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Military personnel are exposed to various stressful factors that can cause irreparable damage to the persons' mental health. Resilience is a trait that can help military personnel resist stressful factors. Today, armies seek new ways to boost resilience in soldiers. One of the proposed and under-study methods is the use of nootropics or smart drugs. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of smart drugs on cognitive resilience. For this purpose, the literature review was conducted with the search of databases, including Google Scholar, IranMedex, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLIB, Science Direct, and Web of Science. Resilience is a multilateral framework that includes various aspects such as biologic, physiologic, and sociologic. Although some studies emphasize the efficacy of nootropics in enhancing cognitive functions through different pathways, clinical trials are still limited in this area. Despite preliminary evidence, some people suggest cognitive enhancement potential for certain compounds؛ but important questions such as safety, efficacy, and individual variability remain unanswered. More research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and potential interactions of nootropics on resilience and cognitive function. Also, long-term studies are necessary to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of these compounds, especially in the military population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Coping Disorder is a type of destructive behavior disorder in childhood and adolescence that includes a set of behaviors based on stubbornness, disobedience, inattention, hostility, resentment, arguing, and trying to upset others. One of these important components in these children is interpersonal cognitive distortion. . It is defined as very exaggerated, rigid, irrational and absolute beliefs about the nature of relationships, and the relationship of people with others. People with confrontational disobedience disorder experience individual and interpersonal cognitive distortions and are part of aggressive behaviors. These people are the result of these distortions. There is a strong relationship between cognitive distortions and extrinsic disorders, with high levels of cognitive distortions being associated with high levels of extrinsic problems. Therefore, in the treatment of people with confrontational defiant disorder, this variable also needs clinical attention. . Interventions based on cognitive behavioral therapy have a significant effect on reducing the symptoms of defiant disobedience disorder and is one of the most important components in the field of hypnotherapy. However, although research reports suggest that these two therapies may be effective in reducing adolescent distortion with coping disobedience disorder, it has not yet been addressed. Given these cases, the present study in a quasi-experimental study addresses the question of whether there is a difference between cognitive-behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy in terms of effectiveness in reducing cognitive distortions in adolescents with confrontational defiant disorder? Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a one-month follow-up period. The statistical population of this study included all high school students of the first period (seventh, eighth, ninth) in Urmia city who had symptoms of confrontational disobedience disorder who were studying in the educational schools of this city in the academic year 1400-1399. Among them, students suspected of having symptoms of confrontational defiant disorder were purposefully selected using the help of school principals and teachers and examined by a psychologist using a structured clinical interview to accurately diagnose the disease. After identifying these adolescents, their parents were interviewed and asked to respond to Aachenbach's behavioral checklist of their children's behaviors. They were selected from among the 75 people who were interviewed, 51 (17 for the cognitive-behavioral therapy group; 17 for the hypnotherapy and 17 for the control group) and after completing the research tools in the pre-test stage, they were randomly selected. Groups were placed. Then, the cognitive-behavioral therapy group was intervened according to the standard protocol of Houghton et al. However, the members of the control group did not receive any intervention and after one month, a follow-up test was performed. At the end of the sessions, the research scales were used again. SPSS software version 22 and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Results: In the studies, cognitive distortion in the cognitive-behavioral therapy group had a significant reduction both in the post-test and in the follow-up stage compared to the control group. While in the hypnosis group, there is no significant difference in any of the three stages, because in this study, repeated measures analysis of variance is the basis of the analysis. Mouchley and Looney's value can be said to hold the assumptions of repeated analysis of variance . . Then, the effects of hypnotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on cognitive distortion in adolescents with coping disobedience disorder in the post-test and follow-up stages were discussed. By referring to the significant level values that this value is less than 0.01, which shows a significant difference in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. Also, considering the effect of the group, it was observed that the significance level of this test is less than 0.01, which indicates the difference between the two treatment groups in reducing interpersonal cognitive distortion . Therefore, it can be said that the rate of cognitive distortion in the two groups has changed differently and between the two groups in terms of power to reduce cognitive distortion is different. As can be seen, the course of hypnosis treatment has not had much effect on the rate of cognitive distortion in the post-test and follow-up phase, while this effect is significant through the course of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy on reducing interpersonal cognitive distortion in adolescents with confrontational disobedience. has done Because the main philosophy of cognitive and behavioral therapy is to reduce distortions and cognitive errors, and this treatment has been able to be effective in both stages of post-test and follow-up in this area. In the sessions, using direct and indirect questions and interaction with adolescents, a list of problems and types of dysfunctional and distorted cognitions was presented to confirm or disapprove them, and thus the list of the most important cognitive distortions of each client in the form of Separately extracted and with the help of the therapist and by examining these distortions in the context of their own real life, they have a more logical view of the facts around them and evaluate the facts with more analysis. Although in the present study and in the intervention sessions, the cognitions of cognitive distortion were also discussed and these skills were taught, but in general, cognitive distortions seem to be resistant to change through indoctrination and hypnotherapy and to direct treatments. The more they respond the better. One of the limitations of this study is the coronary conditions that caused parents and adolescents to have serious doubts about attending face-to-face meetings. Meetings were held online at the height of the Corona crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Considering the accelerated development of type II diabetes and the role of cognitive factors, such as cognitive fusion and emotions, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on cognitive fusion, as well as positive and negative affect in women with type II diabetes. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all women with diabetes referred to the Diabetes Center in Birjand, Iran, in the second half of 2018. In total, 30 cases were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Acceptance and commitment intervention was performed in eight 90-min sessions. The required data were collected using a 7-item Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire by Gillander et al. and a 20-item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule by Watson et al. Subsequently, the collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 24) through multivariate analysis of covariance. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant Results: The results showed a significant difference between the mean scores of cognitive fusion and positive and negative affect in type 2 diabetic patients (P≤0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is effective in reducing cognitive fusion and negative affect and increasing positive affect in patients with type II diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Depressive disorder is associated with various consequences such as Alexithymia and Cognitive impairment, which their elimination is of importance. Aim: The aim of the present research was to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness- based cognitive therapy on alexithymia and cognitive impairment in women with depressivedisorder. Method: The present researchwas an experimental study (pre-test and post-test) with a onemonth follow-up. The statistical population included all women with depression (2018) in Khoram Abad. Thirty women referred to Siddiq Psychiatric Clinic in Khorramabad, who had received a diagnosis of major depression based on psychiatrist's diagnosis and researcher’s clinical interview, were selected by purposeful sampling method as a research sample and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups with 15 participants in each group. Beck Depression questionnaire (BDI-II), Alexithymia questionnaire (TAS-20), Cognitive impairment questionnaire (CFQ) were used to measure the variables. The experimental group received Segal, Williams and Tizdel (2000) mindfulness- based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for 8 sessions of 2 hours, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that mindfulness- based cognitive therapy has lead to reduce alexithymia and cognitive impairment and these results were maintained in the follow- up phase (P = 0.000). Conclusion: Mindfulness- based cognitive therapy is effective in reducing alexithymia and cognitive impairment in women with depression and can be considered in addition to medication interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]