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Background and Aim: Aging is often accompanied by inflammation and lipid abnormalities. This study aimed at investigating the effects of endurance training combined with Citrus aurantium L.var. amara Engl. (CAVAO) consumption on the lipid profile, intercellular adhesion molecules-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecules-1 (VCAM-1) in aged Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 35 aged Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups: high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), HIIT with CAVAO (HIIT+CA), MICT with CAVAO (MICT+CA), CAVAO alone (CA) (300 mg/kg/day), control, and sham. Over eight weeks, HIIT was conducted at 85-110% VO2max intensity, while MICT was performed at 65-75% VO2max intensity. Lipid profiles were assessed using a kit, and ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 gene expressions were analyzed via RT-PCR. Results: HIIT, MICT, HIIT+CA, MICT+CA, and CA resulted in a significant increase in HDL levels, with HIIT showing the most pronounced effect (P

immune system in elderly people. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and low-intensity continuous training (LICT) along with Citrus aurantium (CA) extract on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in soleus muscle tissue of aged female rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 42 aged female rats were divided into (1) control (C), (2) LICT, (3) HIIT, (4) LICT+CA, (5) HIIT+CA, (6) CA, and (7) sham (normal-saline) groups. During eight weeks, HIIT was performed with an intensity of 85-90% of maximum speed and LICT with an intensity of 65% of maximum speed for five sessions per week, and 300 mg/kg/day of Citrus aurantium extract was daily intraperitoneally injected. The collected data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc statistical tests (P≤ 0.05). Results: TNF-α in LICT (P=0.001), HIIT+CA (P=0.004) and LICT+CA (P=0.007) groups were significantly lower than the C group. In the LICT group, TNF-α was significantly lower than the CA (P=0.001), HIIT (P=0.001), LICT+CA (P=0.02), and HIIT+CA (P=0.014) groups. It was also lower in the LICT+CA (P=0.007) and HIIT+CA (P=0.011) groups than the HIIT group. IL-6 levels in HIIT+CA group were significantly lower than the control group (P=0.02). Conclusion: It seems that the training (continuous and interval) along with CA extract has favorable effect on TNF-α compared to HIIT; however, investigating the mechanism of intensity and type of training as well as different dosage of CA on IL-6 requires further studies.

Vegetable, fruit and medicinal plant based snacks, have more acceptance and attractiveness than other ones. Citrus aurantium due to its Functional and nutritional factors, demand to consume it product. The aimed of this study was the production of Citrus aurantium based product which we named it Citrus aurantium Mill pastille. For this purpose, gelatin-pectin Mix Ratio (%5/5,7/3,9/1 and 10)and suger and isomalt was used as sweetner. The results showed by increasing the level of pectin, moisture was decreased, acidity and brix were increased. The results also suggest that texture characteristics with increasing pectin Hardness, Cohesiveness, Springiness and Chewiness increased. According to the results obtained from samples containing isomalt with ratio gelatin 9 pectin 1 a better ability to replace sugar And due to the appropriate nutritional characteristics, The pastilles known as functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Psychological disorders such as anxiety can increase preterm labor by hormonal stimulation, so this study was performed with aim to determine the effect of aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium essential oil on anxiety in women at risk of preterm labor. Methods: This two-group semi-experimental interventional study was conducted in 2020 on 65 pregnant women at risk of preterm delivery referred to the health centers in Jiroft. Eligible women who received a score of ≥10 in the Holbrook Pregnancy Screening Questionnaire and met other inclusion criteria received Citrus aurantium essential oil or placebo twice daily for two weeks. Anxiety was assessed before and after the intervention (end of the first week and end of the second week) with the Spielberger Anxiety Inventory. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 21) and independent t-test and paired t-test, analysis of variance and Friedman test. P

Introduction: Aging impairs the function of genes involved in hepatic metabolisms, such as Mitogen-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K). Exercise and Citrus Aurantium (CA) have a beneficial effect on improving metabolic factors in aging. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training (T) with consumption of CA on the AMPK and PI3K gene expression levels in the liver tissue of elderly rats. Material & Methods: In this experimental study, 25 elderly female rats were divided into five groups of five animals per group. The groups included 1) control, 2) sham, 3) CA, 4) T, and 5) T+CA. Over the course of eight weeks, the T groups ran on the treadmill three sessions per week at 65% to 75% of the maximum running speed for 15 min in the first week to 31 min in the eighth week. The supplement groups also received 300 mg/kg/day of CA extract peritoneal. After 48 h of the last training session and CA consumption, AMPK and PI3K gene expression levels in the liver tissue were measured by the real-time PCR method. (Ethic code: IR.IAU.M.REC.1399.032) Findings: AMPK expression was significantly increased in CA (P=0.043), T (P=0.025,) and T+CA (P=0.009) groups, compared to the control group. Moreover, a significant increase in the PI3K expression was observed in the T+CA (P=0.031) group, compared to the control group. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that T and CA might improve liver cell function in elderly rats by increasing the expression of AMPK and PI3K genes.

Background and Aims: Exercise and appropriate nutrition are two effective factors on the improvement of immune system in elderly people. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and low-intensity continuous training (LICT) along with Citrus aurantium (CA) extract on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in soleus muscle tissue of aged female rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 42 aged female rats were divided into (1) control (C), (2) LICT, (3) HIIT, (4) LICT+CA, (5) HIIT+CA, (6) CA, and (7) sham (normal-saline) groups. During eight weeks, HIIT was performed with an intensity of 85-90% of maximum speed and LICT with an intensity of 65% of maximum speed for five sessions per week, and 300 mg/kg/day of Citrus aurantium extract was daily intraperitoneally injected. The collected data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc statistical tests (P≤ 0.05). Results: TNF-α in LICT (P=0.001), HIIT+CA (P=0.004) and LICT+CA (P=0.007) groups were significantly lower than the C group. In the LICT group, TNF-α was significantly lower than the CA (P=0.001), HIIT (P=0.001), LICT+CA (P=0.02), and HIIT+CA (P=0.014) groups. It was also lower in the LICT+CA (P=0.007) and HIIT+CA (P=0.011) groups than the HIIT group. IL-6 levels in HIIT+CA group were significantly lower than the control group (P=0.02). Conclusion: It seems that the training (continuous and interval) along with CA extract has favorable effect on TNF-α compared to HIIT; however, investigating the mechanism of intensity and type of training as well as different dosage of CA on IL-6 requires further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Poor sleep quality is one of the most common problems in the elderly with heart failure, and hospitalization exacerbates this problem. In traditional Persian medicine, citrus aurantium has been recognized as a sedative and inducer of sleep. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of citrus aurantium on sleep quality in the elderly with heart failure. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial was performed on 80 elderly patients with heart failure admitted in selected teaching hospitals of Mazandaran province in two intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, aromatherapy with two drops of 10% citrus aurantium essential oil was performed on a cotton ball for twenty minutes for three consecutive nights and the control group received routine care. Sleep quality of the elderly was assessed before and after the intervention using the standard St. Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire (SMHSQ) (which assesses the quality of previous night's sleep in hospitalized patients). FINDINS: The mean sleep disorder in the elderly before and after the intervention in the intervention group was 24.70±3.67 and 21.05±3.62, respectively, which was statistically significant (p=0.001). Mean sleep disorder in the elderly before and after the intervention in the control group was 24.37±4.48 and 23.75±4.71, respectively, which was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The results showed that using aromatherapy with citrus aurantium can improve sleep quality in the elderly with heart failure.

Introduction: Postpartum depression is a common public health problem in the first year after birth. Low mood, feeling guilty, loss of appetite, difficulty in falling asleep are some symptoms of this condition. Depression can cause serious problems for the child, mother and family. This study was performed with aim to determine the effect of Citrus aurantium on postpartum depression in women. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 49 mothers referred to the Sabzevar health and treatment centers in 2017. Participants had the score of 14-28 on the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II), and their depression was confirmed by a psychiatrist through interview. They were randomly (with random blocking method) assigned to the treatment group (orange blossom 500 mg/Bid+ fluoxetine 20 mg) and control group (fluoxetine 20 mg plus placebo). Treatment was started on week 8 after delivery and continued for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16) and Kolmogrov-Smirnov, Chi-square, Independent and paired t‑test and Mann–Whitney test. P0,001). Also, after the intervention, 15 women (62.5%) in Citrus aurantium group and 1)4%( in control group were without postpartum depression. Conclusion: The use of Citrus aurantium along with fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate postpartum depression is more effective than fluoxetine alone. So, it can be used as an alternative in treatment of postpartum depression.

Introduction: Post-cesarean pain relief in an effective way without danger so that not to disturb mother’s ability to take care of her child is required. Post-cesarean pain is associated with reduced resistance against infections, increased use of analgesics and delayed wound healing. This study was performed with aim to compare the effect of Citrus arantium and Salvia officinalis aroma on post-cesarean section pain. Methods: This three-group randomized clinical trial was performed on 120 pregnant women who had referred to Kermanshah Motazedi Hospital for cesarean in 2014. Aromatherapy with 3 drops of essence was fulfilled on two intervention groups immediately after the onset of pain, 4, 8 and 12 hours after it. Aromatherapy using normal saline was fulfilled on the control group in the same way. Severity of pain was evaluated using Visual Analogue Scale before and half an hour after each four interventions. Data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 18) and Chi-square, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman and Mann Whitney tests. PResults: Mean of pain severity before the intervention was not significantly different between the three groups (P=0.15). After the intervention, mean of pain in the intervention groups of Citrus arantium and Salvia officinalis was significantly reduced in the first, second, third and fourth stage of intervention compared with control group (P

In this study, the antimicrobial effect of Citrus aurantium essential oil was evaluated on Bacillus cereus, Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans. The chemical compounds, total phenolcontent, total flavonoids content and antioxidant potential of the essential oil were determined. The results of the phytochemical analyses (Ferric chloride and Shinoda) showed that phenol, flavonoids and flavone existed in the essential oil. Based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry results, 19 compounds were identified in Citrus aurantium essential oil and Linalool (21.29 %) was the major one. The total phenolic content and total flavonoids content of the essential oil were equal to 41.35 ± 0.46 mg GAE/g DM and 2.98 ±0.50 mg QE/g DM respectively. Based on radical Scavenging and β-carotene linoleic acid, the antioxidant potential of the essential oil was equal to 102.85 ± 0.60 μg/ml and 65.60% respectively. The longest and shortest diameters of the inhibition zone at a concentration of 45 mg/ml pertained to Listeria innocua (16.50 ±0.66 mm) and Salmonella typhi (9.80 ±0.43 mm) respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oil ranged from 3.125 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml, while its minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration ranged from 3.125 mg/ml to 200 mg/ml. Based on the present research, the antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil were tested on several food-borne pathogens; thus, it can be used in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The flowers of Citrus aurantium L. are traditionally used in the treatment of neurological disorders such as seizures, epilepsy and neurasthenia. With regard to the importance of nausea and vomiting and effects of strengthening the stomach of Citrus aurantium L. extract, this study, was done to determine the antiemetic effect of the metabolic, aesthetic and aqueous extract of flowers of Citrus aurantium L. in young chickens. Methods: In this experimental study, induction of emesis was performed in 138 young chickens (23 groups, n=6) using copper sulfate (60 mg/kg, orally) and ipecac (600 mg/kg, orally). The aqueous, methanolic and acetonic extract at doses of 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg/bw were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) and metoclopramide (as positive control). The number of nausea was recorded 50 and 20 minutes after copper sulfate and ipecac administration, respectively. Results: Our results showed that all kind of extract at doses of 100 and 250 mg/kg significantly inhibited copper sulfate and ipecac induced–emesis that showed better effect than metoclopramide. Also, comparison of antiemetic effect of different extract revealed that methanolic, aqueous and acetonic had better effect on prevention of nausea, respectively in comparision with metoclopramide. Conclusion: All kinds of Citrus aurantium (Methanolic, Aesthetic and Aqueous) showed antiemetic effect due to copper sulfate and ipecac dose dependly in Young chickenin in comparision with metoclopramide.

The fumigant toxicity of volatile fractions of peel essential oils of the Rutaceae species of Citrus reticulata Blanco, C. limon L. and C. aurantium L. was studied against eggs, larvae and adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) at 27 ± 1 ºC and 65 ± 5% RH in darkness. The oils were extracted from the fruit peels using water steam distillation. The essential oils were characterized by a combination of GC and GC/MS analyses. Limonene was the major constituent of the three essential oils. The effect of different concentrations of the essential oil vapors on egg hatchability as well as larval and adult mortality was found to be significant. Citrus reticulata and C. aurantium oils were more toxic on egg hatchability than C. limon extract and caused higher mortality on larvae as well. There was no significant difference between essential oils in terms of adult mortality. The adult beetles were also exposed to the concentrations of 18.5, 37, 55.5 and 74 μl/l air. At the highest concentration (74 μl/l air), C. aurantium oil caused 100% mortality after a 6 h exposure, but the oils from C. reticulata and C. limon caused 38% and 62% mortality, at the identical exposure time, respectively. The results suggest that citrus peel oils can be effectively used as botanical fumigants against various life stages of Ca. maculatus.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In Iranian folk medicine, Citrus aurantium flower extract is used to treat some neural diseases such as sleep disorder and anxiety. Tend to use medicinal herbs to treat diseases such as seizure, is growing. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of sour orange flowers of Citrus aurantium.METHODS: In this experimental study, 42 adult male Wistar rats (200-250g) were divided into 6 groups: control (PTZ), positive control (phenobarbital) and extract treated groups (75, 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg, i.p,). Fresh sour orange flowers were collected, methanolic extract (70%) was provided by percolator, after the evaporation of methanol, the extract was dried by oven at the 40°C. Pentylentetrazole (90 mg/kg) was used for induction of seizure. Changes in the onset time of seizure, duration of seizure, percent of mortality and percent of seizure protection were determined in different groups and compared with control (PTZ) and positive control (phenobarbital).FINDINGS: The extract (300 mg/kg), significantly reduced the latency of onset of seizure (198±8%) as compared with control (78±3%) (p

Background & Objective: Pharmacological studies and traditional medical literature point to the cardiovascular effects of the Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) in many instances. In the present study, we used isolated perfused AV-node of rabbit as an experimental model to determine the effect of various concentrations of essence of Citrus aurantium (0.1-0.3 v/v) on electrophysiological properties of isolated heart. The second goal of the present study was to assess the protective role of essence of Citrus aurantium on arrhythmogenic effects of ouabain. Materials & Methods: This was a semi-experimental study. We used isolated perfused rabbit AV-nodal preparation, in three groups. In the first group, the effect of various concentration of the Citrus aurantium (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 ml/l) was assesed on the AV-node. In the second and third groups, the effect of Citrus aurantium was tested in the presence of ouabain (0.1?molar) and verapamil (0.1?molar). We used 6 rabbit in each group. Statistical analysis was preformed by SPSS Mean±SE was used in the all results. Results: Our results showed depressant effects of extract of Citrus aurantium on Wenchebach Cycle Length (WBCL), AV Conduction Time (AVCT), Effective and Functional Refractory Periods (ERP & FRP). Rate-dependent properties such as Facilitation and fatigue significantly increased by Citrus.a (0.3ml/l). We had significant increase in the AVCT (32.6±3.6 to 40±6.08 msec) and FRP (147±5.1 to 166.6±3.6 msec) by Citrus.a. We had a protective role of Citrus aurantium on ouabain induced AV-nodal depression. The magnitude of facilitation and fatigue in the concentration of 0.3 C.aurantium was 7.5±0.3 and 6.5±0.5, respectively. Conclusion: The above results indicated potential inhibitory and antiarrhythmic effect of Citrus aurantium in treating supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.

Background and Objective: The flowers of Citrus aurantium L. are traditionally used in the treatment of neurological disorders such as seizures, epilepsy and neurasthenia. With regard to the importance of nausea and vomiting and effects of strengthening the stomach of Citrus aurantium L. extract, this study, was done to determine the antiemetic effect of the metabolic, aesthetic and aqueous extract of flowers of Citrus aurantium L. in young chickens. Methods: In this experimental study, induction of emesis was performed in 138 young chickens (23 groups, n=6) using copper sulfate (60 mg/kg, orally) and ipecac (600 mg/kg, orally). The aqueous, methanolic and acetonic extract at doses of 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg/bw were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) and metoclopramide (as positive control). The number of nausea was recorded 50 and 20 minutes after copper sulfate and ipecac administration, respectively. Results: Our results showed that all kind of extract at doses of 100 and 250 mg/kg significantly inhibited copper sulfate and ipecac induced-emesis that showed better effect than metoclopramide. Also, comparison of antiemetic effect of different extract revealed that methanolic, aqueous and acetonic had better effect on prevention of nausea, respectively in comparision with metoclopramide. Conclusion: All kinds of Citrus aurantium (Methanolic, Aesthetic and Aqueous) showed antiemetic effect due to copper sulfate and ipecac dose dependly in Young chickenin in comparision with metoclopramide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The use of an appropriate stimulus to speed up in vitro and in vivo stem cell proliferation and growth is the one of the most important issues in cell therapy. The aim of this study was in vitro evaluation of hydroethanolic extraction of citrus aurantium on proliferation and growth rates of neonate rat neural stem cells. METHODS: Neural stem cells were isolated using enzymatic digestion from hippocampus region of 3 day old neonatal rat brain. To determine optimal concentration of citrus aurantium extraction, isolated neural stem cells were treated at 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 µg/ml for 48 h. Then cells proliferation rate were evaluated using MTT assay method. FINDINGS: Citrus aurantium promoted neural stem cells proliferation compared to untreated cells. As well as the effect of aurantium extract is dose dependent. The result of this study showed that proliferative rate in treated cells with 600 µg/ml of Citrus aurantium extraction (0.81±0.06) significantly is higher than control (untreated neural stem cells) group (0.59±0.02). (p