory of Water Sciences Engineering Faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, in the summer of 2013 till the summer of 2014. A physical model with the dimensions of , which simulated the drainage trench, was utilized in this experiment. Bagasse combined with soil by 3:7 volume ratio, the combination installed as a filter besides the drainage pipe. In this study, the influent nitrate concentration was 160 mg.L-1. Influent nitrate flow was continues. At first, every two days, and then every four days the drainage pipe was sampled. Input and output drainage model solution sampled with plastic bottles. Then some parameters like Nitrate, NH4, PH and EC measured. The presence of bagasse as a carbon material in the soil caused the amount of nitrate to reduce from 160 milligrams per liter to 60 milligrams per liter; a reduction of nearly more than 60 percent. The amount of ammonium increased very little in this study. The use of sugar cane bagasse as a filter drainage, reduces the acidity of the drainage outlet. It had no effect on the electrical conductivity. Physical model results show that the clogging of the filter in this period was relatively low and carbon filter had good performance. At first, the water output velocity was high but it decreased by time. According to analytics, the difference between input and output parameters in level of five percent were significant for acidity and electrical conductivity.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of storage time on the color and chemical compounds of bagasse particleboard made. For this purpose, the three levels of stored and fresh bagasse from karoon particleboard Company were used. In addition, the chemical compositions were determined according to the TAPPI test methods and also biometrical (slenderness ratio) was done using the fiber dimension measured by Franklin method. The results showed that the amount of lignin was different in the stored samples at three levels, but the difference in the amount of cellulose and extractive was not observed. The results illustrated that the color changes in the stored bagasse were more than fresh sample. Identification of the microorganisms in stored samples was done and results showed that most of microorganisms were bacteria and yeast. The results showed that the storage time can significantly effect the color and physical properties of stored bagasse.

In this study, the structure of Soda (soluble fraction in ethanol) and Dioxane lignins of bagasse were studied by using derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) method and some techniques including gel permeation chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the results were compared. These comparative results show that the main monomeric compounds are obtained from the cleavage of β-O-4 bonds of lignins. The components obtained from Dioxane lignin and Soda lignin are guaiacyl, syringyl and p-hydroxyphenyl structures with different proportions. However, some differences have been observed in both lignins, including a variety of structural units in Dioxane lignin is greater than Soda lignin. In other words, soda lignin degradation and the structural components has become closer together and are more uniform structures. The average molecular weight of Dioxane lignin, is greater than Soda lignin, which is due to Soda lignin wide chemical degradation during industrial pulping processes and therefore it has less dense structure. These observations indicate that a mild method for lignin separation from a lignocellulosic material caused less damage and changes in lignin structure. Therefore, in structural studies, Dioxane lignin can actually be used as an appropriate representative of the lignin.

The effect of old corrugated container (OCC) powder as Urea Formaldehyde resin (UF) filler on the properties of medium density fiberboard (MDF) prepared ​​from bagasse fibers and waste MDF was investigated. The variables in this research were the ratio of UF resin powder to OCC (at five levels; 100:0, 5/5:1/98, 97:3, 5/5:4/95, and 94:6) and the ratio of bagasse fibers to waste MDF at five level; 100:0, 98:2, 96:4, 94:6 and 92:8).The constant variable in all treatments were 6 mm/min. press closing time and 150°Cpress temperature. Thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA) after 24h, modulus of elasticity (MOR), modulus of rupture (MOE) and internal bonding (IB)) of panels were measured according to EN standard and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. The results showed that OCC powder and MDF waste had significant effect on the bending strength and modulus of elasticity. An increase in OCC improved the internal bonding (IB) while IB was reduced by increasing of MDF waste. Minimum water absorption was found in panels with the maximum waste MDF. This means that the panels with 8 percent waste MDF had the least water absorption. Moreover, the panels with highest content of waste MDF had the least thickness swelling. No significant difference was found between the effects of various OCC powder content on the physical.

In this research, the influence of paper drying condition, as one of the most important variable in paper recycling, on the characteristics of fibers was studied. In this respect, bagasse soda pulp was collected from Pars Paper mill in Khozestan province and handsheets were made. The control hand sheet samples were dried at room temperature and the rest of the handsheets were dried using drum dryer set at 60° C for 3 hours, 100° C for 50 minutes and 120° C for 25 minutes to reach the same moisture content as the sheets dried at room temperature. Then, these handsheets were slushed in water and the pulp properties were determined. The results showed that with increasing the drying temperature, cellulose content did not change while hemicelluloses were reduced. Although the assessment of changing the lignin content with micro kappa method showed an increasing trend, but based on previous literature, it was concluded that the result are not justified. Also, the results indicated that changing the degree of polymerization and crystallinity did not show a consistent trend, showing initial reduction following by increased values. These results were attributed to interaction effect of drying temperature and time.

Pre-extraction of hemicelluloses prior to pulping allows co-production of pulp and different hemicellulose-based chemicals in the chemical pulp mills. Due to important impact of hemicelluloses on pulp properties, their pre-extraction would be carried out in controlled conditions to minimize adverse effects on pulp properties. In this study, we focused on the effect of dilute acid pre-extraction on soda pulping and paper properties of bagasse to determine the optimum conditions for hemicelluloses extraction. The pre-extracted with dilute sulfuric acid was performed with 1, 2 and 4% of sulfuric acid concentration (w/v), liquid-to- solid ratio of 5, at 120, and 140 and 160 °C for 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Then, untreated and treated bagasse at selected condition were used to produce soda pulp with 11, 14 and 17% active alkali and then the selected pulps were bleached in ECF sequence. The pre-extraction results showed that dilute acid pre-extraction by 1% H2SO4, at 120 oC for 60 minute provided the best results regarding to extraction yield and residual holocellulose. However, screen yield, bleaching yield, tensile and burst strengths of obtained pulp from extracted bagasse were significantly lower than that obtained from unextracted bagasse, presumably due to considerable extraction of hemicelluloses.

This research was carried out with the aim of determining dielectric properties of bagasse unbleached soda pulp, long fiber kraft pulp and a mixture of both (20% kraft + 80% bagasse soda).The hand-sheets with 60 g/m2 basis weight were made after adjusting the freeness of pulps at levels of 200 ± 25 ml and 400± 25 ml and dried under mild condition around zero moisture content. Then the impregnation processes were carried out with mineral oil under vacuum at certain temperature. Finally the dielectric properties of impregnated papers including capacitance, insulation resistance, dielectric constant, and loss tangent were measured. The results showed that the refining give rise to enhance the dielectric properties in particular capacitance value. The dielectric properties of oil impregnated paper also increased. According to the preliminary results, unbleached soda bagasse pulp and its mixture with kraft pulp (20% Kraft -80% bagasse soda) found to be the suitable alternative with respect of dielectric applications for replacing kraft pulp, providing successful performance of the aging test.

Wood plastic composites (WPCs) are produced from a mixture of wood (in different sizes) and resin (thermoset or thermoplastic). This product has many applications as structural and non-structural materials and since its emerge in market its use received an increasing trend. Adding wood flour to polymer not only improves its mechanical properties compared to net polymer, but also leads to products with moldability characteristics. With increasing demand of WPCs and reduction in forest harvest according to new protecting law of forestry, and lack of raw materials for producers, other lignocelluloses materials replace wood flour. Agricultural by-products such as hemp, coir, rice husk and bagasse (residual from sugar cane extraction) are the examples that can be used in WPCs. As the outdoor application of Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) becomes more widespread, the resistance of its products against weathering, particularly ultraviolet (UV) light becomes more concerned. When WPCs are exposed to outdoor, ultraviolet (UV) light, rain, snow and atmospheric pollution, they will be degraded which is marked by color fade and loss in mechanical properties. Nowadays many manufactures of WPCs use bagasse as a raw material. Their production in different color and shapes are used as arbors and pergolas and also as decorative applications for outdoor uses. However, so far there has been no research done on the effects of weathering on composites made from bagasse. In present study, composites from bagasse and high density polyethylene, with and without pigments in master batch, have been made through extrusion. Then samples were exposed to accelerated weathering for 1440h. After this period of time samples were removed and their chemical, mechanical and surface qualities were studied. The results have shown that using bagasse as filler can relatively reduce the discoloration of weathered samples. Moreover, adding pigments to WPCs can increase colorstability, while it would cause higher loss in mechanical properties.

This study focused on the properties of alkaline pulp obtained from the soda pulping of pre-extracted bagasse and the effects of dry strength polymers on mechanical properties of paper in comparison to a paper obtained from nonextracted bagasse. Hot-water pre-extraction was carried out at 135°C for 30 min. Consequently, soda pulping and ECF bleaching were performed on pre-extracted and un-extracted bagasse, under similar conditions. It was found that pre-extraction of about 50% of hemicelloluse of the bagasse decreased total pulping yield, kappa number and increased bleachability of pulps and resulted in a significant loss in tensile and burst strengths of hand-sheets. Then, reinforcing effect of the pulps with chitosan and cationic starch applied in the wet-end were investigated. The results obtained with suitable amounts of chitosan and cationic starch were encouraging, because comparable strengths were obtained from pre-extracted and un-extracted bleached soda bagasse pulps with 1% chitosan and 1.5% cationic starch. According to the results, drop in paper strength due to hemicellulose pre-extraction of the bagasse could be compensated using suitable dry strength polymer. E Effect of Cationic Starch and Chitosan on Dry Strength of Bleached Soda Pulps Made of Pre-Extracted and Non-Extracted Bagasse Zeinab Khorasani 1, Yahya Hamzeh1*, Alireza Ashori2, and Mohammad Azadfallah 1 1. Faculty of Natural Resources, Department of Wood and Paper Sciences and Technology, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 31585-4314, Karaj, Iran 2. Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), P.O. Box: 15815-3538, Tehran, Iran Received 2 April 2012, accepted 17 December 2012

Acoustic properties of composite boards made out of bagasse were studied in this research. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) and melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) adhesives were used to produce homogeneous as well as three-layered insulating boards with three densities of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g/cm3. The sound absorption coefficient of experimental was measured at five frequencies of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. Results have indicated that the sound absorption coefficient increases as the frequency is increased up to 2000 Hz; further increase in the frequency resulted in decrease in the coefficient. Two type of resins UF and MUF didn't show significant difference in sound absorption. Boards with lower density absorbed less at lower frequencies; however, increase in the density of the boards resulted in the increase in their sound absorption. Furthermore, layered boards resulted in more sound absorption coefficients at lowest frequency of 250 Hz. Higher frequencies, though, have shown more absorption coefficient. It can be concluded that composite boards made of bagasse can be recommended for production of insulating or sound-proof boards

The characteristics of five common varieties of sugarcane cultivated in the southern Iran, including cp57-614, sp70-1143, cp69-106, cp48-103, and nco310 were evaluated. The characteristics measured were fiber dimension, papermaking coefficients, fiber yield, density and chemical component. cp69-106 revealed the longest fiber with the average length of 1.55 mm whereas cp57-614 had the shortest fiber with average length of 1.39 mm. The cp48-103 and cp69-106 were ranked as having the widest and narrowest fiber diameter as 25.38 and 20.42 micron respectively. The measurement of the density at 12% moisture content showed that sp70-1143 with 0.35g/cm-3 provide the highest value and the cp57-614 possessed the lowest density measured at 0.17g.cm-3. There existed statistically significant differences among other fiber characteristics and papermaking coefficients. In general, the result indicated that cp69-106 provides the optimal characteristics in comparison with the other varieties based on papermaking specifications.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of various concentrations of sodium hydroxide and treatment times on the properties of bagasse and Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoids) cold soda pulp and paper. The cold soda pulp was prepared using various concentrations of sodium hydroxide (5, 10, 15% based on oven dry weight), different treatment times (20, 40, 60 min.), and constant liquor to wood ratio of 10:1 at 25 ºC and atmospheric pressure. The pulp prepared after 40 min treatment time was selected and refined to the freeness of 400 ml CSF. Analysis of the properties of hand sheets was conducted based on completely randomized design. Duncan multiple range grouping test was used to classify the properties of papers. The results indicated that, the yield of pulp obtained from Eastern cottonwoodand bagasse pulp varied between 86.54% to 94.52% and 70.65 to 87.32% respectively. The absorbed alkali was varied from 2.15% to 4.78 % for Eastern cottonwood and 3.06% to 6.80% for bagasse. Eastern cottonwood had the highest yield, thickness and strength properties whereas the highest absorbed alkali and paper density were observed in bagasse. It was observed that as the concentration of sodium hydroxide was increased from 5% to 15%, the yield of pulp and the thickness of paper decreased, while the absorbed alkali, density and the strength properties of paper increased. In general, the cold soda pulp from Eastern cottonwood provided higher quality compared with bagasse under the same pulping conditions.

Preparation and pre-treatment of raw material influences the pulp production time and color elimination. Pulp consistency during the treatment also influences the color reaction. In the preparation of the APMP pulp, bagasse was pretreated by either boiling water, 1% NaOH as well as 1% NaOH + 1% H2O2. The liquor to bagasse ratio, treatment time and temperature of alkaline peroxide treatment were constant as 10:1, 30 min, and 70 °C respectively. The treatment duration was determined so that at least five percent of the initial hydrogen peroxide remained at the end of chemical treatment. Characteristics of hand sheets were determined according to the TAPPI standard. The results showed that, the duration of the treatment for pulp consistency of 10, 15 and 20% was 50, 30 and 10 minute, for sample pretreated with boiling water and 290, 230 and 170 minute for the sample pretreated with 1% NaOH + 1% H2O2. The highest brightness of the paper reached with bagasse pretreated in boiling water at 20 % consistency.

In this study the possibility of bagasse fiber usage in Fiber-Cement Composite (FCC) manufacturing, was investigated. Two load of bagasse fiber (%4, 10), three level of calcium chloride as facilitator (5, 7.5 and 10 percent per dry weight of cement) and two type of Portland cement (type II and V) were considered as variables (12 treatments). There were three replicates for each treatment, thus 36 experimental board were manufactured totally. The physical and mechanical properties of experimental specimens were investigated and results analyzed by SPSS software as fully randomized factorial model. As results indicated, there was no significant different between cement type II and V in physical and mechanical properties. The increased loads of calcium chloride caused a striking reduction in mechanical properties and increased water absorption amounts. The best bending strength, modulus of elasticity, IB and minimum thickness swelling were reported in treatment with 4% fibers, 7.5% calcium chloride and type II cement.

In this research the physical and mechanical properties of 3-layer particleboard manufactured by bagasse and forest wood particles have been studied. The amount of raw material and the type of adhesive were variation factors. First the effect of raw material on physical and mechanical properties has been evaluated in the six treatments. 60-40% and 80-40% treatments (bagasse-wood particles), regarding to bending strength, modulus of elasticity, internal bending strength, water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 & 24 hours soaking in water, have been selected as optimum treatments. Then the effect of types of adhesive on optimum treatments has been evaluated. The achieved results show that the particleboards manufactured by isocyanate adhesive have the highest MOE and lowest water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 & 24 hours soaking in water. In this research, according to the results of analysis of variance and the interception effect of raw material and type of adhesive on physical & mechanical properties of particleboards, 80-20% treatment (bagasse-wood particles) with isocyanate adhesive have been selected as preferable treatment

"nBackground and Objectives: Fluoride is widely used in industries such as manufacture of semiconductors, power plants, glass production etc and release to the environment via their effluents. The purpose of this sturdy was to compare the efficiency of low price adsorbents in fluoride removal from water."nMaterials and Methods: The optimum values of pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage were determined and different concentrations of fluoride were experimented in lab scale conditions for bagasse, modified bagasse and chitosan. Then Langmuir and Freundlich coefficient were determined based on optimum conditions."nResults: The pH value of 7, contact time of 60 min and adsorbent dosage of 2 g/L were determined as optimum conditions for all three adsorbents. The most fluoride removal efficiency of 91% was obtained for modified bagasse in optimum conditions."nConclusion: Based on data obtained in this study, it can be concluded that adsorption by modified bagasse is an efficient and reliable method for fluoride removal from liquid solutions.

Bagasse pulping process was conducted using soda liquor in five maximum cooking temperatures, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 degree centigrade. To evaluate rate equations of delignification reaction in each temperature, pulping was done in the same alkali and liquor to bagasse ratio but varying cooking times and the results were presented in the form of rate equations with respect to residual lignin concentration in the pulp. The rate equations revealed that delignification reaction rate of bagasse depends both on cooking temperature and residual lignin concentration. The order of rate equation in higher temperatures is far higher than those in low temperatures and due to this, reaction rate in high temperatures is more dependent on residual lignin concentration and far than the rate reaction in lower temperatures. With reaction progressing, the difference between the two rate reactions is reduced and after one point it will be reversed. Using experimental data, the order of delignification reaction rate in temperatures 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160ْC were obtained as 4.6, 4.6, 5.5, 22.8 and 22.7 respectively. The rate constants were also calculated as 1.3×10-5 conc.-3.6 min.-1, 1.1×10-4 conc.-3.6 min.-1, 7.2×10-5 conc.-4.5 min.-1, 6.2×10-10 conc.-21.8 min.-1, 4.0×10-11 conc.-21.7 min.-1, respectively.

The effect of using commercial xylanase enzyme in prebleaching of bagasse kraft pulp was investigated. Xylanase enzyme from Trichoderma viride was added to pulp at various doses of 10, 25 and 50 IU/g pulp for reaction time 2h and then the enzyme treated pulp was bleached in ADED sequences (Acid sulfuric +Dioxide chlorine 4, 6, 8, 10% + Alkaline extraction + Dioxide chlorine 2% as available chlorine). The results have shown that with increased dioxide chlorine in D1 bleaching sequence, final brightness of bleached pulp was increased significantly (P

The influence of pulping temperature and time on strength properties of bagasse soda pulp was investigated. Two cooking temperatures)175ْC,185 ْC (and three cooking times (20,30,40 minutes) were selected .The other variables were kept constant at 18 % NaOH and l/w=8. Tensile strength, tear strength index and folding endurance of hand sheets measured . Factorial experiment and randomized block design was used for statistical analysis and DMRT was used for grouping the means. The results indicate that, application of intermediate cooking intensity produced better pulp than more intense pulping at highest pulping time and temperature. However, more intense pulping produced better folding endurance and pulp prepared at 30 minutes cooking time showed better folding endurance than pulp produced at 20 minutes. The highest tear index was obtain at 185 ْC and 20minutes and lowest at 185ْC and 40 minutes. Results indicate that undamaged fibers will product highest tear index. The highest folding endurance was produced at 175 ْC and 30 minutes and the lowest at 185ْC and 30 minutes .Increasing pulping time reduced tensile index and the highest and lowest tensile index obtained at 20 and 40 minutes pulping time respectively.

In this study, for optimum using of agriculture residual and high density spices with a little consumption in the particleboard, the possibility of Haloxylon sp. use of the desert regions’ of Kerman and Bagasse available in the sugar came fields of Khuzestan province was investigated. For this purpose of above mentioned raw materials with differente mixture percentage and with change effective agents in uniform particleboard such as particle moisture and press time, samples were made, and then were investigated mechanical and physical properties. For assessing the physical properties such as water absorption and mechanical properties such as rupture modulus, elasticity modulus and internal bonding were used according to the ASTM D-1037 standard. Results of this study showed that with increase amounts of Haloxylon sp. to 40%, rupture modulus and elasticity modulus increased and a great amount cause these strengths decreased. Also with increasing Haloxylon sp. amount to 60%, internal bonding values of boards increased and after this amount internal bonding decreased. With increased Haloxylon to 40%, water absorption in 2 & 24 hours decreased and then increased. Uniform particleboard rupture and elasticity modulus with increasing particle moisture to12% increased and then decreased. The Internal bonding with increasing moisture decreased. Optimum amount of moisture for absorption in 2 & 24 hours was 12%. The best press time for total strength in this study was 6 minutes

In this research, the possibility of using lignocellulosic fibers with polypropylene was studied. Three weight percentages of bagasse flour namely 40, 55 and 70 percent were chosen. MAPP was used as coupling agent at two weight percentages namely 4 and 6 percent. Bending strength was measured applying Instron 6025. Fracture surface was stadied using SEM to evaluate the interface between plastic and fiber. The results showed that with increasing bagasse, stress and work at yield point of bending was decreased and modulus of bending was increased. Also, increasing coupling agent resulted in improving stress, modulus and work at yield point of bending. SEM results showed that with increasing coupling agent, interface between plastic and bagasse fibers was improved.

In this study, in order to gain the best Particleboard made of production, the effect of three factors, resin content, hardener content, and press time on the static bending strength, Internal board, water absorption, and thickness swelling after 2, and 24 hrs. Immersion in water of boards mades are studied. 54 boards were made and after measuring of their physical and mechanical, the results was analyzed with using the factorial completely randomize design.The results show that increasing resin content causes better quality of properties of boards such as bending strength, Internal bound, and dimensional stability.Increasing of press time from 5 to 5.5 min. Causes better bending strength, Internal board and dimensional stability of boards where, with increasing of press time from 5.5 to 6 min are observed that all of the mechanical properties of boards were reduced.Totally speaking, it can be noted that changing of bending properties, internal bound, water absorption, and thickness swelling after 2, and 24 hrs. Immersion in water of boards made show that optimum condition are 11% resin, 2% hardener, and 5.5 min press time for making particle board made of Bagasse.

In this study, MDF was produced from wet depicting Bagasse in three steaming time of 5, 10 and 15 minutes and in two steaming temperatures of 170°C and 180°C. There were 6 treatment conditions by combination of the above factors and three replications for each combination which resulted in producing 18 boards.The anatomical and chemical properties of Bagasse and also the physical and mechanical properties of MDF such as MOR, MOE, IB and swelling thickness after 2 and 24 hours were studied.Fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen cell diameter, and cell wall thickness were respectively measured 1.24 mm 22.90m., 12.48 m and 5.28m cellulose, lignin, extractives, and ash contents were 53.68%, 20.44%, 0.96% and 1.14% respectively.The measurement of MOR, MOE, IB and SW (after 2 and 24 hours) of the MDF revealed that the proper condition is obtained at the steaming temperature of 170°C and the steaming time of 5 minutes. The properties in the above-mentioned conditions were measured 12.22Mpa, 1370 Mpa, 0.13 Mpa, 47.11% and 52.22% respectively.

In this study, the effect of board type, press time and resin content on the strength of particleboard have been evaluated. The boards made for this study contained bagasse and logging residues of Eucalyptus wood particles at a 50 to 50 ratio and employed Urea formaldehyde (UF) resin as the binder. Variable factors are as follows:- type of board; single layer, three layer- press time; 5 , 6 , 7 , minutes- resin content; 9 , 10 , 11 percentThree boards' were manufactured for each combination of variables. Samples of all the boards made were tested by the methods described in DIN 68763 standard to obtain mean values of bending strength, and internal bond strength (LB). In addition samples of each type of board were tested for thickness swelling after immersion in water for 2 hours and 24 hours respectively.The results of this study show clearly that three layer particleboard has significantly higher bending strength than single layer, but single layer boards have better properties from the physical aspect. Increasing the content of U.F resin from 9 per cent to 10 per cent was found to reduce the thickness swelling, and tended to improve the strength properties of the board, in both single layer and three layer boards. Press time has significant effect on bending strength and I.B Highest MOR and MOE were observed on three layer board pressed for 7 minutes.

In order to investigate the possibility of utilizing bagasse in high yield pulping, CMP and CTMP pulp from bagasse was compared.APMP pulping process was also investigated. Bagasse fiber length, diameter, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness was measured at 1166mm, 19.63 mLm,7.47 mLm, and 6.09 mLm respectively. Chemical composition was as follow: cellulose 553 %, lignin 20.5 %, ash 1.98% and extractive 2.9 %.The results and comparison of CMP and CTMP pulp are as follow: CTMP pulp yield was 3-4% higher than CMP pulp and the highest CTMP pulp at 80.7% was obtained at 15% NaOH application and 15 minutes chemical treatment time.Breaking length of both pulp was almost equal, but the burst index of CMP pulp was higher and the tear index was lower than CTMP. The highest breaking length of 3.85Kmwas obtained at 15% NaOH and 10 minutes, highest burst index of 4.81 KPa.m2/grat 20% NaOH and 20 minutes and highest tear index at 6.87 mN.m2/grat 15% NaOH and 15 minutes treatment time. Various treatments in APMP pulping reveald the following results: - Two stage pulping yield was almost 6% higher than one stage pulping and addition of H2O2 did not significant improve the yield.- The highest breaking length was related and two stage pulping. But addition of H2O2 in last stage and the lowest breaking length was related and two stage pulping with split application both NaOH and H202.- Even though two stage pulping with the addition of H2O2 in one stage produced highest burst index, but lowest burst index was with the CMP pulps.- Addition of DTPA produced highest brightness and opacity.