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Brain tumor segmentation is an important step in the diagnosis and treatment planning of cancer patients. The procedure of manual brain tumor segmentation suffers from a long processing time. In this light, automatic brain tumor segmentation is highly appealing in the clinical routine. This study sets out to segment the tumors from brain MR images and to investigate the effectiveness/usefulness of the different MRI sequences for this purpose. Here, the MR images from the BRATS challenge were utilized. 310 patients with four different MRI sequences, including T1, T1ce, T2, and FLAIR were employed to train a ResNet deep CNN. Four separate models were trained with each of the input MR sequences to identify the best sequence for brain tumor segmentation. To assess the performance of these models, 60 patients (external dataset) were quantitatively evaluated. The quantitative results indicated that the FLAIR sequence is more reliable for automatic brain tumor segmentation than other sequences with an accuracy of 0.77±0.10 in terms of Dice compared to Dice indices of 0.73±0.12, 0.73±0.15, and 0.62±0.17 obtained from T1, T2, and T1ce sequences, respectively. Based on the results of this study, FLAIR is a more reliable sequence than other sequences for brain tumor segmentation.

Background: Sound pollution causes kidney damage in adult but this effect of sound exposure on the fetus is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find the effect of noise on the structure and volume of fetal kidney. Materials & methods: A total of 32 pregnant mice were divided into four groups. Pregnant mouse in experimental groups were exposed to load 100 dB continuous noise stress, 2.5 hour per day. After birth, fetus kidneys were removed at days 7 and 14. Tissues processing were performed, and sections with 0.5 micron thickness were prepared with orientator method. Total volume and volume of cortex and medulla were calculated according to Cavalier principle. Amount of matrix, inflammatory reaction and necrosis were evaluated by Knodell Scoring system. Results: The results show that there was no significant difference between the volume of different parts of kidney in experimental and control groups (P

Background: Coffee is a traditional drinking used by most of the people around the world. Overuse of coffee leads to many side effects on body. In this study, the effect of different doses of coffee extract on kidney volume was studied by the stereological method. Material and Methods: Sixty spragu-dawley male rats were divided into 6 groups. Control group was given tap water (0.5ml) and experimental groups were given coffee extract orally for 14 days with doses (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5gr/kg) with the same volume of control group. Then rats were anesthetized (with ether), sacrificed and their right kidneys were removed, fixed, tissue processed and stained with H&E. The 5µm slides were studied by Cavalieri principle. Results: Higher doses of water coffee extract were associated with decreased kidney volume and volumes of glomerules but in lower doses it increased related to control group. Conclusion: It seems that, high doses of coffee has side effect on kidneyand reduces volume of kidney and its glomerules. However further studies are required to confirm this research.

In this study, three-dimensional glomerular counting was used as investigation tool for evaluation of the extent of renal damage in an experimental glycerol induced model. 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into control or test groups. The test group received an IM injection of 10ml/kg of 50% glycerol and the control group received an equivalent volume of normal saline. 48 hours post, the animals were scarified by intoxication with an overdose of ether. Using vascular perfusion technique, the kidneys were fixed with left intraventicular 10% formaline solution. The right kidney from each animal was removed. Following routine tissue processing, 1mm agar slabs and 5 m paraffin sections were prepared and stained with H&E using physical dissector. The sections were microscopic evaluated. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the number of the glomeruli between both groups. In conclusion, the glycerol induced renal toxicity dose not induce significant change in the number of glomeruli, further studies are warranted in order to assess the nature of the histopathological damages induced in this model.