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Introduction Environmental stresses, especially damage caused by frost, often have a significant effect on plant growth and development. In order to adapt to the cold, plants show specific physiological and biochemical responses that lead to an increase in their duirability and survival during exposure to low temperature. The use of ultraviolet (UV) rays to increase cold tolerance and physiological and biochemical changes related to it has been less researched. This is while UV-B is not necessarily a source of stress, but moderate, non-harmful levels of UV-B act as an environmental signal in higher plants and able to induce several key reactions in order to adapt to cold in the plant. Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out on rooted seedlings of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Yaghooti in a factorially (3×3) based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Malayer University in the spring and summer of 2022. In the 15-leaf stage, the vines (except for the control) were exposed to two doses of UV-B radiation in the following order: first dose (control): natural light, second dose (moderate): 5.98 kJ m-2 d-1 (equal to 0.55 W/m2 for 3 hours) and the third dose (severe): 9.66 kJ m-2 d-1 (equal to 0.55 W/m2 for 4.5 hours) was applied to the plants under the natural photoperiod in the greenhouse in June. After applying UV-B radiation treatments, one group of pots was kept in the greenhouse (temperature 24±1 ºC) and another group of pots (control vines and treated with UV-B rays to apply cold stress to the cooling chamber) transferred and placed under the temperature of 4ºC and -4ºC (for 6 hours at each temperature). Results and Discussion According to the results, the highest and lowest total chlorophyll content was related to the treatment without irradiation and temperature of 24°C and the treatment of severe irradiation and temperature of -4°C, respectively. The highest and lowest carotenoid content was related to the severe UV-B irradiation treatment and 24°C temperature and the treatment without irradiation and 24°C temperature, respectively. The relative water content was the highest in the treatments without radiation and temperature of 24°C, and the lowest in the treatment of moderate irradiation and temperature of -4°C. The highest and lowest percentages of electrolyte leakage were observed in treatments without irradiation and temperature of -4°C and treatment without irradiation and temperature of 24°C, respectively. The content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide was the highest in the vines under severe UV-B irradiation along with (-4°C) and was the lowest in treatment without irradiation along with 24°C. The highest content of soluble sugar and soluble protein was observed in plants treated with severe irradiation along with (-4°C), and the lowest amount of these compounds was observed in the treatment without UV-B irradiation along with (24°C). The content of proline was the highest in the treatments with severe irradiation along with (4°C), and the lowest in the treatment without radiation and temperature of 24°C. The highest and lowest activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme was observed in the treatments of sever irradiation along with (4°C) and moderate irradiation along with (-4°C), respectively. The activities of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and catalase enzymes (CAT) were the highest in plants under moderate irradiation along with (4°C), and the lowest activity of these enzymes observed under non-irradiation condition along with (-4°C). The highest and lowest total phenol and flavonoid contents were related to those vines that were treated with sever irradiation along with (4°C) and without UV-B irradiation along with 24°C, respectively. Conclusion Totally, it can be concluded that moderate radiation treatment through the stimulation of antioxidant systems, the accumulation of UV-B absorbing compounds and acclimate osmolytes in the plant led to an increase in their tolerance to chilling temperatures (+4°C), but there was no effect on frost tolerance (-4°C). However, sever UV-B irradiation treatment both at normal and low temperatures caused damage to cell membranes and leaf necrosis. Based on the results of application of moderate dose of UV-B rays, it can be used as an elicitor to improve plant antioxidant system and cell membrane stability under chilling temperature (4°C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Grape is a non-climacteric fruit with a low rate of physiological activity but is subject to serious physiological and parasitic disorders after harvest and during long term storage (Ciccarese et al., 2013). Currently, Edible coatings have been studied as potential substitutes for conventional plastics in food packaging. Edible coating is a thin layer of edible material formed as a coating on a food product. Edible coating can offer several advantages to the fresh fruit and vegetable industry such as improvement in the retention of color, acids, sugar and flavor components, the maintenance of quality during shipping and storage, the reduction of storage disorders and improved consumer appeal (Antoniou et al., 2015; Cazon et al., 2017; Fakhouri et al., 2015; Galus & Kadzińska, 2015). Farsi gum as a novel source of polysaccharides has drawn much attention in a wide range of various fields such as pharmaceutics, food and cosmetics industries. Functional properties of Farsi gum are influenced by its structure and molecular weight (Hadian et al., 2016; Joukar et al., 2017). By inclusion of bioactive compounds in the Farsi gum network the aforementioned impairments could be overcome and moreover, new protective and functional valences could be added. The inclusion of lipid-based component in Farsi gum gives it excellent light and moisture barrier properties. The benefic impact on human health of hemp seed oil is worldwide recognized. A recent study demonstrated the antimicrobial properties of hemp seed oil. Due to their abundance in biologically active compounds, hemp seed oil is promising natural alternatives that may extend the shelf-life, microbiological safety and nutritional values of food (Cozmuta et al., 2015; Leizer et al., 2000; Salarnia et al., 2018). Growing awareness of the quality of fruit has necessitated increasing effort to develop rapid and non-destructive methods for evaluating fruit quality (Bhargava & Bansal, 2020; Rachmawati et al., 2017; Tao & Zhou, 2017; Wu & Sun, 2013). The aim of this study was the consideration of image processing application for grape sorting based on visual surface characterize. Materials and Methods: Coating emulsion was prepared using (Farsi gum (0%, 1.5% and 3%), hemp seed oil (0%, 0.075% and 0.15%) and glyceride (0.3%)). grape fruit were coated by immersion in coating dispersion for 5 min. Samples were then allowed to loss the excess coating dispersion. Coatings were developed at room temperature during an hour. Samples were refrigerated at 4± 1°C for 28 days and analyses were performed at days 0 and 28. Defect identification and maturity detection of grape fruits are challenging task for the computer vision to achieve near human levels of recognition. The image acquisition was performed in a homogenously controlled lighting condition. Considering the camera lens’s focal length, the samples were placed 25 cm under the camera’s lens to be under camera’s field of view. The images of grape were segmented from the background using thresholding of the high contrast images via MATLAB software (R2019a, image processing toolbox). The optimum threshold value was obtained to be 0.35, 0.45 and 0.30 for R, G and B channel, respectively. Results and Discussion: The proposed techniques can separate between the defected and the healthy grape fruits, and then detect and classify the actual defected area. Classification is performed in two manners which in the first one, an input grape is classified with two different algorithms (RGB and binary). The Result showed that the accuracies for detecting the surface defects on grape were 97.73% and 96.30% using RGB and binary algorithms, respectively. Proposed method can be used to detect the visible defects of coated grape, and to grade the grape in high speed and precision. Conclusions: The results of this research and similar ones can provide helpful recommendations in grading fruits for fresh consumption. The simplicity and the efficiency of the proposed techniques make them appropriate for designing a low-cost hardware kit that can be used for real applications.

Introduction One of the most important goals of grapes breeding is to obtain seedless grapes with large berries and good taste. In order to achieve table and raisin grape varieties with good quality, desirable taste and larger berries with various colors, it is necessary to estimate the breeding value of the desired traits. In this study, breeding values of fourteen characters in 45 grape cultivars were predicted using the best linear prediction (BLUP) pediction. The purpose of the study was to estimate the breeding value of the grape cultivars and to identify the superior cultivars. The results of this study can be of great help to breeders in selecting cultivars with favorable market traits and cultivars with better yield. Materials and Methods In this study, 45 grape cultivars in the collection of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azerbaijan Province were used. From each of the cultivars in the first year of research, ten 14-year-old plants were selected and TSS, pH, TA, berry weight, flesh weight, single seed weight, seed number, juice volume, pollen germination, cluster length, cluster width, cluster weight, fruit set in open and under controlled pollination were investigated. The characteristics were measured for three consecutive years. Results and Discussion Based on the results, considering the sum of the breeding values of all the studied traits, Agh Shani, Taifl, Qzl Ouzum, Lal Qermez, Tabarze Qermez, Garmian, Rishbaba Qermez and Qara Shani cultivars had the highest rank. Among the studied seedless cultivars, Rejin cultivar had the highest breeding value in terms of single seed weight, and Keshmeshi Sefid cultivar in terms of seed number. Among the seeded cultivars, Shirazi cultivar showed the highest breeding value in terms of single seed weight and Qara Shani cultivar in terms of seed number. Garmian, Rishbaba Qermez, Keshmeshi Qermez, Tabarze Qermez, Agh Shani and shirazi had positive breeding value for pollen germination, fruit set in open pollination and fruit set under controlled pollination. Sarghola, Gazandaii and Qzl Ouzum cultivars had the high and positive breeding value for berry weight and fresh weight. Lal Qermez, Rishbaba Qermez and Tabarze Qermez cultivars had high and positive breeding value for cluster weight, cluster width and cluster weight. Genotypes with the highest breeding value had the highest ability to transfer their traits to offspring. Therefore, they can be used as a desirable parent to modify these traits in crop breeding programs. Conclusion In this study, breeding values of fourteen characters including total soluble solids, titratable acidity, berry weight, flesh weight, single seed weight, seed number, juice volume, fruit set in open pollination, pollen germination, cluster length, cluster width, cluster weight, fruit set under controlled pollination in 45 grape cultivars were predicted using the best linear prediction (BLUP) prediction. Studied cultivars showed different breeding values for the studied traits. Genotypes with the highest breeding value can be used as a desirable parent to modify these traits in grape breeding programs as these genotypes have the highest ability to transfer their traits to offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many slopping lands in Chaharmahl-Bakhtiari Province of Iran, located in the central Zagros, which have suitable conditions for production of rain-fed horticultural products. This study was an attempt to determine the appropriate regions for almond and vine rain-fed cultivation in this province. Water requirement (ET) of the trees was calculated by local information of weather and plants. Annual precipitation (P) and ET were probabilistically analyzed. Required area for micro-catchment (Ac) and suitable regions for rain-fed gardening were then determined at different probability levels (p ) or return periods (T). Finally, average expected yields of almond and grape was estimated. Mapping the gardening-suitable area showed that inappropriate regions for rain-fed almond and vine culture are concentrated in the eastern part of the province due to less P and higher ET. Moreover, almond generally needed larger Ac than vine (about 43%) due to higher ET. Results also showed that increasing runoff coefficient (C) was more effective than enhancing water storage efficiency (E) in reducing required Ac, therefore, increasing 10% and 20% of C and E lead to 48% and 28% smaller Ac, respectively. Average required Ac for almond was calculated as 17.4 m2 which resulted in production of 549.0 kg/ha with p =50% (T=2). The corresponding values for the grape were 9.5 m2 and 2,128.8 kg/ha. Overall, the western areas in the province were more appropriate for rain-fed almond culture, whereas rain-fed vineyard gardens are preferred to be constructed in the eastern parts of the province.

Foliar spray of nutritional elements is one of the methods for increasing the yield and quality of horticultural products. For this purpose, at the end of winter of 2016, a factorial experiment was conducted under a randomized complete block design at a 15 years old commercial vineyard of ' Bidaneh Sefid' grape cultivar. Plants were sprayed with calcium sulfate (0, 1 and 2%) and Zinc sulfate (0, 0.5 and 1%) during two stages in late March. Cluster weight and yield of vines treated with 1% Ca + 1% Zn was the highest and showed 26.11% increase compared to the control vines. TSS content was highest in 1% Zn treatment in solely. The pH, TA and anthocyanin content reached to peak in response to medium levels of both fertilizers. The phenol content in vines treated with 2% Ca + 0.5% Zn increased up to 31% compared to the control plants. Moreover, the highest flavonoid content was found in vine treated with three levels of both fertilizers. The highest resveratrol was recorded for vines treated with 1% Ca + 1% Zn. In the case of viniferin, the highest amount was found in fruit of vines treated with 1% Zn in solely. The lowest amount of viniferin was related to control vines. The highest content of sucrose was seen in vines treated with 1% Ca in combination with 1% Zn. The content of glucose in vines treated with 2% Ca + 1% Zn was higher than other treatments. On the other hand, the highest content of fructose was related to fruit of vines treated with 1% Zn in solely. The highest levels of activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes were associated with 1% Ca- treated vines in combination with 1% Zn. Also, the most activity of ascorbate peroxidase was observed in the vines treated with the third level of Zn in solely. Antioxidant capacity in 1% Zn- treated vines was higher than other treatments. Totally, combined application of moderate levels of CaSO4 and ZnSO4 at early season through nutritional status improvement resulted in yield increasing and qualitative and antioxidant indices of grape.

Drought stress is one of the most important limiting factors for cultivation and production of grapes in the world and Iran. To study the effect of drought stress on some physiological traits of three cultivars, i.e. ‘Fakhri’, ‘Molaei’ and ‘Ghalati’, a factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three soil water potential treatments. i.e. -0.2 (control), -0.7 and -1.2 MPa was implemented in greenhouse conditions in 2016. In this study, non- grafted grape vines were placed in large 26-liter pots filled with a clay loam textured soil. According to the results of this study, both levels of stress had a significant effect on dry matter to leaf area ratio, cell membrane stability, chlorophyll, proline, and soluble carbohydrates concertation, leaf relative water content, catalase and peroxidase activities. Soluble carbohydrates concentration showed a significant increase of 47 percent compared to control (10.57 mg g-1 DM) in -1.2 MPa stress level. Drought stress decreased the RWC (2 Percent) and increased proline (9 Percent) and malondialdehyde (55 percent) concentration, the peroxidase (15 to 20 percent) and catalase activity (9 Percent). The highest and the lowest chlorophyll concentrations were observed in ‘Ghalati’ (1.63 mg g-1 FM) and ‘Fakhri’ (1.31 mg g-1 FM), respectively. In conclusion, ‘Ghalati’ cultivar had higher potential to withstand drought stress conditions than ‘Molaei’ and ‘Fakhri’ cultivars.

In order to investigate the effects of foliar application of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and Volck oil separately or in combination on budburst and cold tolerance-related physiological indices in Bidaneh-Sefid grapevine, a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in 2017 in a commercial vineyard located in Abasabad village, Khondab in Markazi province. Treatments included control, Volck oil, Volck oil + Ca, Volck oil + K, K, Ca, Ca + K, and Volck oil + Ca + K. The vines were sprayed with Volck (1%), calcium (2%), and potassium (3%) in mid April at the wooly stage and one week later. The traits included days to budburst, ion leakage, peroxidation of membrane lipids, chlorophyll a and b, relative water content, soluble carbohydrates, proline, soluble proteins, and phenol. The combined treatment of Volch + Ca + K resulted in 5 day retardation in budburst compared to control vines. The highest concentrations of carbohydrate, phenol, and protein were obtained with Ca + K combined treatment, and the lowest ones were observed in both control and Volck oil- treated vines. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll were obtained from Ca and K treatment and the lowest was observed in Volck oil treatment. The highest concentrations of proline, carbohydrate, and soluble protein were related to Ca + K treatment, and the lowest ones were obtained for control treatment. The highest relative water content, ion leakage, and membrane lipid peroxidation were detected in control vines. Therefore, in order to avoid late spring frost in vineyards, the combination of Volck oil + Ca + K was found to be appropriate in vineyards.

Introduction Grape fruit set its fruits and shortly after planting and due to high nutritious value and excellent food quality has been welcomed by many people in the world, but considering its soft tissue and high softening velocity and sensitivity to fungi attack it is known as an extensively vulnerable fruit. One of the most important ways to maintain fruit quality, decrease vulnerably and assist more appropriate storage, is the use of coating method and proper packing of agricultural products and combining these procedures to decrease damages in storage. Edible coatings provide a replacement and fortification of the natural layers at the product surface to prevent moisture losses, gas aromas, and solute movements out of the food, while selectively allowing for controlled exchange of important gases, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethylene, which are involved in fruit respiration. Chitosan is the most common polysaccharide-based coatings. Chitosan films have been successfully applied as edible material in films and coatings for the quality preservation of different fruit. In this study, the effects of the application of chitosan edible coatings and storage time on some physical, chemical, mechanical and rheological properties of grape were investigated during storage. Materials and Methods Grape fruits were screened for physical damages, fungal infections, and size homogeneity after harvesting from the farm. Then fruits were divided into without coating and fruits with coating. Fruits being coated, prepared in chitosan emulsion and submerged for two minutes and kept at 20°C for one hour for drying the surface coating via airflow. In order to calculate the weight loss, three containers of each grape fruits (treatment and control) collected and after weighing and averaging weight loss were compared to initial weight during storage expressed as a percent. Color intensities were determined using colorimeter samples. In order to determine soluble solids from each sample, refract meter was used and pH amount of each sample was determined. Mechanical traits and fruit stiffness were measured through penetration test using materials test machine Zowick/ Roell having 500 N loadcell in line with the small diameter with concave probe (5 mm diameter), the penetration depth of 2 mm and loading rate of 10 mm s-1. Mechanical traits including stiffness and elasticity module calculated from the force-deformation curve. Viscoelastic materials have the properties of both viscous and elastic materials and can be modeled by combining elements that represent these characteristics. A viscoelastic model, called the Maxwell model which can predict behavior was evaluated. Results and Discussion In this current study, the application of chitosan coating significantly reduced the fresh grape decay. Fruit decay of grape increased with storage time, but the coating reduced the rate of decay with the length of storage. According to the results, the application of these coatings has a positive impact on yield stress and energy of rupture product texture during the storage. Results of variance analysis showed that temperature, coating and storage time has a significant effect (1% level) on some of the engineering properties of the grape. Storage time has a significant effect on elasticity, while the coating does not have a significant effect on this parameter. Finally, results showed that the application of chitosan coating has an effect on relaxation time and stress. So during storage of coated samples these parameters decreased compared to uncoated. Conclusions Edible films and coatings may reduce the moisture transfer, the rate of oxidation and respiration which are considered important to prolong the shelf-life of these products. This investigation showed that the chitosan coatings are effective for grape shelf life extension and retarded the senescence process compared with control. The coat has been as a physical barrier for the gas exchange between the fruit and the environment. It was demonstrated that the coating reduced the loss of firmness and delayed the softening of fruit and texture change.

Introduction Today, grapes are cultivated in a vast zone worldwide. Grapes are among the major horticultural produced in Iran and the country is ranked 10th in the world for the grape production. Therefore, efficient use of energy from this crop is very important. Energy is one of the principal requirements for the economic growth and development of agriculture. Scientific forecasts and analysis of energy consumption will be of great importance for planning the energy strategies and policies. The enhancement of the energy efficiency not only helps in improving competitiveness through cost reduction but also results in minimized greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and environmental impacts. In other hand, energy analysis in the crop production systems enables to identify the effective farming system in different farm size with respect to energy parameters. Based on mentioned points, the objective of this study was to evaluate the energy flow of grape production in three sizes (small, medium and large) of land and then, the life cycle of the production in Hazavah Region of Arak city, Iran. Materials and Methods In this study, data were obtained from 58 growers using face-to-face questionnaires in Arak county of Iran. Orchards were selected using stratified random sampling. Investigation of the energy flow in a production system necessitate calculating input–output energies. In order to deal with this part, energy coefficients were taken into account to convert all agricultural inputs to their energy equivalent. In other words, each input was converted to its energy equivalent by multiplying the application rate of agricultural inputs used within the system by its energy coefficient. In order to evaluate how efficient, the system under study is, some well-known indicators have been introduced and widely applied when a production system is appraised. In this study, a life cycle approach was used for assessment of environment impacts of the grapes production. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) refers to the process of compiling and evaluating the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. Goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, life cycle impact assessment and life cycle interpretation are four mandatory steps, which should be followed in a full LCA study. The characterization factors used in this study were adapted from Simapro software which is linked to EcoInvent database. Results and Discussion On average, the values of consumed and produced energies were 1854 MJ ton−1 and 11800 MJ ton−1, respectively. Among all input energies, chemical fertilizers held the first rank with an amount of about 704 MJ ton−1. It accounted for 38% of the total energy used in the production season. Energy use efficiency, which is a ratio between output and input energy, was calculated as 5.75. Also, the energy productivity was estimated as 0.48, meaning that 0.48 kg grapes is produced when one MJ energy is consumed. The total Global Warming (GW) was calculated as 508.63 kg CO2 eq. ton−1. The farm size had an influential effect on the GW and other impact categories. An increase in the farm size led to reduction in the environment impacts. It means that the value of GW for large farms fell at 498.68 kg CO2 eq. ton−1 and the value of GW for small farms fell at 698.69 kg CO2 eq. ton−1. The upshot was that GW and other impact categories for large farms were significantly less than its counterpart in small farms due to the high value of grapes produced in large farm groups. Impacts of manure played a more important role on GW. Also, direct emissions of chemical fertilizers made high contribution to acidification and eutrophication. Management of using chemical fertilizers can be an appropriate way to reduce the acidification, eutrophication and other environmental impacts on the grape production. Conclusions Chemical fertilizers (38%), demonstrated their pivotal roles in total energy consumption. The direct emissions in the grape production resulted from high application of chemical fertilizers contributed considerably to some environmental impacts. It suggested establishing a sustainable and environmental friendly grape production system in the region with application of efficient fertilizers by integrated nutrient management.

Red Seedless grape is one of the most important and qualitative Iranian grape varieties which has been welcomed by farmers recently. Given the importance of the mass propagation of this plant, producing healthy seedlings, and particularly free of grapevine crown gall disease or cancer, in the present study the effects of various hormonal concentrations treatments were studied on proliferation and rooting of red seedless grape, with the aim of giving a suitable instruction for in vitro culture of the plant. For this purpose, the MS medium containing various concentrations of benzyl amino purine (BAP) (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg L-1) with 0.2 mg L-1 indole acetic acid (IAA) were used for proliferation and various concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) (0, 0.8, and 1.6 mg L-1) were used for rooting of the samples in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the studied hormones had the significant effects on the characteristics such as node number, nodal length, shoots number, length, diameter, fresh and dry weight, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll index, root number, length, fresh and dry weight. There was also different between concentrations of the used hormones. According to the results the highest proliferation and rooting was achieved at 0.25 mg L-1 of BAP and 0.8 mg L-1 of IBA, respectively. According to the results, these hormonal treatments can be useful for proliferation and rooting of red seedless grape.

In this research, the effect of foliar application of potassium sulfate (0, 1500 and 3000 mg/l) and gibberellic acid (0, 30, 60 and 90 mg/l) on yield and its components and qualitative and antioxidant capacity of 'Bidaneh Sefid' grapevine were investigated. This study was conducted factorially based on randomized complete block design in a vineyard at Malayer town. Vines were sprayed during three stages including of a week before bloom, two and four weeks after bloom. Based on results, the content of berry TSS, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity was found to be highest in K2SO4 at 3000 mg/L in combination with GA3 at 30 ppm treatment. Also, the highest berry total phenol and flavonoid content were related to 3000 mg/L K2SO4 treated- vines in combined to GA3 at 60 and 90 mg/l, respectively. Moreover, the highest berry sucrose and glucose content were related to those vines treated with 3th levels of K2SO4 and 2th levels of GA3 combination treatment. Foliar application of K2SO4 improved berry resveratrol and viniferin concentration in GA3-treated vines and berry stilbenes increased with increased K2SO4 doses. The highest activity of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase antioxidant enzymes were observed in vines treated with K2SO4 at 3000 mg/l in combination with GA3 at 90 mg/l. Totally, foliar application of K2SO4 especially at 3000 mg/l in combination with moderate doses of GA3 improved the yield, accumulated dry matter, increased the sugar content and the antioxidant capacity of the grape berries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of drought tolerant grapevine rootstocks and application of garden management practices, such as the use of plant growth regulators, can be effective in achieving drought control methods. For this purpose, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was conducted with three replications in greenhouse conditions in 2018 in order to study the effect of triacontanol on the physiological characteristics of grafted plantlet of grapevine on two native rootstocks of Iran under drought conditions. The treatments consisted of two rootstocks (Khoshnav, Sorkhak Ghouchan) and Bidaneh sefid (no grafting), three levels of drought stress including soil water potential of -0.2 (control), -0.7 and -1.5 MPa, and three concentrations of triacontanol (0, 50 and 100 μM). The measured traits included ratio dry weight to leaf area (LMA), membrane cell stability (MSI), total chlorophyll, proline, glycinebetaine, relative water content (RWC), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activity. Based on the results, drought stress reduced LMA (25%), MSI (5%), chlorophyll (20%) and RWC (5%) and triacontanol treatments increased LMA (20%), MSI (4.5%), chlorophyll (14%), RWC (2.5%), glycinebetaine (27%), proline (22%), and antioxidant activity of catalase (23%) and peroxidase (8%). plantlet with Khoshnav rootstock showed better results than the control plantlet, and triacontanol improves drought tolerance in plantlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the possibility of replacing urea with organic and bio-fertilizers, a study carried out on 14 years old Thompson Seedless grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in a calcareous soil. The results showed that treatments affect cluster yield, chlorophyll index, total soluble solids and total acidity of fruit and N, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations in leaves, significantly. Maximum fruit yield resulted in liquid inoculum of N-fixing bacteria+animal manure and solid inoculum of N-fixing bacteria with 11.73 and 11.83 kg/vine, respectively. All treatments showed relatively similar increase in soluble solids content and decrease in fruit acidity compared to the control. The Highest chlorophyll index and concentration of N, Fe, Mn and Zn in leaf have been reported in liquid inoculum of N-fixing bacteria+animal manure and solid inoculum of N-fixing bacteria+animal manure treatments. The nutrient balance indices were 160 and 145 in treatments without N or urea application, but the amount was decreased to about 107 and 108 in N-fixing liquid inoculum+animal manure and solid N-fixing inoculum+animal manure treatments respectively, which shows the improvement in nutritional balance status under these treatments. The results indicated that application of N bio-inoculations with animal manure more than N chemical fertilizer source improved the nutritional balance of grape and produced the highest yield, but their effect on fruit quality was similar to urea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape is one of the most important fruits in the world. Phenolic compounds are antioxidants are important compositions of grape. Phenolic compounds phrase includes all the aromatic molecules consisting amino acids to complex molecules like tannins and lignin’s. Near infrared spectroscopy is one of the most common nondestructive methods for fruits and vegetables qualification analysis. This research is conducted to evaluate the possibility of the quantification of total phenol in grape by near infrared spectroscopy and artificial neural network (perceptron). The number of 444 samples (107 Asgari, 106 Bidane, 111 shahroodi and 120 khoshnav varieties) were selected to model calibrating and test as well. Developed ANNs were compared on phenol prediction by residual prediction deviation (RPD) index in the test sample dataset (101 samples).The maximum RPD was 1.66 by 8-5-1 topology with correlation coefficient and root mean square (RMSE) equal to 0.79 and 48.66 respectively. It was concluded that NIR spectroscopy and back propagation perceptron ANN could be used to discriminate low and high amounts of grape total phenol as a nondestructive method.

Introduction Great areas of the orchards in the world are dedicated to cultivation of the grapevine. Normally grape vineyards are pruned twice a year. Among the operations of grape production, winter pruning of the bushes is the only operation that still has not been fully mechanized while it is known as the most laborious jobs in the farm. Some of the grape producing countries use various mechanical machines to prune the grapevines, but in most cases, these machines do not have a good performance. Therefore intelligent pruning machine seems to be necessary in this regard and this intelligent pruning machines can reduce the labor required to prune the vineyards. It this study in was attempted to develop an algorithm that uses image processing techniques to identify which parts of the grapevine should be cut. Stereo vision technique was used to obtain three dimensional images from the bare bushes whose leaves were fallen in autumn. Stereo vision systems are used to determine the depth from two images taken at the same time but from slightly different viewpoints using two cameras. Each pair of images of a common scene is related by a popular geometry, and corresponding points in the images pairs are constrained to lie on pairs of conjugate popular lines. Materials and Methods Photos were taken from gardens of the Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Fars province, Iran. At first, the distance between the plants and the cameras should be determined. The distance between the plants and cameras can be obtained by using the stereo vision techniques. Therefore, this method was used in this paper by two pictures taken from each plant with the left and right cameras. The algorithm was written in MATLAB. To facilitate the segmentation of the branches from the rows at the back, a blue plate with dimensions of 2×2 m2 were used at the background. After invoking the images, branches were segmented from the background to produce the binary image. Then, the plant distance from the cameras was calculated by using the stereo vision. In next stage, the main trunk and one year old branches were identified and branches with thicknesses less than 7 mm were removed from the image. To omit these branches consecutive dilation and erosion operations were applied with circular structures having radii of 2 and 4 pixels. Then, based on the branch diameter, one-year-old branches were detected and pruned through considering the pruning parameters. The branches were pruned so that only three buds were left on them. For this aim, the branches should be pruned to have a length of 15 cm. To truncate the branches to 15 cm, the length of the main stem was measured for each of the branches, and branches with length less than 15 cm were omitted from the images. Then the main skeleton of grapevine was determined. Using this skeleton, the attaching points of the branches as well as attachment points to the trunk were identified. Distance between the branches was maintained. At the last step, the cutting points on the branches were determined by labeling the removed branches at each step. Results and Discussion The results indicated that the color components in the texture of the branches could not be used to identify one year old branches and evaluation results of algorithm showed that the proposed algorithm had acceptable performance and in all photos, one year old branches were correctly identified and pruning point of the grapevines were correctly marked. Also among 254 cut off-points extracted from 20 images, just 7 pruning points were misdiagnosed. These results revealed that the accuracy of the algorithm was about 96.8 percent. Conclusions Based on the reasonable achievement of the algorithm it can be concluded that it is possible to use machine vision routines to determine the most suitable cut off points for pruning robots. By an intelligent pruning robot, the one year old branches are diagnosed properly and the cut off points of the plants are determined. This can reduce the required labor to perform winter pruning in vineyards which subsequently reduces the time required and the costs needed for pruning the vineyards.

Application of humic acid as an organic acid derived from humus and other natural resources along with iron could be beneficial to overcoming, at least in part, the nutrients deficiencies in the grapes. In order to evaluate the effects of humic acid and iron on fruit yield and concentration of nutrient elements in the leaf of grape, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design in three replications was done during growing season of 2013- 2014. The treatments included combinations of humic acid (control, 1 and 2 per thousand) and ferrous sulfate (control, 1 and 2 per thousand), sprayed in two steps (i.e. before flowering and two weeks after fruit set). The results indicated that treatments significantly increased the grapes fruit yield, e.g. the maximum yield (8.27 kg per plant) was obtained when 2 per thousand of iron sulfate was applied. The above treatments significantly affected nitrogen, iron, zinc and copper content of leaves. Foliar application of ferrous sulfate increased leaf iron concentration, i.e. the highest (189.6 mg per kg tissue) iron content was observed at the presence of 2 per thousand ferrous sulfate treatment. Positive correlations were observed between the leaf iron concentration with fruit yield, cluster weight, berry diameter, leaf chlorophyll concentration and TSS of fruit. Hence, foliar application of humic acid and iron sulfate (e.g. each at a two per thousand concentrations) in vineyards might be effective in increasing quality and quantity of grapes.

Drought stress is one of the most important limiting factors for cultivation and production of grapes in the world and Iran. To study the effect of drought stress on some physiological traits of three cultivars, i.e. ‘Fakhri’, ‘Molaei’ and ‘Ghalati’, a factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three soil water potential treatments. i.e. -0.2 (control), -0.7 and -1.2 MPa was implemented in greenhouse conditions in 2016. In this study, non- grafted grape vines were placed in large 26-liter pots filled with a clay loam textured soil. According to the results of this study, both levels of stress had a significant effect on dry matter to leaf area ratio, cell membrane stability, chlorophyll, proline, and soluble carbohydrates concertation, leaf relative water content, catalase and peroxidase activities. Soluble carbohydrates concentration showed a significant increase of 47 percent compared to control (10.57 mg g-1 DM) in -1.2 MPa stress level. Drought stress decreased the RWC (2 Percent) and increased proline (9 Percent) and malondialdehyde (55 percent) concentration, the peroxidase (15 to 20 percent) and catalase activity (9 Percent). The highest and the lowest chlorophyll concentrations were observed in ‘Ghalati’ (1.63 mg g-1 FM) and ‘Fakhri’ (1.31 mg g-1 FM), respectively. In conclusion, ‘Ghalati’ cultivar had higher potential to withstand drought stress conditions than ‘Molaei’ and ‘Fakhri’ cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape is one of the nutritious fruits that have commercial value as well, and most farmers try to raise it in their lands. Considering various factors affecting growth and yield of grape, the process of assessing the suitability of land for cultivation in order to spatial planning of this product needs the use of comprehensive and diverse geographic and descriptive information. GIS technology provides the possibility of using this type of data and facilitates spatial analysis of information based on the appropriate models. Therefore, in this study regarding the ecological needs of grape, multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method based on analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used for modeling and spatial analysis of information in ARC/GIS 9.3 software environment. Eventually, East Azarbaijan province suitable lands for grape cultivation and production with regard to climatic elements and land physical factors (temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, topography, etc.) were evaluated and zoned. Results of this research showed that, spatially, 10 percent of the province has conditions varying between suitable to very suitable for grape production compared to the rest of province which in terms of spatial zones included Mianeh, Malekan, Shabstar, Jolfa, Bonab and Ajabshir cities and the most suitable areas were presented concerning final layer.

Correct timing of fruit harvest may lead to increase in production efficiency, decrease in transportation and storage costs and prevent loss of quality. A 3-replicate factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was conducted in order to investigate the effect of harvest time and storage on qualitative properties of red grape, the variety of Fakhri shahroud. Sampling was done in four stages (one sample before fruit ripening, two samples at the time of ripening and one sample after ripening) and the samples were stored at 0.5 - 1 ºC and 90 – 94% relative humidity. The results showed that with increase in storage time, the pH and taste index of the grapes decrease. A significant negative correlation between pH and acidity of fruit samples at the 99% probability level was observed. With increase in harvest time, the Bx and dextrose of the grapes increased. As harvest time was approached, the taste index of the fruits began to increase. Evaluation of interaction effect of harvest time and storage showed that samples which were harvested at 35th day, before transporting to the morgue, had the greatest taste value.

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of thin layer drying conditions (temperature at three levels of 60,70, and 80 oC, air velocity at two levels of 1/5 and 2/5 m/s, and four pretreatments including potassium carbonate and Paksan drying oil, olive oil, hot water without pretreatment (control)) on cabinet drying process of grape and color of obtained raisin. Six mathematical models were fitted on drying data and the best one was selected according to coefficient of determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and coefficient of relative average deviation (P). The results showed that temperature, air velocity and pretreatment have significant effects on drying rate and color of raisin. Among these models, two term and page models showed more ability to evaluating and describing drying behavior of grape. Diffusion coefficient values were between 4/6274×10-10 to 8/6541×10-10 m/s2 and activation energy obtained 13470/83 J/mol. The best values of lightness and redness were related to dried raisin at 60 oC and the maximum value of yellowness was related to dried raisin at 70 oC. Drying air velocity just significantly affected the redness. Increasing drying air velocity decreased the redness. It was also found out that potassium carbonate and Paksan drying oil pretreatment caused the best raisin color.

Iran is one of the rich diversity of grape germplasm center. Therefore we used the extreme cold winter in 2007 as a natural treatment with artificially cold treatment to identify cold tolerant clones of seeded grapes in Iran. So, some gardens were detected in high-risk of cold areas (According to climate statistics) and reviewed its plant. Per plant were selected four branches (one year old). Then, the number of health and damaged buds was counted after natural and artificial cold treatments. Statistical, cluster and descriptive analysis (coefficient of variation) was performed on the data obtained from clones. The correlation coefficient (pearson) using for measurement of bilateral relationship between traits and recognized high efficiency characters. The Backwards regression analysis technique, was conducted to estimate freezing percentages based on characters. The results indicated clones were divided in 4 groups (from sensitive to quite tolerant). According to observations, were Fakhri and Rish Baba varieties in highest tolerance and Sahebi and Shahani varieties in Semi-tolerant groupes.

Bidaneh sefid is one of major cultivars that grow in West Azerbaijan province. Due to high production and mid ripening, every year huge problems occurs for its fruit marketing. For replacement and establishment of new vineyards, it is essential to use commercial cultivars with acceptable yield and early fruit ripening. To evaluate and compare quantitative and qualitative traits of some Iranian grapevine cultivars (Bidane sefid Qazvin, Khalili sefid) with six foreign cultivars (Thompson seedless, Flame seedless, Perllete, Fiesta, Ruby seedless and Black seedless) this study was carried out from 2010-2012 as RCBD design with four replications in Kahriz Horticulture Research Station, Urmia. Cultivars were prorogated in 2004-2005. Rooted cutting were transferred to the vineyard and trained as high bi lateral cordon system. The measured traits included, yield, berry and bunch length, width and weight, Total Soluble Solid (TSS), Titrable Acidy (TA), pH, shot berry and Bunch Stem Necrosis (BSN) incidence rate and phonological time. In the most measured traits there were significant differences among cultivars and studied years. The maximum mean of fruit yield were recorded in Khalili Sefid, Thompson seedless, flame seedless and Fiesta in three years, respectively. They showed high yield as compared to other grape cultivars. Maximum bunch and berry weight were observed in Fiesta and Ruby seedless cultivars, respectively. The most and the least TSS was recorded in Bidaneh Sefid and Khalili, respectively. Shot berry incidence rate was different among cultivars and studied years. Perllete cultivar was prone to shot berry production. Based on these results, Thompson seedless was acceptable because of earliness in ripening, higher yield with better fruit quality for marketing and is recommended as adapted and more suitable cultivar for cultivation in the Urmia region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline treated raisin is one of the most important raisins produced from Bidaneh Sefid grape in large scale in Iran. In current research, effects of potassium carbonate on drying rate, antioxidant activity, total phenolics and color of raisin were investigated. Raisin was produced sun-dried (as control), cold and warm alkaline at four concentrations of 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 6 percent of potassium carbonate. Results indicated that by increasing concentration of potassium carbonate and using warm solution, drying time reduced. Furthermore, raisin pre-treatment highly affects on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The highest content of totol phenolic and antioxidant activity were observed in warm 6% potassium carbonate treated raisins. In addition, warm-alkaline treated raisin showed higher total phenolic and antioxidant activity in comparison to those of cold-alkaline treated raisins. Production method revealed a significant effect on color, drying rate and antioxidant properties of Bidaneh Sefid. It seems the higher speed of drying helped in marinating polyphenol content and higher antioxidant activity. Based on current result, pre-treatment of grape by warm potassium carbonate solutions at lower concentration is suggested for marinating phenolic compounds.

Thioredoxins (Trxs) are small heat-stable proteins that participate in dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. In contrast to other organisms, plants contain six different Trx types: f, m, x, y, o and h. The h-type Trx consists of multiple forms that involved in different processes such as cellular protection against oxidative, biotic and abiotic stresses. Two thioredoxin h-type genes, called VvTrxh4 and VvCxxS2, were isolated of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Askari) berry tissue and were cloned into pUC19 plasmid vector. Reverse transcription was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), to analyze biochemical, structural and phylogenetic characteristics. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the open reading frame of VvTrxh4 and VvCxxS2 genes are 345 bp and 381 bp long, respectively and encode for proteins of 114 and 126 amino acid residues, respectively. Protein sequence analysis showed that VvTrxh4 gene contains a typical catalytic site WCGPC, whereas VvCxxS2 gene harbors the non-typical active site WCIPS. The calculated molecular mass and the predicted isoelectric point of the deduced polypeptides for both VvTrxh4 and VvCxxS2 were 12.76 kDa and 5.22, and also 14.25 kDa and 4.68, respectively. Structural analysis showed that deduced proteins contain a identical 3D structure, whereas phylogenetic study of cloned genes with thioredoxin from other plants revealed that these genes are belonging to different subgroups. In the present research project, VvTrxh4 gene belongs to class IA, while VvCxxS2 gene belongs to class IIIB from h-type thioredoxins

به منظور مطالعه اثرات سرمازدگی و یخبندان طولانی مدت در سال 1386 بر روی مهمترین ارقام انگور در شمال خراسان، دو آزمایش تحقیقی انجام گرفت. در آزمایش اول و با توجه به اینکه ارقام کلاهداری و کج انگور از عمده­ ترین و مرغوبترین ارقام منطقه جهت فرآوری، تازه خوری و صادرات می باشند، اثر سرمای طبیعی بر شاخه های یک، دو و چندساله این ارقام در دو شرایط اقلیمی مشهد و بجنورد و در آزمایش دوم، شاخه­های یک، دو و چند ساله رقم کشمشی در سه شرایط آب و هوایی در مناطق گلمکان، قوچان و مشهد ارزیابی و به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 5 تکرار به اجرا در آمد. صفات اندازه­گیری شده عبارت بودند از: تشریح آناتومیک شاخه، رشد مجدد، نشت الکترولیت و میزان پرولین. نتایج آزمایش اول نشان داد که صفت نشت الکترولیت از سلول­های گیاهی، اثرات اصلی و متقابل ژنوتیپ­ های مورد استفاده و سن شاخه­ های نمونه برداری شده در سطح 1% معنی دار بود. در بررسی اثر متقابل برای صفت فوق مشخص گردید که شاخه­ های یک و دو ساله رقم کلاهداری و شاخه­ های دو ساله رقم کج انگور دارای بالاترین میزان نشت الکترولیتی به ترتیب با مقادیر 8/90، 4/89 و 6/85 بودند. نتایج آزمایش دوم نیز نشان داد که اثر اصلی و متقابل سن شاخه ­ها و مکان نمونه­ برداری بر مقادیر صفت نشت الکترولیتی معنی­ دار میباشند. شاخه­ های چند ساله نمونه­برداری شده از شهرستان مشهد با میانگین 6/65 کمترین نشت الکترولیتی را دارا بودند. همچنین این نتایج نشان داد که بین مکان­های نمونه ­برداری و سن شاخه­ های مورد آزمایش و همچنین اثر متقابل آنها در هیچ یک از سطوح معنی­داری اختلافی وجود ندارد، اما اثر مکان و سن شاخه­ ها بر مقادیر صفت محتوای پرولین معنی­ دار گردید.

Background and purpose: Free radicals have important role in many diseases such as cancer. Antioxidants are powerful scavengers of free radicals and help immune system to remove them. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) indicates total antioxidant activity in plasma and body fluids. Imbalance between producing free radicals and antioxidant defense leads to oxidative stress in the body and results in cell components damage. Lipid oxidative damage caused by free radicals produces active aldehydes such as malondialdehyde (MDA). This study aimed at investigating the effect of consumption of grape -an antioxidant-rich fruit- on serum levels of MDA and also evaluating the indicators of oxidative stress. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in 43 overweight women in Joorab village, Malayer, Iran, who were selected via simple random sampling in 2015. The relationship between BMI and age were assessed with serum MDA and TAC levels. Considering the significant relationship between MDA and TAC with BMI and age, the study population was divided into three groups: BMI1 (over weight), BMI2 (obese), and BMI3 (sever obesity). MDA and TAC levels were evaluated using HPLC and ELISA in three groups after two consecutive weeks of grape-free diet and consumption of fresh grapes. Results: Grape consumption significantly reduced serum MDA level in BMI2 and BMI3 groups (P< 0.05 and P< 0.001, respectively) but did not have considerable effect on MDA level among those in BMI1. Also, consumption of grape had no significant effect on TAC level (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Grape consumption could reduce oxidative stress markers and improve antioxidant defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]