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Background. More than 1 million colorectal cancers (CRC) are diagnosed annually. This cancer is the cause of 600,000 deaths, and many of these deaths can be reduced by screening. Colonoscopy is the best screening method and tool to diagnose CRC, but it causes anxiety and worry in patients. In addition, no appropriate tool has so far been introduced for assessing anxiety in these patients. Accordingly, the present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Methods. This methodological study used a descriptive-cross-sectional approach to design a psychometric questionnaire. To this end, 106 patients participated in this research, and the questionnaire was completed online. The validity of the list and the analysis of its main components were determined through exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the tool was also checked with Cronbach’s alpha. Results. Overall, 20 terms of the questionnaire were examined by exploratory analysis, and 5 factors explained 57.76% of the total variance. The internal consistency of the tool with Cronbach’s alpha was 0.91. Conclusion. The findings of the research revealed that the tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy with 20 items and 5 factors has adequate validity and reliability and can be used to assess the anxiety of colonoscopy patients. Practical Implications. The results of this research can change policies in the field of treatment to reduce the anxiety of colonoscopy patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Today, colonoscopy is used as a tool for early diagnosis of important gastrointestinal findings such as colorectal cancer. The present study was conducted to investigate and analyze the diagnostic findings of patients undergoing colonoscopy in the teaching hospitals of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS) in Ahvaz in 2021. Subjects and Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on the medical records of all patients referred to the colonoscopy departments of Imam Khomeini and Golestan hospitals, affiliated with AJUMS, in 2021. After applying exclusion criteria, 1526 cases were included in the analysis. Data on demographics, patient symptoms, and laboratory and diagnostic findings were collected using a dedicated questionnaire. Results A cohort of 1526 patients was studied, with 54.1% being male and 45.9% female. Their ages ranged from 14 to 97 years, with a mean age of 51.77 years. Rectal bleeding (32.3%) and abdominal pain (23.6%) were the primary reasons for colonoscopy. Hemorrhoids (25.5%) and polyps (12.5%) were the most common findings, while single rectal ulcer (2.3%) and anal fissure (2.7%) were least frequent. Patients aged 45 years and older constituted a higher proportion of referrals and exhibited a greater frequency of abnormal colonoscopic results. Although colorectal cancer was more prevalent in males (56.6% versus 43.4% in females), this difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.881). Conclusion The most common causes of colonoscopy were rectal bleeding and abdominal pain, and the most pathological findings in these patients were hemorrhoids and polyps. The frequency of polyps and colorectal cancer was significantly higher in age groups above 45 years. Therefore, colonoscopy seems to be a suitable diagnostic tool for this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks fourth and second among all types of cancer in terms of incidence and mortality rates, respectively. Although colorectal cancer screening has been effective in improving the prevention and treatment of this disease, many obstacles, including colorectal cancer metastasis, have severely hampered the prognosis of this disease. Long non-coding RNAs are a type of RNAi molecule that is classified into several functional groups and participates in some important cellular pathways. LncRNA-RNA interactions control mRNA translation and degradation or act as microRNA (miRNA) silencing sponges. LncRNA-protein interaction regulates protein activity in transcriptional activation and silencing. LncRNA guide, decoy, and scaffold transcriptional regulators regulate the enhancer or repressor region of coding genes to alter expression. Non-coding RNAs have attracted increasing attention from researchers due to their key role in regulating gene expression and potential effects on cell signaling pathways. These RNAs, as biomarkers, play an important role in the diagnosis, progression, and prognosis of colorectal cancer. This study investigated the change in the expression level of non-coding RNA LINC01139 in colorectal cancer compared to healthy tissue. Materials and methods: and Methods: In this study, the expression change of the LncRNA LINC01139 gene from two databases, UALCAN and Gepia2, was investigated in colon adenocarcinoma tumor tissues compared to healthy tissue. Then, total RNA was extracted from 41 colorectal cancer tumor tissue samples and 41 healthy tissue samples adjacent to the tumor, and after qualitative and quantitative analysis of the extracted RNA, cDNA synthesis was performed using the kit. Then, by designing and synthesizing a specific primer, the expression level of LINC01139 non-coding RNA was measured in two tumor and healthy tissues using the Real-time RT-PCR technique. In the end, considering the Gapdh gene as a housekeeping gene, the resulting data were analyzed by Graph pad prism software. Results: Data analysis of this study based on bioinformatics analysis showed that the expression of non-coding RNA LINC01139 is decreased in colorectal tumors. This is even though the expression of this gene increases significantly in tumor tissues (both metastatic and non-metastatic) compared to the adjacent normal tissue, regardless of gender(P0.05). Conclusion: Considering the known role of LINC01139 lncRNA in the HIF1α signaling pathway as a scaffold, the oncogenic function of LINC01139 lncRNA in liver cancer through the miR-30/MYBL2 axis and the strong Linc01139-PIP3 LncRNA interaction and the effect on the PIP3-AKT pathway. It seems that increased expression of cytoplasmic lncRNA LINC01139 and its function as an oncogene may be involved in colorectal carcinogenesis through signaling pathways.

Background and purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks fourth and second among all types of cancer in terms of incidence and mortality rates, respectively. Although colorectal cancer screening has been effective in improving the prevention and treatment of this disease, many obstacles, including colorectal cancer metastasis, have severely hampered the prognosis of this disease. Long non-coding RNAs are a type of RNAi molecule that is classified into several functional groups and participates in some important cellular pathways. LncRNA-RNA interactions control mRNA translation and degradation or act as microRNA (miRNA) silencing sponges. LncRNA-protein interaction regulates protein activity in transcriptional activation and silencing. LncRNA guide, decoy, and scaffold transcriptional regulators regulate the enhancer or repressor region of coding genes to alter expression. Non-coding RNAs have attracted increasing attention from researchers due to their key role in regulating gene expression and potential effects on cell signaling pathways. These RNAs, as biomarkers, play an important role in the diagnosis, progression, and prognosis of colorectal cancer. This study investigated the change in the expression level of non-coding RNA LINC01139 in colorectal cancer compared to healthy tissue. Materials and methods: and Methods: In this study, the expression change of the LncRNA LINC01139 gene from two databases, UALCAN and Gepia2, was investigated in colon adenocarcinoma tumor tissues compared to healthy tissue. Then, total RNA was extracted from 41 colorectal cancer tumor tissue samples and 41 healthy tissue samples adjacent to the tumor, and after qualitative and quantitative analysis of the extracted RNA, cDNA synthesis was performed using the kit. Then, by designing and synthesizing a specific primer, the expression level of LINC01139 non-coding RNA was measured in two tumor and healthy tissues using the Realtime RT-PCR technique. In the end, considering the Gapdh gene as a housekeeping gene, the resulting data were analyzed by Graph pad prism software. Results: Data analysis of this study based on bioinformatics analysis showed that the expression of noncoding RNA LINC01139 is decreased in colorectal tumors. This is even though the expression of this gene increases significantly in tumor tissues (both metastatic and non-metastatic) compared to the adjacent normal tissue, regardless of gender(P<0.0001). However, It was also shown that increased expression of LINC01139 non-coding RNA in tumor tissues can serve as a biomarker in identifying tumor tissues from healthy colorectal tissues(AUC=0.81, P<0.0001). as no significant expression difference between non-metastatic and metastatic samples (P>0.05). Conclusion: Considering the known role of LINC01139 lncRNA in the HIF1α signaling pathway as a scaffold, the oncogenic function of LINC01139 lncRNA in liver cancer through the miR-30/MYBL2 axis and the strong Linc01139-PIP3 LncRNA interaction and the effect on the PIP3-AKT pathway. It seems that increased expression of cytoplasmic lncRNA LINC01139 and its function as an oncogene may be involved in colorectal carcinogenesis through signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a hereditary disorder that is the most common colon cancer syndrome in an autosomal dominant form. At first, germline mutations in the APC gene (adenomatous polyposis) were identified as the main genetic factor causing FAP, but during subsequent studies, the human MutY (MYH) gene with an autosomal recessive pattern was also identified as the factor causing this disease, which is commonly referred to as MutYH-dependent apoptosis (MAP). FAP and MAP present with an early onset of hundreds of adenomatous polyps in the colon, at a median age of 35–40 years, and are associated with a significantly increased risk of colon cancer (CRC). In some other patients, gastrointestinal polyps, congenital hypertrophy in the retinal pigment epithelium, desmid tumors, and extracolonic malignancies are seen. The common treatment method in patients is through endoscopic and surgical methods. However, the patients with FAP and their relatives should receive appropriate genetic counseling. The purpose of this review article was to describe and investigate the clinical aspects and genetic diseases of FAP and MAP. For this purpose, the latest articles related to FAP genetic disease were selected by searching Google Scholar and PubMed sources. Conclusion: Despite the progress made in discovering the molecular mechanisms of FAP, its genetic factors are still not fully understood. A deeper understanding of the molecular biology and genetics of this disease can lead to healthy therapies that can be used to rezone intestinal polyps and neoplastic malignancies and be a new target for future treatment.

Background: Screening is a cost-effective method for prevention, early detection of the disease and reducing the burden of the third deadliest cancer in the world, i.e. colorectal cancer. This study aimed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of colonoscopy screening compared to sigmoidoscopy for colorectal cancer in high-risk individuals in Iran. Methods: This economic evaluation study was conducted using the cost-effectiveness method between July 2016 and February 2017. Evaluation of the effectiveness of screening methods was done using a systematic review. Cost evaluation was also done using the costs obtained from the tariff approved by the Iranian Ministry of Health in 2015 for colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy. Finally, the combined model of decision tree and Markov was used to evaluate the cost effectiveness. Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) formula was used for cost effectiveness analysis considering the final outcome of 5-year survival of high-risk individuals. Excel and TreeAge software were used for data analysis. Results: The effectiveness of sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy in increasing 5-year survival is 11 and 15.7%, respectively, and colonoscopy screening is 4.7% more than sigmoidoscopy. The cost of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy screening was calculated as 1000 and 19920 billion Rials, respectively. Based on cost-effectiveness analysis, the cost of treating patients in the case of screening with colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy is lower than without screening. The ICER ratio of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy compared to no screening was -4/441/389/160 and -4/757/954/940 Rials respectively, and colonoscopy compared to sigmoidoscopy was -3/699/785/880 Rials, respectively. Finally, the use of colonoscopy leads to spending 3/699/785/880 Rials less in exchange for obtaining 4722 additional survivals with the prevention of colorectal cancer compared to sigmoidoscopy. Conclusion: Screening by colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy methods are effective in reducing the incidence and death of colorectal cancer compared to no screening. Screening by colonoscopy is a dominant option for the high-risk population in Iran. Colonoscopy screening is more cost effective compared to sigmoidoscopy. However, decisions about colorectal cancer screening and screening methods depend on local resources and personal preferences.

Objective(s): Colorectal cancer is a significant global health issue, but early diagnosis can greatly increase the chances of successful treatment. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence early diagnosis of colorectal cancer, using a preventive health model. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 300 individuals over the age of 50 who were referred to the clinics of teaching hospitals in Qom, Iran in 2022. The convenience sampling method was utilized, and data was collected using the Preventive Health Model (PHM) Scale. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression were employed for data analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was 57.67±10.68 years, with 48.8% being male. A majority (76.2%) of the participants had no knowledge about early diagnosis of colorectal cancer, and only 11% had attended for early diagnosis. The study revealed a significant positive correlation between age (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.10), positive family history of cancer (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.10), knowledge (OR: 3.15; 95% CI: 1.41, 7.06), and social influence (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.77) with early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Conclusion: The findings suggest that knowledge, age, positive family history of cancer, and social influence are important factors in the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. The findings can be utilized to develop policies and educational programs aimed at promoting early diagnosis behaviors.

Background and Aims: Studies have shown that lncRNA DSCR9 prevents cancer and inflammation and its expression leads to anti-tumor activity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between lncRNA DSCR9 expression and the risk of colon cancer. Materials and Methods: Samples were taken from 20 tissues of patients with colorectal cancer and 20 healthy intestinal tissues of healthy individuals. Total RNA extraction was performed, followed by cDNA synthesis. Expression of lncRNA DSCR9 was investigated using real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and primers designed using Beacon Designer software. The relative expression of lncRNA DSCR9 was calculated, and finally, the results were analyzed by GraphPad Prism software. Results: The results showed that lncRNA DSCR9 expression increased in colorectal cancer compared to the control group as well as in tumors of metastatic and non-metastatic individuals. However, the relative expression of lncRNA DSCR9 in tumors of individuals with stages 1 and 2 and in tumors of with different sizes did not show a significant increase; nevertheless, the relative expression of lncRNA DSCR9 in tumors of grades 1 and 2 was statistically significant (P=0.0144). The specificity and sensitivity of lncRNA DSCR9 showed that as a marker (P=0.0001), it could isolate the patient population from the healthy one. Conclusion: In the present study, there was a relative increase in the expression of lncRNA DSCR9 in patients with colorectal cancer compared to control, which possibly could be due to the activation of proteins involved in cancer and increased Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway and cause tumor cell growth and angiogenesis in cancer. Therefore, due to changes in the expression of the lncRNA DSCR9 gene in colorectal cancer, this gene may be used as a biomarker for the detection of tumors. *Corresponding Author: Noosha Zia Jahromi; Emails: Nooshazia.59@gmail.com View ORCID iD Profile You can also search for this author in: PubMed ResearchGate Scopus Google Scholar Google Scholar Profile

Background: Screening is a cost-effective method for prevention, early detection of the disease and reducing the burden of the third deadliest cancer in the world, i.e. colorectal cancer. This study aimed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of colonoscopy screening compared to sigmoidoscopy for colorectal cancer in high-risk individuals in Iran. Methods: This economic evaluation study was conducted using the cost-effectiveness method between July 2016 and February 2017. Evaluation of the effectiveness of screening methods was done using a systematic review. Cost evaluation was also done using the costs obtained from the tariff approved by the Iranian Ministry of Health in 2015 for colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy. Finally, the combined model of decision tree and Markov was used to evaluate the cost effectiveness. Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) formula was used for cost effectiveness analysis considering the final outcome of 5-year survival of high-risk individuals. Excel and TreeAge software were used for data analysis. Results: The effectiveness of sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy in increasing 5-year survival is 11 and 15.7%, respectively, and colonoscopy screening is 4.7% more than sigmoidoscopy. The cost of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy screening was calculated as 1000 and 19920 billion Rials, respectively. Based on cost-effectiveness analysis, the cost of treating patients in the case of screening with colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy is lower than without screening. The ICER ratio of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy compared to no screening was -4/441/389/160 and -4/757/954/940 Rials respectively, and colonoscopy compared to sigmoidoscopy was -3/699/785/880 Rials, respectively. Finally, the use of colonoscopy leads to spending 3/699/785/880 Rials less in exchange for obtaining 4722 additional survivals with the prevention of colorectal cancer compared to sigmoidoscopy. Conclusion: Screening by colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy methods are effective in reducing the incidence and death of colorectal cancer compared to no screening. Screening by colonoscopy is a dominant option for the high-risk population in Iran. Colonoscopy screening is more cost effective compared to sigmoidoscopy. However, decisions about colorectal cancer screening and screening methods depend on local resources and personal preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colon cancer ranks third among the most common cancers. In Iran, this disease ranks fourth in men and second in women. The incidence and mortality caused by this cancer are different in different geographical areas. It is known to reduce the incidence of colon cancer by performing screening methods because most cases originate from polyps that can be seen and removed in colonoscopy before they become malignant. Also, screening methods are able to detect cancer in its early stages and reduce the death rate caused by this disease. However, the implementation of screening programs worldwide, including in Iran, has always faced problems such as the cost of diagnostic equipment, insurance coverage, health infrastructure, human resources, and, most importantly, acceptance by the people. Today, different methods are used for colon cancer screening in different countries, and the choice of these methods depends on several factors, including the prevalence and incidence of this disease, economic resources, and health infrastructure in each region. The purpose of this study was to investigate the common methods for colon cancer screening so that, according to the current situation and considering the screening facilities available in Iran, the best method can be suggested to cover more and more people who need screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one important cause of mortality in the world. In the common staging systems of CRC, many biological behaviors of the tumor that determine the prognosis are not defined. Risk stratification is becoming increasingly important in low-stage CRC, because these patients do not undergo adjuvant therapy unless poor prognostic factors such as vascular invasion (VI), perineural invasion (PI) and serosal involvement (SI) are present. Accurate evaluation of these factors in CRC specimens is still challenging. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the detection rate of VI, PI and SI in 180 patients of CRC who underwent surgical resection based on basic pathology reports, review of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides with considering morphologic clues such as “protruding tongue” and “orphan artery” signs, and elastin stain for detection of VI. In addition, the stage of the disease, pT stage, tumor location, tumor type and grade were categorized, separately. We used the Fisher’s exact test for comparing variables between the two groups. P

Background and purpose: Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer in terms of incidence and the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of CTGF and MLH1 gene in colorectal cancer tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues in patients in Golestan province. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 20 colorectal cancer tissue samples and 20 adjacent healthy tissue samples were collected from Sayad Shirazi Hospital Research Center, Gorgan. After RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and primer design, the expresion of CTGF and MLH1 genes were measured by Real Time PCR. Statistical analysis of data was done in Graphpad Prism software. Results: According to findings, increase was seen in the CTGF gene expression level in tumor tissue to the adjacent healthy tissue (P

Background and Aim: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers that its incidence and prevalence and so deaths due to this cancer have increased worldwide recently. This study examines the economic burden of colorectal cancer from different perspectives by conducting a scoping review. Materials and Methods: In this scoping review, by searching Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science, the articles reporting the costs of CRC were reviewed. The search was limited to those published in the past years leading up to 2020. In addition to categorizing different aspects of the reviewed paper, per capita costs were adjusted with the purchasing power parity in order to make some comparisons possible. In this study, the calculated costs of retrieved studies were categorized based on the perspective of each study. Results: Out of 29 studies, only two have reported indirect costs of CRC, and 4 studies have reported both direct and indirect costs. In other studies, only direct costs of CRC have been reported. Nearly 40% of studies calculated CRC costs from the provider’s perspective. The highest reported annual per-patient cost was $175020(PPP-adjusted) which is related to the average annual costs of patients with CRC at the fourth stage in the United States from a provider perspective. The lowest reported amount was $ 954(PPP-adjusted) which was related to average annual inpatient costs in Brazil from a provider perspective. Conclusion: Due to variations in study characteristics in terms of perspective, type of costs, type of patient included, etc. any comparison between the economic burden of CRC should be made with caution. However, reviewing various aspects of the economic burden of CRC reported in included studies, will provide researchers and policymakers with a better insight into the CRC burden while designing intervention programs will reduce the budget impact of the those programs.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of deuterium-depleted water (DDW) in specific concentrations on HT-29 and SW-480 cells. HT-29 and SW-480 cell lines were cultured in RPMI medium containing different concentrations of DDW for 24, 48, and 72 hours, and then the percentage of cell survival was determined by MTT-based cytotoxicity assay. The findings proved the role of reducing deuterium and increasing time treatment in inhibiting the growth of these cell lines. The lowest cell survival rates for HT-29 and SW-480 cell lines were obtained during 72 hours of treatment with 30 ppm deuterium concentration, with 23% and 37% cell survival percentages, respectively. To investigate the side effects of deuterium-depleted water, normal C2C12 cells were also treated with deuterium-depleted water. The results showed that under the same conditions as cancer cells, deuterium-depleted water has a lower growth inhibitory effect on normal cells, so cell survival in this cell line was more than 50%. Our data show that deuterium-depleted water could open up a new strategic approach to preventing and treating colorectal cancer.

Background: Gastrointestinal cancers are one of the most dangerous and common cancers in Iran. This type of cancer is more common in the esophagus, stomach, colon, and rectum. The present study is aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of employed health professionals about the risk factors of gastrointestinal cancers. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, all 175 male and female health workers in Isfahan Health Centers No. 1 and 2, Isfahan, Iran, were studied. Data were collected using a questionnaire, measuring the knowledge, attitude, and practice of health workers. Raw data of knowledge, attitude, and practice were converted to standard scores from 0 to 100 with a linear conversion and were described with mean, standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence interval (CI), median, and interquartile range. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 5% using SPSS software. Findings: The mean scores of knowledge for all participants were 69.3%, the mean scores of attitude were 73.9%, and the mean scores of behavior were 35.3%. The difference between the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of health workers according to gender, marital status, family history, income, and enteritis was not statistically significant. However, the mean scores of individuals’ behavior with educational levels of diploma and sub-diploma were statistically significant (P = 0.046). Attitude score increased in terms of age (P = 0.007). Additionally, there was a significant linear positive correlation between work experience and attitude score (r = 0.218, P = 0.004). The relationship between gender and nutritional behavior was significant (P = 0.039). The average knowledge score of people who needed periodic testing was 76.6, which was also significantly different from people who did not need periodic testing (P = 0.026). Conclusion: With increasing age and the years of employment, the attitude score increased. Moreover, the average nutritional behavior of male health workers was lower than female ones. It was also found that people who needed periodic testing had higher knowledge ones. Therefore, in addition to developing appropriate training programs, adopting other health policies is needed, so that by overcoming the barriers to preventive behaviors, not only the performance of health workers can be increased but also by providing services to the covered populations, people's participation in colorectal cancer screening programs can be improved.

Background. Cancers are showing a rising trend in developing countries. In Iran, cancer is the third leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases and accidents. The cost of cancer diagnosis and treatment places heavy financial burden on health systems, requiring accurate financial assessments and evaluations. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the direct medical expenses of cancer patients undergoing surgery in Ahvaz, Iran, teaching hospitals. Methods. This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021. The research population included cancer patients undergoing surgery in Ahvaz teaching hospitals. Data collection was done using clinical records of the hospital. Quantitative statistical indicators such as frequency, mean, standard deviation, and tables were used for data analysis. In addition, analytical statistical indicators such as independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression were used with SPSS22 software. Results. The overall mean costs for cancer surgery were calculated at 77,994,903 (SD= 111,224,332) Iranian Rials (IRR). The most expensive cancer surgery was colorectal cancer with an average of 193,558,434 (SD= 266,162,757) IRR, and the lowest cost was pancreatic cancer surgery with an average of 29,284,226 (SD= 23,057,425) IRR. There was a significant positive relationship between the type of cancer (p= 0.000) and the length of hospital stay (p= 0.041) and the cost of hospitalized patients. Conclusion. The economic costs of treating all types of cancer are very high. Any therapeutic and administrative measure that can reduce the cost of cancer treatment or the duration of treatment will contribute significantly to reducing patients' sufferings, improving their quality oflife and reducing the imposed costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one important cause of mortality in the world. In the common staging systems of CRC, many biological behaviors of the tumor that determine the prognosis are not defined. Risk stratification is becoming increasingly important in low-stage CRC, because these patients do not undergo adjuvant therapy unless poor prognostic factors such as vascular invasion (VI), perineural invasion (PI) and serosal involvement (SI) are present. Accurate evaluation of these factors in CRC specimens is still challenging. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the detection rate of VI, PI and SI in 180 patients of CRC who underwent surgical resection based on basic pathology reports, review of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides with considering morphologic clues such as “protruding tongue” and “orphan artery” signs, and elastin stain for detection of VI. In addition, the stage of the disease, pT stage, tumor location, tumor type and grade were categorized, separately. We used the Fisher’s exact test for comparing variables between the two groups. P<0.05 was considered significant. All data analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: Overall, the detection rate of VI was significantly increased in review of H&E slides with considering morphologic clues (P=0.019) and also using elastin stain (P<0.05) than basic pathology reports, but no significant differences observed in PI (P=0.118) and SI (P=1.00) between the first basic pathology reports and review of H&E slides. Also, significant differences observed in VI, PI and SI based on AJCC stage, pT stage and grade of tumor (P<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the prognostic importance of VI detection in the treatment of patients of CRC, Slide review with attention to the morphologic clues such as “protruding tongue” and “orphan artery” signs and elastin staining could be used for better detection of VI in patients of CRC in routine surgical specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in men and women. Recently, investigations have revealed a much larger role for epigenetic and non-hereditary factors in CRC incidence than hereditary factors. Among all nonhereditary factors, gut microbiota alterations are the most prominent factor in the development of CRC. This work aimed to study the quantification of Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in healthy colorectal tissues compared with polyp and cancer colorectal tissues of Iranian peoples. Methods: In this case-control study, 21 biopsy samples of normal colon tissue, 21 polyp tissues, and 19 tumor tissues were investigated. To quantify the Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in our samples, we employed the 16SrRNAspecific gene in Real-Time Quantitative PCR method. Results: The Quantitative Real-Time PCR results demonstrated a significant increase (P-value<0.05) in the population of both bacterial species, Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in tumor and polyp tissues compared with normal samples. In addition, the Spearman index for these two species was 0.7634, which refers to a synergistic relationship between these species in the colon environment. Conclusion: Collectively, by the progression of CRC, the abundance of Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, will be increasing. In other words, the enrichment of these species can induce the development and progression of CRC and might be a sign of its occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers that its incidence and prevalence and so deaths due to this cancer have increased worldwide recently. This study examines the economic burden of colorectal cancer from different perspectives by conducting a scoping review. Materials and Methods: In this scoping review, by searching Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science, the articles reporting the costs of CRC were reviewed. The search was limited to those published in the past years leading up to 2020. In addition to categorizing different aspects of the reviewed paper, per capita costs were adjusted with the purchasing power parity in order to make some comparisons possible. In this study, the calculated costs of retrieved studies were categorized based on the perspective of each study. Results: Out of 29 studies, only two have reported indirect costs of CRC, and 4 studies have reported both direct and indirect costs. In other studies, only direct costs of CRC have been reported. Nearly 40% of studies calculated CRC costs from the provider’s perspective. The highest reported annual per-patient cost was $175020)PPP-adjusted( which is related to the average annual costs of patients with CRC at the fourth stage in the United States from a provider perspective. The lowest reported amount was $ 954)PPP-adjusted( which was related to average annual inpatient costs in Brazil from a provider perspective. Conclusion: Due to variations in study characteristics in terms of perspective, type of costs, type of patient included, etc. any comparison between the economic burden of CRC should be made with caution. However, reviewing various aspects of the economic burden of CRC reported in included studies, will provide researchers and policymakers with a better insight into the CRC burden while designing intervention programs will reduce the budget impact of the those programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Studies have shown that lncRNA DSCR9 prevents cancer and inflammation and its expression leads to anti-tumor activity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between lncRNA DSCR9 expression and the risk of colon cancer. Materials and Methods: Samples were taken from 20 tissues of patients with colorectal cancer and 20 healthy intestinal tissues of healthy individuals. Total RNA extraction was performed, followed by cDNA synthesis. Expression of lncRNA DSCR9 was investigated using real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and primers designed using Beacon Designer software. The relative expression of lncRNA DSCR9 was calculated, and finally, the results were analyzed by GraphPad Prism software. Results: The results showed that lncRNA DSCR9 expression increased in colorectal cancer compared to the control group as well as in tumors of metastatic and non-metastatic individuals. However, the relative expression of lncRNA DSCR9 in tumors of individuals with stages 1 and 2 and in tumors of with different sizes did not show a significant increase; nevertheless, the relative expression of lncRNA DSCR9 in tumors of grades 1 and 2 was statistically significant (P=0.0144). The specificity and sensitivity of lncRNA DSCR9 showed that as a marker (P=0.0001), it could isolate the patient population from the healthy one. Conclusion: In the present study, there was a relative increase in the expression of lncRNA DSCR9 in patients with colorectal cancer compared to control, which possibly could be due to the activation of proteins involved in cancer and increased Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway and cause tumor cell growth and angiogenesis in cancer. Therefore, due to changes in the expression of the lncRNA DSCR9 gene in colorectal cancer, this gene may be used as a biomarker for the detection of tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) is a filamentous and photosynthetic microalgae that contains 25 kinds of vitamins and minerals and bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of ethanolic extract of S. platensis. Materials and Methods: The polyphenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of S. platensis was evaluated by Folin-Ciocâlteu reagent, chloride aluminum method, and CUPRAC, respectively. The cytotoxicity of extract on HCT116 and SW742 colorectal cancer cells was determined using an MTT assay after 24, 48 and 72 h treatment with various concentrations of S. platensis extract (0-1000 μg/ml). Results: The ethanolic extract of S. platensis showed an antioxidant activity of 53/7±6/63 mg of Ascorbic acid/g dried sample and was characterized with a high level of polyphenolic and flavonoid content. A dose and time dependent decrease in the viability of HCT116 and SW742 cells was detected following exposure to the extract. After 72 h treatment, IC50 value of HCT116 and SW742 cell lines was obtained as 14/79±0/33 µg/ml and 13/26±1/52 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the ethanolic extract of S. platensis decreases colorectal cancer cell viability significantly. Therefore, this extract can be a candidate for producing anticancer agents.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Sargassum boveanum is a plant species of brown algae that is widely found in the Persian Gulf. The present study investigated the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Sargassum boveanum in colorectal cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: Sargassum boveanum was collected from the Persian Gulf in Bushehr province. The hydroalcoholic extract of this plant was extracted by maceration in ethanol 70%. The concentrations of polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extract (ethanol 70%) were assessed by folin ciocalteu, aluminum chloride and CUPRAC methods, respectively. Afterwards, the cytotoxicity effect of this extract was investigated in two colorectal cancer cell lines (SW742 and HCT116) and normal cells (fibroblasts) at 24, 48 and 72 hours post-treatment by the MTT method. Results: The studied hydroalcoholic extract contains significant amounts of polyphenol (36.79 ± 0.66 mg GAE/g dwt), flavonoid (194.66±2.5 QE/g dwt) and antioxidant capacity (526.99 ± 9.16 mg AA/g dwt). The hydroalcoholic extract gradually inhibited cell growth in the SW742, HCT116 and fibroblast cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our results showed that sargassum boveanum hydroalcoholic extract may have considerable potential for development as a novel, natural product-based, anticancer agent.

Introduction: Studies have shown that an increase in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is associated with the progression of colorectal cancer and is considered a sensitive diagnostic factor for CRC. Moreover, the role of peroxisome proliferators (PPARs) has recently been considered in colorectal cancer. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the expression level of PPARs and CEA level in patients with colorectal cancer. Material & Methods: In this study, a total of 100 samples of primary tumor tissue along with adjacent healthy tissue samples and serum samples of patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgery were prepared from the tumor bank of Tehran Cancer Institute in Thran, Iran. The expression level of peroxisome proliferator receptors (PRARs) in tissue samples and CEA level in serum samples were measured, and the relationship between these markers was evaluated as well. The financial support for the study was provided by the Islamic Azad University (grant number 132655). (Ethic code: 132655) Findings: The results of this study showed a significant increase in the expression level of PPARs and serum CEA levels in patients with colorectal cancer (P0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the expression level of PPARs and the serum CEA level are associated with the progression and spread of the disease; however, there is no significant relationship between the expression level of PPARs and the serum CEA level in patients with colorectal cancer.

Background and Objectives: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited disorder and a rare form of colorectal cancer. This disease appears equally in both sexes and its occurrence is more in the second or third decade of life. Mutations and alterations of the mitochondrial genome, especially the D-loop region, have been reported in various human tumors. But the exact role of these mutations in the pathogenesis and progression of tumors is still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of mtDNA nucleotide mutations in the D-loop region, especially the hypervariable regions (HVR) in FAP patients. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 56 FAP patients were investigated for mutations in the mitochondrial D-loop region by Touchdown PCR, single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP), and sequencing analysis. Fisher's exact statistical tool was used to find the relationship between these nucleotide changes and the risk of FAP disease. Results: Nineteen nucleotide changes were identified in the D-loop region of patients with FAP symptoms. Two of these nucleotide changes (C16335T and C16352T) were novel and not previously reported in any disease. The results of the statistical analysis of observed mutations showed a statistically significant difference between the patient's group and the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate a positive correlation of mtDNA mutations in the D-loop region in all FAP cases compared to the matched control groups. Therefore, the mutation in mitochondrial non-coding sequences may lead to the production of defective proteins in the respiratory chain by affecting the expression process of mitochondrial genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer in terms of incidence and the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of CTGF and MLH1 gene in colorectal cancer tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues in patients in Golestan province. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 20 colorectal cancer tissue samples and 20 adjacent healthy tissue samples were collected from Sayad Shirazi Hospital Research Center, Gorgan. After RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and primer design, the expresion of CTGF and MLH1 genes were measured by Real Time PCR. Statistical analysis of data was done in Graphpad Prism software. Results: According to findings, increase was seen in the CTGF gene expression level in tumor tissue to the adjacent healthy tissue (P<0.05), while the ratio of the MLH1 gene expression in the tumor tissue to the adjacent healthy tissue decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that increased expression levels of CTGF gene and decreased expression levels of MLH1 gene play roles in colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Systemic conditions, such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease are associated with periodontal disease. Recent studies suggested a link between periodontitis and gastrointestinal cancers. Due to the importance of this issue, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of chronic periodontitis in patients suffering from gastric, esophageal, and colorectal cancers attending Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, 2017-2018. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, clinical examination of 100 patients was performed by assessing clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and tooth loss. After recording the periodontal pockets' depth and gingival recession, the CAL was calculated. Chronic periodontitis was categorized as mild, moderate, and severe based on classification of periodontal disease. Chi-Square and ANOVA were applied for data analysis. Results: According to findings in patients with gastric cancer (n= 23) mild, moderate and sever periodontitis were seen in 8.7%, 26.1%, and 26.1%, respectively. There were 10 patients with esophageal cancer of whom 40% were healthy, 40% had moderate periodontitis, and 20% had severe periodontitis. Among patients with colorectal cancer (n=67), 7.5% had mild periodontitis, 46.3% had moderate periodontitis, and 1.5% had severe periodontitis. Conclusion: In patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis, due to the loss of periodontal support of the teeth that leads to loosening the teeth, the chances of tooth loss increase which naturally disrupts the patient's eating process and causes digestive problems.

Background: Sleep disorders are one of the most common unpleasant symptoms in cancer patients. Foot reflexology is a systemic practice based on the stimulation of nerves in the body. Aim: This study aimed to determine the effects of foot reflexology massage on sleep quality in patients with colorectal cancer. Method: This clinical trial study was conducted on 60 patients with colorectal cancer at the Oncology Ward of Imam Hossein Hospital, Tehran, Iran, who were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and equally divided into two groups of control and intervention, based on medical file numbers. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was completed for both groups before intervention. Foot reflexology massage was performed in the intervention group. The PSQI questionnaire was completed for both groups afterward. Data were analyzed using SPSS software through Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, Independent t-test, and Paired samples t-test. Results: There was a significant relationship between the total score of sleep quality and its dimensions in the intervention group post-intervention (P0.05). Implications for Practice: Foot reflexology massage improves the quality of life and sleep in patients with colorectal cancer. Therefore, it is suggested that this technique be included in nursing practices as a simple, low-cost, and practical treatment.

Background: Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a member of the pro-inflammatory chemokine family that has been reported to be overexpressed in various human tumors. This chemokine contributes to cancer cell survival, proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression level and clinicopathological significance of IL-8 in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues compared with adjacent normal colorectal tissues in the Iranian population. Materials and Methods: The population of the study consisted of 45 pathologically confirmed patients with CRC, including CRC and adjacent control tissues. The expression levels of the IL-8 gene were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The correlation between the expression levels and the clinicopathological features was determined. Results: IL-8 gene expression was overexpressed in CRC samples compared with controls (fold change=5.5; P= 0.02). The area under the ROC curve for IL-8 indicates the potential of IL-8 as the diagnostic marker in CRC (P=0.012). Conclusion: IL-8, which is up-regulated in CRC tissues, can be used to distinguish inflammation-induced CRC from control samples. The significantly up-regulated level of IL-8 needs future investigation for consideration as a biomarker to evaluate the prognosis of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim PBK is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKK) among MEK1/2 and MEK7 and can phosphorylate P38, JNK, and ERK in many cellular functions. The E2F transcription factor family also belongs to a class of cellular regulators acting as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. This study aims to investigate the expression of PBK and E2F7 in the early stages of colorectal cancer (CRC) compared to advanced stages based on the experimental and TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database. Methods & Materials A total of 32 tissue samples of patients with CRC with the approval of a pathobiologist were collected according to the examination and criteria reported from different stages. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the RT-qPCR technique was used to evaluate the expression of the desired genes in the study groups. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was also used to determine the ability of each of the selected genes to differentiate the two populations: stage I+II and stage III+IV. Ethical Considerations In all stages of this research, codes of ethics of research and publication were observed. Results In this study, it was shown that the expression of PBK and E2F7 significantly increased in stage I+II samples compared to stage III+IV. These data were confirmed by laboratory results and information extracted from the TCGA database. Also, based on the area under curve obtained from the ROC curves, these two genes are significantly distinguishable between stage I+II and III+IV populations in CRC. Conclusion According to the results of this study, PBK and E2F7 genes are good markers in the diagnosis of CRC.

Background and purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the second most common cancer in men and the third most common cancer in women worldwide. Routine treatments have many side effects and little efficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) on epigenetic changes of some genes involved in CRC progression. Materials and methods: Proliferation rate of cells after 40 s treatment was analyzed using MTT assay. Gene expressions of Beclin-1, Runx3, and AIM2 were measured using Real time PCR and methylation alternations of mentioned genes were evaluated with quantitative Methylation-Specific PCR (Q-MSP). Results: The viability of CAP-treated C26 cells significantly decreased compared to that of the L929 cells. The viability of C26 cell line decreased to75%, 52.2%, and 34% following 12, 24, and 48 hours of CAP therapy for 40 seconds. CAP therapy decreased the AIM2 expression (fold change=0.12) and increased the Runx3 gene expression (fold change=2.66) in C26 cell line. Also, treatment with CAP decreased the methylation level of Runx3 gene in CAP-treated cells compared with untreated cells (33.45% vs 63.24%). Conclusion: This study confirmed the selective effect of CAP on cancer cells which is an ultimate goal of cancer therapy approach. Also, CAP treatment was found to affect gene expression and methylation level of critical players of CRC.

Introduction: Today, cancer stem cells have attracted a lot of attention as tumour-initiating cells. Hyperthermia was also found to be beneficial in cancer treatment in many studies. In the present study, we assessed the effects of hyperthermia on colorectal cancer cells (HT-29) and their derived cancer stem cells (CSCs). Materials and Methods: CSCs were isolated from the HT-29 cell lines and then, the expression of surface marker and stemness-related genes were evaluated. Next, the toxicity effect of hyperthermia on HT-29 and CSCs was assessed. In addition, the effect of hyperthermia on the expression of stemness, proliferation, Wnt signaling pathway, and apoptosis genes was evaluated. Finally, the data were statistically analyzed. Results: Isolated-CSCs were positive for CD133 surface marker and the expression of stemness genes in the isolated-CSCs was significantly higher than HT-29 cells (P-value< 0.05). Treatment with hyperthermia reduced the survival rate of HT-29 and CSCs. In both groups, the gene expression of OCT3/4, NANOG, PCNA, WNT1, and CTNNB1, was decreased (P>0.05). In addition, the expression of P53, KLF4, and BAX genes was significantly increased in CSCs (P <0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that hyperthermia did not have a significant effect on HT-29 cells. However, it had a significant effect on the cell viability, growth curve, expression of genes involved in apoptosis and KLF4 in treated-CSCs. Therefore, hyperthermia can have a beneficial effect on inhibiting the growth and proliferation of CSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) is a filamentous and photosynthetic microalgae that contains 25 kinds of vitamins and minerals and bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of ethanolic extract of S. platensis. Materials and Methods: The polyphenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of S. platensis was evaluated by Folin-Ciocâlteu reagent, chloride aluminum method, and CUPRAC, respectively. The cytotoxicity of extract on HCT116 and SW742 colorectal cancer cells was determined using an MTT assay after 24, 48 and 72 h treatment with various concentrations of S. platensis extract (0-1000 μg/ml). Results: The ethanolic extract of S. platensis showed an antioxidant activity of 53/7±6/63 mg of Ascorbic acid/g dried sample and was characterized with a high level of polyphenolic and flavonoid content. A dose and time dependent decrease in the viability of HCT116 and SW742 cells was detected following exposure to the extract. After 72 h treatment, IC50 value of HCT116 and SW742 cell lines was obtained as 14/79±0/33 µg/ml and 13/26±1/52 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the ethanolic extract of S. platensis decreases colorectal cancer cell viability significantly. Therefore, this extract can be a candidate for producing anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Sargassum boveanum is a plant species of brown algae that is widely found in the Persian Gulf. The present study investigated the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Sargassum boveanum in colorectal cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: Sargassum boveanum was collected from the Persian Gulf in Bushehr province. The hydroalcoholic extract of this plant was extracted by maceration in ethanol 70%. The concentrations of polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extract (ethanol 70%) were assessed by folin ciocalteu, aluminum chloride and CUPRAC methods, respectively. Afterwards, the cytotoxicity effect of this extract was investigated in two colorectal cancer cell lines (SW742 and HCT116) and normal cells (fibroblasts) at 24, 48 and 72 hours post-treatment by the MTT method. Results: The studied hydroalcoholic extract contains significant amounts of polyphenol (36.79 ± 0.66 mg GAE/g dwt), flavonoid (194.66±2.5 QE/g dwt) and antioxidant capacity (526.99 ± 9.16 mg AA/g dwt). The hydroalcoholic extract gradually inhibited cell growth in the SW742, HCT116 and fibroblast cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our results showed that sargassum boveanum hydroalcoholic extract may have considerable potential for development as a novel, natural product-based, anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is growing evidence about the use of antioxidants to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and cancer drug resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to use vitamin C as an antioxidant and determine its effect on drug resistance in HT29 cells. Materials & Methods: During this case-control study, HT29 cells were first cultured and evaluated by MTT assay for cell death in the presence of vitamin C and 5FU. DAPI staining was also performed to visualize cell apoptosis. After RNA extraction and cDNA preparation, to determine the molecular mechanism of apoptosis by the drug and the inhibition effect or aggravation of vitamin C on cellular signaling of apoptosis, expression of growth-related genes and apoptosis of Caspase-3 and Bax were measured by real-time PCR. Findings: The results of the MTT test showed that vitamin C had no significant effect on cell apoptosis induced by 5-FU. DAPI and DNA ladder assay results from HT29 cells showed qualitative changes in cell apoptosis. In addition, real-time PCR results revealed increased expression of Bax and Caspase-3 in HT29 colon cancer cells treated with chemotherapy. Discussions & Conclusions: Our findings showed that vitamin C did not prevent the effect of chemo drug although it had no positive effect on the growth of cancer cells. Therefore, vitamin C intake by patients undergoing chemotherapy will not affect the drug's effect on the tumor and may protect the patient from side effects.

Background and Aim: The protein encoded by the SGO1 gene is a member of the shugoshin family of proteins and protects the centromere during mitosis. lncRNAs are non-coding RNA with 200 nucleotides lengths, i.e., involved in regulating gene expression. The current study aimed to evaluate the expression of SGO1 and SGO1-AS1 in different stages of disease progression; we also compared their expression pattern in tumor tissues with healthy tissues in colorectal cancer patients. Methods & Materials: In total, 40 tissue samples of patients with colorectal cancer were reported according to the examination and criteria with the approval of a pathologist. Besides, 40 normal tissues were sampled from a completely healthy part of the intestine of the same patients. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the Real-time RT-PCR technique was used to evaluate the expression of the desired genes in the study groups. ROC curve analysis was also used to determine the ability of each selected gene to diagnose the disease. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahrekord Azad University (Code: IR.IAU.SHKREC.1398.020). Results The obtained data suggested that SGO1 significantly decreased in the colorectal cancer tumor samples (P

Background and purpose: Systemic conditions, such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease are associated with periodontal disease. Recent studies suggested a link between periodontitis and gastrointestinal cancers. Due to the importance of this issue, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of chronic periodontitis in patients suffering from gastric, esophageal, and colorectal cancers attending Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, 2017-2018. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, clinical examination of 100 patients was performed by assessing clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and tooth loss. After recording the periodontal pockets' depth and gingival recession, the CAL was calculated. Chronic periodontitis was categorized as mild, moderate, and severe based on classification of periodontal disease. Chi-Square and ANOVA were applied for data analysis. Results: According to findings in patients with gastric cancer (n= 23) mild, moderate and sever periodontitis were seen in 8.7%, 26.1%, and 26.1%, respectively. There were 10 patients with esophageal cancer of whom 40% were healthy, 40% had moderate periodontitis, and 20% had severe periodontitis. Among patients with colorectal cancer (n=67), 7.5% had mild periodontitis, 46.3% had moderate periodontitis, and 1.5% had severe periodontitis. Conclusion: In patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis, due to the loss of periodontal support of the teeth that leads to loosening the teeth, the chances of tooth loss increase which naturally disrupts the patient's eating process and causes digestive problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Studies have shown that an increase in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is associated with the progression of colorectal cancer and is considered a sensitive diagnostic factor for CRC. Moreover, the role of peroxisome proliferators (PPARs) has recently been considered in colorectal cancer. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the expression level of PPARs and CEA level in patients with colorectal cancer. Material & Methods: In this study, a total of 100 samples of primary tumor tissue along with adjacent healthy tissue samples and serum samples of patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgery were prepared from the tumor bank of Tehran Cancer Institute in Thran, Iran. The expression level of peroxisome proliferator receptors (PRARs) in tissue samples and CEA level in serum samples were measured, and the relationship between these markers was evaluated as well. The financial support for the study was provided by the Islamic Azad University (grant number 132655). (Ethic code: 132655) Findings: The results of this study showed a significant increase in the expression level of PPARs and serum CEA levels in patients with colorectal cancer (P<0.01). Although the level of these markers had a significant relationship with the progression and spread of disease in patients (P<0.01), no significant relationship was observed between the expression of PPARs and serum CEA in these patients (P>0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the expression level of PPARs and the serum CEA level are associated with the progression and spread of the disease; however, there is no significant relationship between the expression level of PPARs and the serum CEA level in patients with colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The incidence of colorectal cancer has increased significantly in Iran in recent decades. The pattern of occurrence varies in different populations. A study was conducted to perform a spatial analysis of colorectal cancer and some of its risk factors in Iran using GIS. Methods: The data of this descriptive-analytic study included colorectal cancer incidence as a dependent variable and physical activity, Body Mass Index and smoking as independent variables recorded by the Cancer Department, Center for Non-Communicable Diseases Management, the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the care system for non-communicable disease risk factors according to province and gender in 2009. Data was analyzed using the ArcGIS 10.3 software and spatial correlation analysis, hot spots analysis, and geographic weighted regression model. Results: The spatial relationship between the disease and some of its risk factors was confirmed by the model of geographical weight regression, according to which the northern and central provinces had the highest risk of colorectal cancer compared to other regions of the country. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that spatial analysis could be useful in identifying disease patterns, prioritizing the factors affecting it, and controlling the disease through strategic planning and interventions.

Background: Awareness of people about the risk factors of the disease and prevention strategies has a significant effect on the prevention and treatment of diseases. Considering the high prevalence of cancer in Iran, the present research was carried out to determine the awareness and health beliefs of staff of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, on colorectal cancer and related factors using Health Belief Model (HBM). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 101 employees were selected from among 4 schools of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences through cluster sampling method. Data collection tool was a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire including demographic questions and health belief and behavior pattern items. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation coefficient using SPSS software. P-value less than 0.050 was considered as the significance level. Findings: The mean score of participants' knowledge was 66.80 ± 18.37; 48.5% of them had low, 28.7% had moderate, and the rest had high level of knowledge about colorectal cancer. Perceived benefits and perceived sensitivity had the highest and the lowest mean, respectively. Increasing age, family history of cancer, and education were factors that influenced employees' awareness of colorectal cancer. Conclusion: Considering that about half of the staff had low level of awareness about colorectal cancer, it is suggested that programs be conducted to change the behavior of individuals in order to prevent the onset of this cancer, so that in addition to increasing awareness and promoting health beliefs, an ever greater reduction in the incidence of this disease occurs.

Background and purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the second most common cancer in men and the third most common cancer in women worldwide. Routine treatments have many side effects and little efficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) on epigenetic changes of some genes involved in CRC progression. Materials and methods: Proliferation rate of cells after 40 s treatment was analyzed using MTT assay. Gene expressions of Beclin-1, Runx3, and AIM2 were measured using Real time PCR and methylation alternations of mentioned genes were evaluated with quantitative Methylation-Specific PCR (Q-MSP). Results: The viability of CAP-treated C26 cells significantly decreased compared to that of the L929 cells. The viability of C26 cell line decreased to75%, 52.2%, and 34% following 12, 24, and 48 hours of CAP therapy for 4٠ seconds. CAP therapy decreased the AIM2 expression (fold change=0.12) and increased the Runx3 gene expression (fold change=2.66) in C26 cell line. Also, treatment with CAP decreased the methylation level of Runx3 gene in CAP-treated cells compared with untreated cells (33.45% vs 63.24%). Conclusion: This study confirmed the selective effect of CAP on cancer cells which is an ultimate goal of cancer therapy approach. Also, CAP treatment was found to affect gene expression and methylation level of critical players of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Colorectal cancer is a chronic disease that reduces the patients’ quality of life. Therefore, it is essential to have self-care ability. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the family-centered empowerment model on the self-care ability of patients with colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled study consisted of all patients who referred to the surgery ward of the colorectal clinic affiliated to Shahid Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, during 2018. A total of 72 patients were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly allocated into control and experimental groups. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. It is worth mentioning that this study lasted nine months. Results: The results showed a significant increase in the mean score of total self-care ability and its components in the experimental group, compared to the baseline after the intervention (P

Background and Objectives: MutL homolog (MLH1) is a key component of heterodimeric complex MutLα, which recognizes and repairs base-base mismatches or insertion/deletion loops that arise from nucleotide misincorporation. In the absence of MLH1 protein, the number of unrepaired mismatches will increase and cause tumors in organs. The present study aimed at quantitative analysis of MLH1 gene expression and its association with depth of tumor invasion (T) and lymph node invasion (N) factors in blood samples of Iranian patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Blood samples from 33 patients with CRC were collected. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) was extracted and cDNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) was fabricated according to the kit protocol extracted. The primer was designed by the Exon-Exon Junction method, and Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (Real-Time PCR) test was performed three times for MLH1 and β-actin (Beta-actin) genes. Data were analyzed in REST 2009 Software, and a T-test was used to evaluate the expression of MLH1 gene and its association with T and N factors. Results: The results of Real-Time PCR in 33 patients with the male to female ratio of 42.5% to 57.5% and a mean age of 55 years demonstrated a significant decrease in MLH1 gene expression in the late stages of the disease (P

Background and purpose: Colorectal cancer ( CRC ) is highly prevalent and conventional therapies are associated with side effects, therefore, application of novel complementary treatment such as probiotics (especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of heat-killed form of S.cerevisiae on growing rate and apoptosis (expression levels of PTEN and RelA) in colon cancer cell line HT29. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, the cytotoxic effects of heat-killed form of S.cerevisiae and Fluorouracil (5-FU), as positive control, were tested by MTT assay. Apoptosis induction was investigated by determining the PTEN and RelA expression levels using qRT-PCR. Data were analyzed in GraphPad Prism Software. Results: Heat killed form of S.cerevisiae showed anti-proliferative and apoptotic effect by decreasing the expression levels of RelA and increasing PTEN expression levels in HT-29 cells. The expression levels were found to be significantly different between the intervention groups and controls. Conclusion: The yeast probiotics could decrease the growth rate of colorectal cancer cells and play key role in induction of apoptosis via regulation of RelA and PTEN.

Objective (s): Colorectal cancer is one of the most common chronic diseases and the second most common cause of cancer deaths in the world, which is associated with many physical and psychological complications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the acceptance and post-traumatic Growth in Colorectal Cancer Patients Comorbid with Stress. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest and two-months follow-up design and a control group. Using stratified sampling method, 30 patients with colorectal cancer were randomly selected and randomly assigned to experimental group and control group. The data were collected by three questionnaires of stress-anxiety-depression, acceptance and practice and post-traumatic growth and were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: According to the results, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages (P0.05). Conclusion: The results support the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy as an effective psychological intervention to increase the degree of acceptance and post-traumatic growth in colorectal cancer patients.

Background: ncRNAs have been identified as oncogenic drivers and tumor suppressors in any type of cancer. Although many classes of ncRNAs have been reported, most studies have been performed on microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs can regulate several target genes and affect important processes such as homeostasis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Located in the p75NTR gene, miR-6165 is known to induce apoptosis in colorectal cell lines, and one study proposed a tumor suppressive role in colorectal cancer. However, its mechanism of action in breast cancer is not completely understood yet. Therefore, this study aimed to consider the expression level and the effect of miR-6165 on the proliferation and migration in breast cancer. Material and methods: Fifty tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues were examined in the study. miR-6165 levels were evaluated by qPCR in breast cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. Pre-mir-6165 was cloned in the pEGFPN1 vector. Next, human breast cancer MCF7 cells were cultured and pre-miR-6165 vector was transfected to breast cancer line. The effects on cell proliferation and migration were investigated with MTT assay and scratch test, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis was performed through enrichment and hub genes finding for miRNA targets. Results: miR-6165 was overexpressed in breast cancer tumor tissues and cell lines. High expression of miR-6165 was directly related to the metastasis. miR-6165 increased proliferation and migration in breast cancer cell line. Conclusions: miR-6165 may function as an oncomir and increase the growth and migration of cells which may consequently serve as a therapeutic goal for breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Transforming growth factor-beta-induced factor X-linked (TGIF2LX) as a homeodomain protein and TGF-β corepressor, could regulate proliferation of some cancer cells including colorectal cancer by some signaling pathways. Small non-coding RNAs (microRNA; miRNA) are known as molecular regulators of colorectal cancer that are involved in the processes of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological significance of TGIF2LX protein and its effect on the expression of oncogenic miRNAs miR-34a, miR-20a and miR-21 in colorectal cancer cells SW1116. Methods: Human SW1116 cell line and cell line transfected with cDNA encoding TGIF2LX gene were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium under appropriate conditions. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability in vitro. After RNA extraction from all cell groups and cDNA synthesis, miRNA expression analysis was performed using qReal-time PCR technique. Results: The results showed that the increased expression of TGIF2LX could reduce the proliferation of SW1116 cell line. Gene expression analysis showed that increased expression of TGIF2LX could significantly reduce the expression level of miR-21 (P<0.038). However, the expression levels of miR-34a and miR-20a in SW1116 cells transfected with TGIF2LX did not show a significant change compared to non-transfected cells (P>0.05). Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence of molecular mechanisms that the homeodomain protein TGIF2LX can act as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer cells by reducing miR-21 expression. Therefore, this protein can potentially be considered as a promising option for gene-based therapeutic strategies in this cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in Iran, and despite high cure rate, it still has high mortality. Some studies have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are effective in treating cancer in addition to treating hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enalapril on the proliferation, migration, and expression of ACE, angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) genes in colorectal cancer cells. Methods: In this study, the effect of enalapril on the survival rate of CT26, HT29, and SW480 colorectal cancer cells was determined using MTT assay, cell migration was assayed using migration assay technique, and cell cycle assay was performed using flow cytometry. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), MMP9, and epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), ACE, AT1R, VEGF-A, and TGF-β1 genes were also evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and reactive oxygen species in these three cell lines. Findings: Enalapril had anti-proliferative and anti-migrate effect on all three colorectal cancer cell lines compared to the control group. Expression of E-cadherin, MMP3, and MMP9 genes significantly decreased after treatment with enalapril (P < 0.001). Expression of ACE, AT1R, VEGF-A, and TGF-β1 genes showed a significant decrease in the three cell lines, and the level of reactive oxygen species significantly increased in the three cell lines compared to the control group. Conclusion: Given the various anticancer effects of enalapril, it seems that at least alongside standard chemotherapy drugs, enalapril may be useful in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Background and Aim: The cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, because of their high prevalence and fatality, are of great importance in most countries like Iran. In terms of prevalence, stomach, esophagus and colorectal cancers in Iran are ranked first, second and eighth, respectively. Therefore, this study aimed to model the incidence of the frequency of new cases of these cancers and their prediction in Kurdistan province, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the incidence of stomach, esophagus and colorectal cancers were analyzed from April 2000 to March 2017. In order to model time series data of the cancers, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) with Box-Jenkins approach were applied. After determining the suitable models, the frequencies of new cases for the cancers were predicted until March 2020. Data analysis was performed using R-3.4.2 statistical software package. Results: A total of 6439 gastrointestinal cancers were recorded during the study period, among which stomach, esophagus and colorectal cancers had the highest frequencies with 2548, 1722 and 989 new cases, respectively. The best fited model for stomach, esophagus and colorectal cancers were SARIMA (0, 1, 1) (0, 0, 1)4، SARIMA (3, 1, 0) (0, 0, 1)4 and ARIMA (0, 1, 1), respectively. It is predicted that the incidence pattern of these cancers have an upward trend with moderate slope by March 2020. Conclusion: The high incidence of stomach, colorectal and esophagus cancer, as well as their increasing trend in the predicted time can be a serious alarm. Therefore, in order to prevent and reduce the frequency of these cancers, it is vital to design and implement the effective programs such as screening, especially in high risk groups, early diagnosis of the cancers, increasing public awareness and controlling the risk factors to prevent and reduce of these increasing trends.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Colorectal cancer is one of the growing cancers in Iran and one of the few preventable cancers in the World Health Organization. One of the most important ways to early diagnose this malignancy and its underlying lesions (polyps) and subsequently to prevent it is screening. Colorectal cancer is one of the growing cancers in Iran and one of the few preventable cancers in the World Health Organization. One of the most important ways of early detection of this malignancy and its underlying lesions (polyps) and consequently its prevention is screening. Different protocols have been developed for the diagnosis of first degree relatives of known hereditary cases such as HNPCC and FAP, but the diagnosis plan for first degree relatives has not been defined as a group of familial colorectal cancers without known mutations (type X colorectal cancer). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of colonoscopy screening in first-degree relatives of these patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on the families of patients with suspected Lynch syndrome who had no deficiency in the expression of repair proteins. Data were collected from the medical records system of colorectal cancer patients who had been enrolled in the system for prevention and early detection of colorectal cancer at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Research Center from 1387 to 1397. FINDINGS: The results of colonoscopy revealed that 18 out of 77 subjects had 23% polyps or tumors in their colon, out of which 55% were polyps and the rest were adenomas. About 60% of polyps were in the rectum and sigmoid and the rest in the colon and cecum. Also, 4 patients in this screening showed tumors in their colon, all of which were newly diagnosed, and 2 patients in this screening were diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, in the case of colon polyps, the families of these patients appear to be at high risk like those of Lynch syndrome families and need regular colonoscopy care.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hyperthermia has been reported as a new and adjunctive treatment of cancer in inhibiting DNA repair, increasing radiation sensitivity of cancer stem cells, increasing the sensitivity of drug-resistant cancer cells, and inhibiting cancer signaling pathways that cause apoptosis, suppression of cancer stem cell proliferation and disruption in cellular function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hyperthermia on the gene expression pattern of drug resistance and cell survival. METHODS: In this in vitro study, two cell lines of human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 and SW-48 were cultured. The cells of the hyperthermia and control groups were exposed to 42 or 43 °C and 37 °C for 2 hours, respectively. Then the effect of hyperthermia on cell survival was investigated by MTT method. The expression pattern of MDR1 and MRP4 genes was also measured using qRT-PCR. FINDINGS: Hyperthermia reduced cell survival, but this reduction was not significant. Hyperthermia decreased MDR1 gene expression in SW-48 cells (p=0.007). Although MDR1 expression in HT-29 cells was significantly reduced at 42 °C, no significant difference was observed between the hyperthermia and control groups. Hyperthermia also had no significant effect on MRP4 gene expression in SW-48 and HT-29 cell lines. CONCLUSION: The results showed that hyperthermia reduces the gene expression related to drug resistance, but has no significant effect on cell survival.