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Some tourists etch their names on the walls of historical buildings as a permanent mark without any significance. Sociologists refer to these individuals as vandals. This study discusses this topic from the perspective of environmental psychology and assumes that these scribbled written words are one of the signs of attachment to a place. Therefore, the research aims at examining the reasons why such behaviors occur to take a step towards controlling, reducing, and preventing destruction by tourists by writing or inscribing words. For this purpose, this research attempted to answer two questions: What motivates some tourists to leave written words on historical sites and monuments (such as the Si-o-se-pol bridge)? Which vandalistic motivations or sense of attachment to the place dominates this bridge? To analyze the data, the written words were categorized into groups (A.B.C.D), and a visible sense of attachment was observed in all of these groups. Qualitative content analysis was used to uncover hidden meanings. After studying the remaining written words on the bridge walls, semi-structured interviews (open-response) were carried out with vandal tourists. The results indicate that the written words are driven by a sense of attachment to the place. According to theoretical definitions, this type of behavior, recording memories with a name and date, reflects the feelings of people who have visited the place repeatedly.

Introduction: Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world. Due to the carcinogenic combinations of drug, there is a risk of mutagenic substances in consumers. The aim of this study was to investigate the mutagenicity of opium by the Ames test. Methods: Firstly, the purity of the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 was confirmed in terms of purity of mutagenic properties. Then, samples of opium were prepared separately in different volumes and by various repetitions and were added to the culture medium containing TA100 fresh night culture, after that subsequently were compared with negative control (distilled water+ TA100) samples. In that case, colonies were evaluated in terms of mutagenicity in three stages: without the buffer microsomal rat liver (S9) -without pre incubation, with S9– with pre incubation and with S9- without pre incubation. The colonies were evaluated by counting revertant TA100 colonies number. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and Schefe's post hoc test to determine and prioritize the difference in mean of groups based on opium dilution. Results: Results of data analysis and counting of revertant coloniesshowed that opium had mutagenic effect in over 4% dilution. There were significant differences in dilution and repetition of without S9- without pre incubation, with S9- with pre incubation and with S9 without pre incubation compared to the negative controls. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that opium is fully and on all volumes has mutagenic effect. Therefore, we recommend taking these drugs should be avoided.

Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of sensory- motor integration exercises on static and dynamic balance in children with trainable mental retardation. Materials & Methods: In this semi experimental research, with Purposive sampling method 40 subjects from GOLHAYE BEHESHT rehabilitation and training center with the mean age 8.48±2.81 years and mean IQ 30.62±6.81 participated. All children were pre tested. Then According to both factors (IQ and pretest scores) subjects divided randomly in two (experimental & control) equal groups. Each group were consist of 10 boys & 10 girls .Balance evaluated by balance part of Bruininks – Ossietzky Test of Motor Proficiency were used .experimental group encounter to Sensory stimulation and perform physical exercises during 50 sessions ؛ each session was 45 minutes and 6 times a week . Control group were using the class education programs. After 50 sessions both groups (experimental & control) were post tested Results: Data analyzed by Uman vitny and observed a significant difference in posttest among experimental and control groups (P

Background and Objectives: Burn is one of the most devastating conditions encountered in medicine. Burn wounds are appropriate environments for growth of bacteria, including Pseudomonas aerugin osa. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Methods: In this experimental study, 25 burn wound samples were collected from patients hospitalized in Imam Musa Kazem hospital, Isfahan in 2012. After culturing and diagnostic tests, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected. The antibiotic resistance pattern was determined for amikacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, cefepime, cefotaxime, tobramycin, imipenem, piperacillin, gentamicin, and ceftizoxime using standard Kirby-bauer disk diffusion method. Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles in sizes of 5 and 100nm were evaluated using well diffusion method in concentrations of 100.00, 50.00, 25.00, 12.50, 6.25, and 3.13mg/ml. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Chi-square tests. The significance level was considered as p