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Background and Objective: Pain and disabilities in the musculoskeletal system can lead to reduced productivity and job turnover. The present study aimed to assess the role of posture, as well as job satisfaction and individual factors, in causing musculoskeletal pain and disabilities among urban bus drivers. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 130 bus drivers from Hamadan were investigated using a census method. Standardized questionnaires were employed to assess musculoskeletal disorders and job satisfaction. In addition, posture evaluation was conducted using the RULA. Finally, the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 24) using T-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson correlations. Results: The highest and lowest frequencies of pain in the past year were related to the back (72.3%; n=94) and ankle (3.8%; n=5), respectively. The mean body posture scores for the left and right sides of drivers’ bodies were 5.85±1.14 and 6.06±1.05, respectively. The intensity of pain and disability in the musculoskeletal system had a direct relationship with age, work history, body mass index, and posture score, and an inverse relationship with the mean of sleep hours, exercise, and job satisfaction (P

Background and Objective: Bus drivers are exposed to harmful agents such as noise and vibration, which may increase the level of job stress among them. This study aimed to evaluate job stress among urban bus drivers concerning daily noise and vibration exposure. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 103 urban bus drivers in Hamadan in 2020. The drivers' exposure to noise and vibration was measured using Svan 104 and Svan 106, respectively. Their job stress was measured through the Phillippe L. Rice questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 24). Results: The mean exposure of drivers to noise was 79.50 ± 3.51 dB. Their exposure levels to whole-body vibrations (WBV) and hand-arm vibrations (HAV) were 0.62 ± 0.16 and 0.44 ± 0.06 m/s2, respectively. Moreover, most drivers (87.4%) had severe job stress. A significant positive relationship was observed between noise and job stress (P=0.021), whereas there was no significant relationship between WBV, HAV, and job stress. Conclusion: Regarding the high prevalence of severe job stress among bus drivers and the positive correlation between noise and job stress, it is highly recommended that noise exposure be subsided through periodic services and maintenance, as well as using new buses instead of the old ones.

Introduction Driving behavior is a behavior that a driver chooses as a pattern for his driving, and it depends on three factors: the driver, the vehicle, and factors related to the driving route. The driver's psychological and personality characteristics are the most important factors in his driving behavior and the driver behavior is related to his emotional and behavioral characteristics. Many studies have shown the role of emotional intelligence as one of the most important determinants of driver behavior. Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and manage our own and others' emotions which play a key role in all kinds of personal, social and professional situations. Some research have shown that high emotional intelligence is associated with greater ability to manage emotions, and low emotional intelligence is often associated with greater involvement in risky behaviors. Emotional intelligence can improve through training and have a positive effect on people's performance. Adults can learn to manage their behaviors and emotional reactions. Considering the importance of emotional intelligence in reducing inappropriate driving behaviors, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the mental health training program of drivers on their emotional intelligence. Method In the present study, in order to enhance the emotional intelligence abilities of bus drivers through psychosocial training, a quasi-experimental with a pre-and post-test design was used. The driver training project of Tehran Bus Company has been started since 2011 and is implemented in different phases on drivers who are applying for employment in the Company. In one of the phases, 88 bus drivers from Tehran Bus Company who received 9 training sessions on anger management, retaliatory driving, stress management and effective communication participated in the study. Bar-On (1977) emotional intelligence test was used to collect data in two stages of pre-test and post-test. This questionnaire is a self-assessment tool that can be used for people over 18 years old. In the present study, a shortened form of the questionnaire was used, in which there are 54 items related to 9 scales of problem solving, stress tolerance, emotional self-awareness, interpersonal relationships, optimism, impulse control, flexibility, empathy, and self-expression. Results The research findings of multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures and univariate analysis of variance showed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of four subscales. This difference is significant for the subscales of problem solving, emotional self-awareness and optimism at the 0.01 level and for the subscale of interpersonal relationships at the 0.05 level. In other words, participating in the training program has led to an increase in the ability of the participants in these subscales. Also, the value of F in these 4 subscales of emotional intelligence is equal to 7.70, 16.48, 11.52, and 5.29, respectively. Discussion The findings show the effectiveness of the program on some components of emotional intelligence. In other words, the training course on socioemotional interventions can be considered effective in promoting drivers' emotional intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Bus drivers are exposed to harmful agents such as noise and vibration, which may increase the level of job stress among them. This study aimed to evaluate job stress among urban bus drivers concerning daily noise and vibration exposure. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 103 urban bus drivers in Hamadan in 2020. The drivers' exposure to noise and vibration was measured using Svan 104 and Svan 106, respectively. Their job stress was measured through the Phillippe L. Rice questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 24). Results: The mean exposure of drivers to noise was 79.50 ± 3.51 dB. Their exposure levels to whole-body vibrations (WBV) and hand-arm vibrations (HAV) were 0.62 ± 0.16 and 0.44 ± 0.06 m/s2, respectively. Moreover, most drivers (87.4%) had severe job stress. A significant positive relationship was observed between noise and job stress (P=0.021), whereas there was no significant relationship between WBV, HAV, and job stress. Conclusion: Regarding the high prevalence of severe job stress among bus drivers and the positive correlation between noise and job stress, it is highly recommended that noise exposure be subsided through periodic services and maintenance, as well as using new buses instead of the old ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose: Noise is one of the most harmful physical issues in a workplace that can cause stress. Transit bus drivers are exposed to environmental and bus noises that can act as stressors for them. In this regard, the present study aimed to determine the effect of noise exposure on occupational stress of bus drivers in Bojnourd, Iran in 2018. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 110 bus drivers in Bojnourd. The Philip L. Rice Questionnaire (1992) was used to assess their occupational stress, and SV 971 Sound Level Meter (SVANTEK-971) was used to measure noise exposure. Finally, the collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 20) using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and correlation statistical tests. Results: Based on the findings, the level of occupational stress was high, moderate, and low in 102 (92.7%), 4, and 4 cases, respectively. The results of the noise measurement revealed that the level of noise exposure was standard for all the subjects. The mean value of the equivalent continuous sound pressure level (LAeq) was 75.43±2.74 dB. There was no significant relationship between LAeq and the level of stress experienced by the drivers. However, there was a significant relationship between LAeq and the occupational interest subtest (P

Background and Objective: Bus drivers, the same as other drivers, are prone to unsafe behavior, and accidents are associated with driver 's risky behavior. Moreover, traffic accidents are different in intra-city and intercity routes, which can be at least partly due to the driver's behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the dangerous driving behavior of intra-city and intercity bus drivers. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and analytical study was performed on 107 intra-city and 99 intercity bus drivers in the city of Zanjan, Iran, using demographic characteristics form and the Dula Dangerous Driv ing Index. Eventually, the collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (versionl9) through a t-test, chi-square test, and linear regresswn. The p-value less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The m ean weekly working hours of intra-city bus drivers are significantly higher than those of intercity bus drivers (P<0. 05). Moreover, the m ean of the dangerous driving index and its sub-scales, except for aggressive driving, were higher in intra-city bus drivers, compared to intercity bus drivers (P<0. 05). In addition, the weekly working hours v ariable had a negative impact on the risky driving score in the intra-city driving routes; however, it had a negative impact on the emotional/cognitive driving subscale and a positive impact on the drunk driving subscale in the intercity driving rout (P<0.05). Conclusion: Despite the lower number of fines and deaths on intra-city routes, it is necessary to take more serious control measures for the risky behav iors of bus drivers. These include developing interv ention programs to manage bus drivers' working hours in order to reduce fatigue and raise drivers' awareness for less risky driving behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose: Today, occupational stress is an outcome of occupational processes, factors, and conditions. The bus driver job is one of the most stressful occupations. The main objective of this study was the assessment of occupational stress level in Bojnurd city-bus drivers. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was performed on 61 bus drivers in the city of Bojnurd, Iran, who were chosen using the simple random sampling method in 2016. The data were gathered using Philip el Rice standard job stress questionnaire. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 18. Results: The results showed that all the drivers were male and married. The mean age of the subjects was 41±5 years, and the average working experience was 12±5 years. The average occupational stress score in drivers was 147.5±24.8. The results indicated that 97% of the drivers were under high stress. In addition, the results showed a significant relationship between job stress and work shift. However, there was not any significant association between job stress and other variables such as age, work experience, educational level, and employment type. Conclusion: High stress level in the studied drivers indicated that the implementation of a comprehensive stress management program is required.

Objective(s): To evaluate the sleep quality of bus drivers and its relationship with several factors.Methods: Participants included 238 bus drivers were selected using a non-probability convenience sampling. We measured the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a self-report measure of sleep quality, and age, duration of deriving and consumption of tea and smoking.Results: The results showed that 85% of bus drivers have unfavorable sleep quality. Multiple regression analyses have shown that duration of deriving seemed to influence patients' sleep quality.Conclusion: Health education regard the quality of sleep and legal supervision to prevent the overloading of shift work of bud drivers may be helpful in decrees the road crashes incidence.

Introduction: Traffic transportation system despite of benefits is one center of accident.According to studies, human factors as unsafe acts and drivers mistakes are causes of accidenta happening. The main objective of this study was to Study of unsafe behaviors among city bus drivers in Hamadan. .Method and Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted in spring of 2011. Fifty four drivers were chosen using simple random sampling among Hamadan city bus drivers. The required data gathered by using safety behavior sampling technique. Data analysis was done with Statistical tests such as t-test and one-way ANOVA. .Results: The study results indicated that %42.71 of driver’s behaviors were unsafe. Double Park (%24.71), speaking (%14.99) and unsafe grasping the steering wheel (%12.46) allocated to highest percentages of unsafe behaviors. Also it was shown the rates of unsafe acts were increased in younger and low income drivers, apparently. . Conclusion: Because of high percent of unsafe acts and considering importance of its consequences in drivers, reducing unsafe acts trough investment and utilization of behavioral safety principles is required. In this regard, holding educational careers are suggested to increasing driver’s awareness.

Background and aimsOne of the most common kinds of human's disorders is sleep disorders which have direct relation with age, gender, physical health status, and occupational activities. Increasing the errors during job activities such as driving is one of the most importantcomplications of sleep disorders. Therefore, this study has been conducted to determine the sleep quality of drivers and its relationship with public health. The under study drivers are from the Gorgan's passenger terminal.MethodsIn this analytical-partial study, all the drivers working in the Gorgan's passenger terminal were studied using standard 28-question public heath questionnaire and standard 19- question Pittsburg sleep questionnaire. After filling out and collecting all forms, data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS.13, and descriptive analytical statistics.ResultsThe results showed that the driver's public health is not satisfactory. More than one third of drivers have poor sleep quality and there was a direct and statistically significant relationship between the quality of sleep and general health of drivers (P

"n "nBackgrounds and Objectives: Noise in large cities is considered by the World Health Organization to be the third most hazardous type of pollution. Buses are an interesting object of study in the theme of noise pollution. They are at the same time a source of urban environmental (traffic) noise and occupational noise exposure source for drivers. The object of this study is Occupational noise exposure evaluation in drivers of bus transportation of Tehran city."nMaterials and Methods: Noise levels in 90 buses were sampled in three separate sub-sample including (1)30 Ikaroos buses (2)30 Man buses (3)30 Shahab buses, which were selected by simple random sampling. Noise exposure level was normalized to a nominal 8-h working day (LEX, 8h). Simultaneous Octave Frequency Analysis were measured and sound intensity level (SIL) for bus drivers were calculated. Results, which are obtained from separate buses were compared together and too with standard levels."nResults: the normalized noise exposure levels (LEX, 8h) in Ikaroos bus drivers(82dB A) were higher than that of in in Man bus drivers (77/6dB A) and this Values were higher than that of in Shahab bus drivers(75dB A).SIL values for Ikaroos bus drivers were higher than other that of other bus drivers. Results obtained of Frequency Analysis showed that age of buses in mid frequencies ws a meaningful on noise increase."nConclusion: Results showed that type and age of buses were effective factors in drivers. noise exposure levels (LEX, 8h), which was consistent with previous studies in this field.

Background and aimsBackground and Aims: MSDs are very common in public vehicle drivers. As regards, drivers spend long time to this occupation; these disorders will be chronic and results to MSDs. According to the past researches, one of the main reasons for accidents is MSDs and low back pain. In this research, we survey the relation between anthropometric indices and Musculoskeletal Disorders in public vehicle drivers.Methodsfor this descriptive and analytic study 95 bus drivers were selected. Instruments for this project were contains: body discomfort chart (BDC), digital scale, stadiometer, anthropometric calipers and chair. Drivers questioned about age, work and their past occupations. Then measuring of weight, length, hand-arm length, popliteal length and height, knee length and height were done. Then the data were analyzed by spearman test on Spss software program.ResultsThe statistic tests result show that: there is a relationship between drivers MSDs and its length, weight and age. That means with increasing of drivers weight and age or shortness in length, MSDs probability will be raised.ConclusionIt seems strain and stretch that driver bears for reaching to vehicle role, age rising and its effects on the person physical condition are their MSDs reasons. Consequently, our recommendation is: on examination for selecting drivers they should be selected among long, thin and proportional (without over weight) volunteers. This measure can be an effective step toward preventing drivers MSDs, driving crashes and accidents.

Background and aims: Health, fatigue, and social well-being in suburban bus drivers are the most important factors of their function and frequency of car accidents and any disorder in this regard could lead to unpleasant outcomes for passengers and other people of society. Therefore, developing an instrument capable of identifying and expressing effective factors on this occupation well seems necessary. The present study was conducted to validate a questionnaire of fatigue, health, and social well-being in bus drivers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 285 suburban bus drivers in Soffeh and Kaveh bus terminals of Isfahan, Iran. Simple random sampling was done. After the questionnaire was translated, its validity was assessed by a panel of experts, calculation of content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and exploratory factor analysis. The questionnaire’s reliability was assessed by test-retest and internal consistency and for this purpose, respectively; internal consistency coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha were used. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS software. Results: In determining face validity, occupation control was deleted. Also, organizational support was deleted from organizational factors and assessed independently as “Employer's support”. Mean CVI of the questionnaire was obtained 0.92 and in determining CVR, for most items the values higher than 0.65 were measured. Exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation yielded three factors with Eigen value of higher than one as follows: Health, organizational factors, and fatigue. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.882 for the whole questionnaire and total ICC was obtained 0.87. Conclusion: This study represented suitable evidence on strength of factor construct and instrument reliability and could be considered by researchers as a tool for research, training, and practical purposes in bus drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]