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Using appropriate policies to overcome food insecurity is one of the pillars of economic prosperity of countries. Economic decisions that change macroeconomic parameters can directly or indirectly affect food production and prices and affect food security. Therefore, achieving a clear understanding of how macroeconomic policies affect different dimensions of food security in the country can lead to providing solutions to improve the food security index. In this study, a framework of simultaneous equations is presented in order to investigate the relationship between monetary and financial policies with food production and prices in the country. In this regard, using the method of generalized moments, behavioral equations were estimated separately using the data of 1978-2018. The model was then implemented as a system of equations using the Gauss Seidel method. Different scenarios were simulated in this model to investigate the effects of changes in interest rates, money volume, and general government investment on various aspects of food security. The results indicated that government investment in the agriculture sector and public investment expenditures have a positive impact on food production through capital stock. Additionally, changes in interest rates have minimal effects on food production but significant negative effects on food prices. Overall, monetary policy decisions result in increased food prices alongside decreased food production due to the demand for money and private investment. Therefore, the implementation of these policies should be done more carefully in order to encourage farmers to increase production and therefore ensure food security for consumers.

Introduction: In recent years, environmental problems have attracted the attention of many policymakers. In many developing countries, foreign direct investment and environmental risk play a vital role for economic growth and development. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the relationship between foreign direct investment and environmental risk. In this regard, the present study examines the role of financial development in the relationship between foreign direct investment and environmental risk.Materials and Methods: In the present study, the stationary ​​of the variables was first evaluated by using the ADF test and then by applying Kao cointegration, the long-run relationship between the variables of the model has been examined. Finally, the effect of financial development, foreign direct investment, GDP per capita and urbanization on environmental risk for 35 countries during the period of 1990-2021 was investigated using generalized panel moments. For the analysis and estimation of the model, Eviews_12 software has been used.Results: According to the ADF unit root test, some variables are stationary at the level and some are stationary at the first order difference, to avoid false regression in estimations, co-accumulation between variables was investigated. The results of the Kao cointegration test confirmed the long-term relationship between the variables. Also, the results of generalized method of moments model show that foreign direct investment has a negative and significant effect on environmental risk. Most foreign direct investment comes from developed countries with strict environmental regulations; hence, they can transfer superior environmental technologies to the host country. Finally, foreign direct investment paves the way for promoting environmental sustainability in the host country. Also, the development of the financial sector reduces the environmental risk in both models because financial development helps to provide more information about the importance of the environment, especially in developing countries, due to the provision of financial resources and the possibility of accessing more efficient technologies and in model 2, there is a non-linear U-shaped relationship between financial sector development and environmental risk. The FD × FDI interaction term also has no significant effect on environmental risk. The results also show that economic growth and urbanization reduce environmental risk.Discussion: This study states that the development of the financial sector in developing countries can increase the quality of the environment. However, the results may be different in a developed financial sector. Most foreign direct investment comes from developed countries with strict environmental regulations; hence, they can transfer superior environmental technologies to the host country. Finally, foreign direct investment paves the way for promoting environmental sustainability in the host country. On the other hand, with the increase in real income, people have more ability to allocate resources to protect the environment and reduce environmental risk. Also, economic growth resulting from improved technology can provide higher returns with lower environmental risk. Urbanization is also beneficial for the environment due to higher living standards, increased public health, positive external effects and economy of scale.