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Background and Aim: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine with anti-inflammatory effects, which the influences of acute and chronic exercise on it are not clearly known. Therefore, the aim of the present meta-analysis was to determine the effect of the acute and chronic exercise on circulating GDF15. Methods: To extract original articles published in Farsi and English language journals, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Magiran, Noormags and SID databases until December 22, 2022. Two separate meta-analyses were performed to calculate the effect size of standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval for the acute and chronic effects of exercise on GDF15. Results: A total of 18 studies including 551 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that acute exercise activity leads to a significant increase in GDF15 [P=0.001, (1.65 to 0.80 CI: 1.23)], while chronic exercise activity had no significant effect on GDF15 [P=0.24, (0.96 to 0.24-CI: 0.35)]. Conclusion: Exercise leads to a transient and short-term increase in GDF15, which may contribute to the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise.

Background and Aim: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine with anti-inflammatory effects, which the influences of acute and chronic exercise on it are not clearly known. Therefore, the aim of the present meta-analysis was to determine the effect of the acute and chronic exercise on circulating GDF15. Methods: To extract original articles published in Farsi and English language journals, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Magiran, Noormags and SID databases until December 22, 2022. Two separate meta-analyses were performed to calculate the effect size of standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval for the acute and chronic effects of exercise on GDF15. Results: A total of 18 studies including 551 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that acute exercise activity leads to a significant increase in GDF15 [P=0.001, (1.65 to 0.80 CI: 1.23)], while chronic exercise activity had no significant effect on GDF15 [P=0.24, (0.96 to 0.24-CI: 0.35)]. Conclusion: Exercise leads to a transient and short-term increase in GDF15, which may contribute to the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise.

Background and purpose: Increasing prevalence of diabetes and its complications, including cardiovascular problems increase the cost of health care which could be diminished with proper planning to change lifestyle. The present study investigated the effect of aerobic and resistance trainings on blood GDF15 level as a protective marker on cardiovascular cells in patients with type 1 diabetes. Materials and methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 32 patients with type 1 diabetes were divided into aerobic training group and resistance exercise training group. Serum GDF15 levels were measured in all patients before and after the exercises. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Bootstrap in SPSS. Results: In this study, the GDF-15 levels significantly increased after the exercises (P