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Background and purpose: Intestinal helminth parasites in dogs, especially zoonotic parasites, are one of the health and economic problems of developing countries, including Iran. Toxocara canis is one of the zoonotic helminth parasites that causes serious damage to human health. According to the close relationship that humans have with dogs today, it is necessary to investigate worm parasites in these animals. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of intestinal helminth parasites in urban and domestic stray dogs with two modified methods of sedimentation and flotation in the central part of Mazandaran province. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in three regions of Mazandaran province (Sari, Qaemshahr, and Babolsar) in 2022. We examined fecal samples from 110 dogs, comprising 78 stray dogs and 32 home dogs, to determine the presence of intestinal helminth parasites. We utilized a customized concentrates technique that incorporated flotation and sedimentation. 4 cc of 10% formalin was added to the sample container for sampling. Stool samples weighing approximately 50 to 100 grams were collected using an applicator and transferred into labeled containers. In the flotation and sedimentation method, a sufficient amount of stool sample was poured into the test tube, and then 7 cc of physiological serum was added to it. After the sample is completely dissolved by the applicator, the solution is filtered to remove excess material and transferred to a new tube. The obtained solution is centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 3-5 minutes, then the upper liquid is separated. 7 cc of saturated zinc sulfate solution was added to it and centrifuged again at 1000 rpm for 2 minutes. The resulting sediment was examined with a light microscope with X10 and X40 magnification to identify parasite contamination. Traps were set in the shelters of stray dogs to collect feces samples directly from their rectums. Labeled containers with preservatives (10% formalin) were distributed to clinics and dog owners for collecting samples from domestic dogs. A questionnaire was designed to assess the gender and age of domestic dogs based on dental characteristics, location of residence, deworming practices, and knowledge of zoonotic intestinal parasite diseases in dogs among their owners. The experiment was conducted at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee under the reference number IR.MAZUMS.REC.1400.528. Results: Results indicated that 44 samples (40%) were contaminated with parasites, while 66 samples (60%) were free of worm infestation. The infected samples harbored parasite eggs including Hookworms, Toxocara, Taenia, and Dipylidium. The study found no significant difference in the distribution of helminth parasite infection among the three sampling areas in terms of the frequency of infected dogs. Further research in the field of parasite epidemiology and expanding the study to include more areas may help address this issue. Conclusion: The research findings suggest that stray dogs are more significant in transmitting pollutants than domestic dogs. Urban stray dogs pose a potential public health danger because they are released post-treatment. Controlling and gathering these animals is crucial in managing parasite diseases that can be passed on to humans.

Background and purpose: Intestinal helminth parasites in dogs, especially zoonotic parasites, are one of the health and economic problems of developing countries, including Iran. Toxocara canis is one of the zoonotic helminth parasites that causes serious damage to human health. According to the close relationship that humans have with dogs today, it is necessary to investigate worm parasites in these animals. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of intestinal helminth parasites in urban and domestic stray dogs with two modified methods of sedimentation and flotation in the central part of Mazandaran province. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in three regions of Mazandaran province (Sari, Qaemshahr, and Babolsar) in 2022. We examined fecal samples from 110 dogs, comprising 78 stray dogs and 32 home dogs, to determine the presence of intestinal helminth parasites. We utilized a customized concentrates technique that incorporated flotation and sedimentation. 4 cc of 10% formalin was added to the sample container for sampling. Stool samples weighing approximately 50 to 100 grams were collected using an applicator and transferred into labeled containers. In the flotation and sedimentation method, a sufficient amount of stool sample was poured into the test tube, and then 7 cc of physiological serum was added to it. After the sample is completely dissolved by the applicator, the solution is filtered to remove excess material and transferred to a new tube. The obtained solution is centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 3-5 minutes, then the upper liquid is separated. 7 cc of saturated zinc sulfate solution was added to it and centrifuged again at 1000 rpm for 2 minutes. The resulting sediment was examined with a light microscope with X10 and X40 magnification to identify parasite contamination. Traps were set in the shelters of stray dogs to collect feces samples directly from their rectums. Labeled containers with preservatives (10% formalin) were distributed to clinics and dog owners for collecting samples from domestic dogs. A questionnaire was designed to assess the gender and age of domestic dogs based on dental characteristics, location of residence, deworming practices, and knowledge of zoonotic intestinal parasite diseases in dogs among their owners. The experiment was conducted at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee under the reference number IR.MAZUMS.REC.1400.528. Results: Results indicated that 44 samples (40%) were contaminated with parasites, while 66 samples (60%) were free of worm infestation. The infected samples harbored parasite eggs including Hookworms, Toxocara, Taenia, and Dipylidium. The study found no significant difference in the distribution of helminth parasite infection among the three sampling areas in terms of the frequency of infected dogs. Further research in the field of parasite epidemiology and expanding the study to include more areas may help address this issue. Conclusion: The research findings suggest that stray dogs are more significant in transmitting pollutants than domestic dogs. Urban stray dogs pose a potential public health danger because they are released post-treatment. Controlling and gathering these animals is crucial in managing parasite diseases that can be passed on to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Mice are the most common laboratory animals used in research. Parasitic infections in laboratory animals affect both the research results and the health of researchers. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate the infection status of intestinal parasites of mice in three main animal houses in Tehran. METHODS: In this study, 75 mice (25 from each animal house) were randomly purchased from an animal breeding house in Tehran and investigated. Mice were euthanized and autopsied. In order to study the gastrointestinal protozoa, wet smears were prepared from different parts of the intestine and feces and stained with Giemsa and Ziehl-Neelsen if necessary. Afterwards, the intestinal contents were examined and helminths were separated. If necessary, specific staining was used to diagnose helminths. RESULTS: Among the detected parasites, Aspiculuris tetraptera was the most prevalent (% 93.3). The mice were also infected with Syphacia obvelata (% 62.6), Hymenolepis nana (% 61.3), Tritrichomonas muris (% 22.6), Giardia muris (% 21.3), Spironucleus muris (% 18.6), Hymenolepis diminuta (% 17.3), and Cryptosporidium (% 6.6). CONCLUSIONS: Out of 75 adult mice studied, all had at least one parasite. This can affect the research results and jeopardize the health of researchers and related personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: Parasitic diseases are one of the health problems of all societies and are considered as barriers to progress socioeconomic development, especially in most developing countries. This study evaluated the frequency of intestinal parasites in patients referred to hospitals affiliated with Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Methods: a total of 409 stool samples were collected from laboratories of Imam Khomeini and Bouali hospitals and then transferred to the parasitology lab in the medical and paramedical school. Samples were evaluated using direct, concentration and culture methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21. Results: Out of 409 samples, 22 cases (4.5%) were infected with intestinal parasites. Among them, 5.3% and 5.4% of infected cases were men and women respectively. Also, the rate of infection to the protozoans and helminths was 3.7% and 1.7% respectively. Among the positive cases, the highest percentage of infection was related to Giardia and Blastocystis. The infection rate of each parasite among all patients and positive cases was 1.2% and 22.7% respectively. Conclusion: The present study showed that intestinal protozoan infection, especially Giardia lamblia and Blastocystis hominis are high in Ardabil city, and therefore special infection control measures are urgently needed.

Introduction: Today, in spite of the progress made in all sciences especially in medicine and health, parasitic diseases are still a major health and economic problem in many countries, especially developing countries. These countries are losing a lot of manpower, consuming high costs and time in order to eradicate and control the parasites; therefore, it has caused many problems. In this study, the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the specimens sent to the Central Laboratory and also Shahid Sadoughi Hospital laboratory in Yazd during 2015-2016 was investigated based on age, sex and season. Methods: The sampling method was as easy and with the census from total of referrals to the Central Laboratory and also Shahid Sadoughi Hospital laboratory of Yazd during 2015-2016. Most of the stool specimens were prepared in three steps and one step by direct method (Physiology serum and Lugol's solution) and then were examined by the light microscope. Results: 40351 cases were investigated. The highest number of referrals and positive cases were related to the summer season and the least positive cases were related to the winter season. The age groups of 0-10 and 30-40 years old had the highest levels of infection, respectively. There was a significant relationship between age and infection prevalence (P=0.001). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the frequency of intestinal parasites in Yazd province was low due to warm and dry weather and the fit health level was low and significantly decreased compared to previous years, but similar to other parts of the country, the highest prevalence was related to low ages and Giardia and Blastocystis hominis.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium species based on morphological characteristics is very limited and has no taxonomic value alone, and therefore the use of molecular methods removes these limitations to some extent. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the predominant Cryptosporidium genotypes in calves with diarrhea. METHODS: Study were conducted in calves aged less than 3 months for a period of 2 years. During the study period, 160 dung samples were collected from neonatal calves and examined first microscopically and then by molecular techniques. Stools were analyzed for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts by Sheather's Sugar Flotation Solution followed by Ziel-Neelsen staining method. DNA of parasite was extracted and multiplex nested-PCR protocol basis on the 18srRNA were done to identify three cattle-adapted species (C. andersoni, C. bovis and C. ryanae) plus the zoonotic species C. parvum. RESULTS: 110 fecal samples were collected from livestock in Alborz province and 50 fecal samples were collected from livestock in Shahroud city. Of the 160 animals examined, 90 were female and 70 were male. In total, out of 160 animals examined, 85 cases (53.12%) had diarrhea, of which 55 cases (34.37%) were positive using Ziel-Neelsen staining. Since all positive cases were related to diarrhea samples and related to calves under one month old, a significant relationship was observed between diarrhea status and the presence of this parasite (P<0.05). In terms of seasonal distribution, no difference was observed in the rate of diarrhea and positive parasitic cases. The presence of 305 bp band in all Ziel-Neelsen positive samples confirmed the presence of C. parvum in all samples. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal calves are more likely to be infected with Cryptosporidium parvum, as confirmed by the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: So far, several studies have been done on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in Mazandaran province, Iran, but no comprehensive study used Geographic Information System (GIS) to investigate all effective factors on the epidemiology of these parasites. The aim of this study was to investigate the intestinal parasites in people residing in West of Mazandaran province using GIS. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in 1120 individuals attending the health centers in West of Mazandaran province. The samples were analyzed using direct methods, formalin - ether, trichrome staining, and modified acid fast. Data analysis was done in SPSS V18 and Arc GIS 9.3. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 12.8% in the population studied. The most prevalent protozoa were Blastocystis hominis (5.8%) and among helminthic infections Strongyloides stercoralis (0.53%) were found to be more prevalent. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between the prevalence of intestinal parasites and geographic and demographic risk factors including location, drinking water, income level, temperature, and altitude. Prevalence mapping showed Tonekabon as a high-risk region for intestinal parasites. Conclusion: Temperature and altitude along with demographic factors play an important role in the spread of parasitic diseases. Water purification system, improving sanitation in high-risk areas, and basic health training especially in rural areas can help in decreasing the rate of this public health problem.

Background & objectives: Parasitic infections are among important health problems all over the world especially in developing countries. Considering the epidemiological importance of parasitological diseases and necessity to evaluation the parasites prevalence in different areas and populations, current study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in patients admitted to the laboratories of Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran. Methods: This is a retrospective cross sectional study in which stool examination reports of all referred patients (70978) to central and emergency laboratories of Baqiyatallah hospital were evaluated during 2010-2014. In this course, at least one stool sample of patients was assessed by direct smear and formalin-ethyl acetate methods. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS 16. Chi-square test was used for comparison of the prevalence. Results: From 70978 patients, 42421(59.77%) and 28557(40.23%) were male and female, respectively. From 2617 infected individuals, 1841(70.3%) and 776 (29.7%) were males and females, respectively. The prevalence of pathogen and non-pathogen intestinal parasites was 2283(87.23%) and 334(12.76%) respectively. Also the prevalence of intestinal helminthes and protozoa in infected population was 0.42% and 99.57%, respectively. Blastocystis hominis and then Giardia lamblia were the prevalent parasites. Conclusion: In current study the prevalence of parasites is lower than those reported in other investigations. Differences in geographical location, sample size, duration and type of study (prospective or retrospective) and study population may be effective agents. The higher prevalence of "Blastocystis hominis" in comparison with other parasites can attract more attention to improve the quality of laboratory and clinical diagnosis of this protozoa

Background: Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes. A type of intestinal protozoan pathogens is the cause of infection and serious injuries in human with or without clinical symptoms. It seems that parasitic infections as a stressor factor can affect on stress system activity and immune system function and sensitivity. The major purpose of this paper was to evaluate serum cortisol level and the general inflammation by measuring neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients with intestinal protozoa. Methods: A total of 40 men were entered in a case-control study in Besat and Baqyiatallah (a.s.) Hospitals in Tehran from April to September 2014. Men were equally divided into 2 groups based on infection with the intestinal protozoa (control and patient groups). This study was conducted on blood samples of these people. Serum cortisol level and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were determined in control and patient with the intestinal protozoa groups. Cortisol was measured using cortisol kit (Diagnostic Biochem, Canada) and by ELISA method. In addition, the samples were treated with Wright stain method, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was calculated using WBC diffraction method. Results: According to the results of this study, mean age between control and patient groups was not statistically significant (P= 0.91). Serum cortisol concentration in patients with the intestinal protozoa was significantly higher than the control group (P= 0.043). In addition, a significant increase was observed in neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients with parasitic infections compared to the control group (P= 0.026). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, parasitic infection (intestinal protozoa) as a stressor factor can increase serum cortisol concentration. In addition, intestinal protozoa was reduced immune system sensitivity and function. It seems that the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio can be a potential useful parameters for evaluating the stress system activity and function in patients infected with the intestinal protozoa.

Background & objectives: Intestinal parasitic infections are the most health threatening agents around the world, developing countries in particular. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Giardia lamblia and Enterobiusvermicularis among the children of kindergartens in Shahroud, Iran. Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study from 811 children of 15 kindergartens fecal samples were collected by way of census in 2013. Thisworkwas conductedwith education of parentsandtheirfull consent . All samples were examined at Central Laboratory of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences based on formalin ethyl acetate method. In addition direct smear was also applied for the watery and loose samples. Finally, collected scotch tape samples were examined microscopically. Descriptive statistics indices including means , standard deviations, and frequencieswere used for reporting the results . Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among the children of Shahroud's kindergartens was 22.2%. Also, the prevalence of the infections among males and females were 24.1% and 20.4%, respectively. The highest prevalence of infections were belongs to Giardia lamblia and Endolimax nana (7.4 and 4.8%), respectively. Also, Trichomonashominis had the lowest prevalence (0.5%). Prevalence of infection caused by Enterobiusvermicularis was (2.1%), the average agesof children infected by Enterobiusvermicularis and Giardia were 5.1 and 4.7, respectively. There was no difference in order of parasites infection on the basis of gender. Conclusion: The prevalence of infection caused by Enterobiusvermicularis among the children was considerably low. Also, the prevalence of Giardia lamblia was lower than the average of its prevalence in countrywide scale. Although the health services have been effectively enhanced, the prevalence of intestinal parasites, Giardia lamblia in particular, is still problematic.

Background: The frequency of parasitic is used as an effective health indicator in the community. Identification and diagnosis of these infections can be a step towards increasing community health and reducing the cost of treatment. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in personnel employed at the restaurants of Tabriz city. Methods: This retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on personnel in the restaurants Tabriz city. Suspected specimens were examined by microscopic observations following concentration and staining methods. Results: Out of 87 studied cases a total number of people with parasitic infections were estimated to be 16 (18.4%). The most contamination in the protozoa was related to Endolimax Nana (34.16%) and the Hymenolipis Nana (3.84%) and the Ascaris lumbricoides eggs (3.84%) were detected. The distribution of contaminants in men was significantly higher than women (P <0.05). Conclusion: The results show that despite increasing the level of public health, parasitic infection is still as one of the most important public health problems in the community. Therefore, health education, the use of controlling methods, prevention, treating and following up the contaminated personnel in restaurants, especially parasitic contamination, should be considered important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: As far as no study has been done on the prevalence of parasitic infections in Saveh, Markazi Province, Iran, the current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in rural areas of Saveh during 2005-2006. Materials & Methods: 755 people were selected and examined randomly through systematic cluster sampling for intestinal parasites using formalin ether sedimentation technique, as well as direct smear for the diarrheic samples. Results: In general, 14% of individuals were infected with intestinal parasites. The rate of infection with protozoa and helminth parasites were 13.3% and 0.7%, respectively. The infection rate of each parasite species were as follows: Entamoeba coli 5.9%, Giardia lamblia 5.6%, Blastocystis hominis 1.6%, Iodamoeba butchli 0.1%, Chilomastix mesnili 0.1%, Hymenolepis nana 0.3%, Enterobius vermicularis 0.3% and Taenia 0.1%. Conclusion: Comparing the prevalence of intestinal parasites in other parts of the country, especially the rural areas, it is found that the prevalence was lower in Saveh, which is prominent for helminthes parasites. Considering that Saveh is known as a healthy city, the efficient health services in this area is concluded from the obtained results. Therefore, providing treated safe water and sanitation for the reduction of parasites, especially Giardia are recommended in the study area.

Abstract Background Intestinal parasitic infections are of one most important problems in developing countries and job is one of the most important factors determining the rate of intestinal parasitic infections. Persons who deal with waste elimination and recycling, due to close contact with infectious sources are more likely to be infected than others. Because of industrialization, population density and immigrants residing in Assaluyeh region , and due to the lack of history of a study for intestinal parasitic infection, the prevalence rate of intestinal parasitic infections among workers in the collection, transportation and recycling of wastes in the Pars Special Economic Energy Zone was evaluated. Material and methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, demographic questionaire was completed for each person, Stool samples were taken and sample containers were transferred to parasitology research laboratory of university. Samples were examined for intestinal parasites by preparing direct smear (wet mount) and formalin-ether sedimentation technique. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS 15.0 software and Chi square test. Results: The results showed that 37.3% of samples were infected at least with one intestinal parasite, 10.7% of samples were infected with more than one parasite. Giardia lamblia (6%) and Entamoeba coli (13/4%), showed the highest infection rate among all parasite species. Prevalence rate of intestinal parasites in worker from Nakhl-e- Taghi municipality was higher than other region of the study area. Conclusion : Job type and duration of contact with infectious source play important roles in determining rate of intestinal parasitic infection. Workers involved in collection, transportation and recycling of wastes are more at risk of intestinal parasitic infections than others. Therfore, providing personal protective equipments and health education in this group can play an important role in community health promotion.

Background and purpose: So far, several studies have been done on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in Mazandaran province, Iran, but no comprehensive study used Geographic Information System (GIS) to investigate all effective factors on the epidemiology of these parasites. The aim of this study was to investigate the intestinal parasites in people residing in West of Mazandaran province using GIS. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in 1120 individuals attending the health centers in West of Mazandaran province. The samples were analyzed using direct methods, formalin ether, trichrome staining, and modified acid fast. Data analysis was done in SPSS V18 and Arc GIS 9.3. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 12.8% in the population studied. The most prevalent protozoa were Blastocystis hominis (5.8%) and among helminthic infections Strongyloides stercoralis (0.53%) were found to be more prevalent. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between the prevalence of intestinal parasites and geographic and demographic risk factors including location, drinking water, income level, temperature, and altitude. Prevalence mapping showed Tonekabon as a high-risk region for intestinal parasites. Conclusion: Temperature and altitude along with demographic factors play an important role in the spread of parasitic diseases. Water purification system, improving sanitation in high-risk areas, and basic health training especially in rural areas can help in decreasing the rate of this public health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Intestinal parasites are one of the major medical and health problems in the developing countries that cause malnutrition, diarrhea, weight loss and anemia in humans, especially in children. This study was done to the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the Afghan children of the primary and junior high schools of city to evaluate some of the related risk factors. Materials and Methods: this descriptive study was carried out on 430 Afghan students in 2009- 2010.The students were collected by random multi-sectional sampling. Their feces were examined with direct and formalin-ether concentration. Scotch tape test was also performed for 244 students. Prevalence of the parasites and their relationship to some factors such as sex and age group were determined .The data were analyzed by Chi-square test. Results: out of the 430 students, 49.7% were male and the rest were female. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 33.5%. The frequency of pathogenic intestinal parasite was 15.4%. The rate of intestinal parasite infections were: Entamoeba coli 16.5%, Giardia lamblia 8.8%,Blastocystis hominis 7%, Endolimax nana 3.4%, Iodamoeba buchlelli 3.4%, Chilomastix mesnili 1.62%, Entamoeba histolytica/E.dispar 1.2%,Hymenolepis nana 1.8% , and Ascaris lumbricoides0.2%.Entrobius vermicularis was found in 13.5% of the students using scotch tape test.There was a significant statistical association between duration of living in Afghanistan and intestinal parasitic infections.(p≤0.03) Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the prevalence of parasitic infections in the Afghan children was rather high. Examination and treatment of the students, education of the children and their parents and teachers in the field of personal hygine and environmental sanitation are necessary for prevention of parasite transmission.

Background: Patients with chronic renal failure and hemodialysis, due to leukocyte dysfunction and reduced number, impaired immunological responses such as phagocytosis and chemotaxi and also, complement dysfunction are susceptible to opportunistic infections. In the field of intestinal parasitic and fungal infections in patients on hemodialysis are few studies and with the same goal, this study was conducted. Methods: 330 stool samples from hemodialysis patients with chronic renal failure were collected. After recording the patient profile in questionnaire, different tets with specific laboratory methods was performed on each sample. Finding: The prevalence of intestinal parasites and fungi in hemodialysis patients were 23.9 and 36.1 percent, respectively. Endolymax Nana (6.4 percent) and Geotricum Candidom (10.9 percent) were the most common fungi and parasite in dialysis patients. The highest rate of intestinal parasites and fungi were reported in the age groups of 65-51 years (29.7 percent) and over 65 (60.3 percent), respectively. Between age and prevalence of intestinal parasites and fungi was statistically relationship (P= 0.002 and P = 0.004, respectively). There was no significant relationship between gender and the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (P = 0.184), while the relation of incidence of fungal infections and gender was significant (P = 0.028). There was significant relationship between the prevalence of intestinal parasitic and fungal infections and the duration of dialysis and health status (P < 0.05) but with Location subjects no significant relationship was found (P > 0.05). The most common digestive symptom was constipation and then, abdominal bloating was reported. Conclusion: Considering that the prevalence of intestinal parasitic and fungal infections in patients undergoing hemodialysis is high, general physisians and specialists recommend that before different drugs prescribed, the patient parasitic and fungal infections of the intestines should be evaluated. Furthermore, the microscopic examination of stool culture and component tests of patients with chronic renal failure undergoing kidney transplantation should be considered.

Introduction: Intestinal parasites have world wide prevalence and are considered to be as one of the leading hygienic and economic problems in the world. It can be said that there is nowhere in the world without parasitic infestations. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in patients referring to Yazd Central Laboratory in 2000-2002. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional, analytic and descriptive study including 13388 stool specimens examined by two methods; Formalin-Ethyl Acetate and direct Method for intestinal parasites and Scotch tape method for Enterobius vermicularis. Results: 13388 samples examined included 6913 women and 6475 men. Parasites were observed in 1151 cases (8.6%) including 618 (53.7%) men and 533 (46.3%) women, respectively. Of these, 98.6% were infected with protozoa and 1.4% with helminths. Giardia lambdia (41.05%), E.coli (27.45%) and Blastocystis hominis (15.51%) were the most common infecting organisms. Helminth infections were few, but the highest frequency was related to Hymenolepis nana and Enterobious vermicularis. Maximum frequency was reported in summer. There was a significant association between stool consistency and infestation by intestinal parasites (P=0.002). There was a significant relationship with sex, too (P=0.001) Conclusion: In the present study, the most common parasites were Giardia, E.coli and Blastocystis hominis (higher than five), but the prevalence was less as compared to previous similar studies in other regions, which could be because of the hot and dry weather, better personal hygiene and improved sewage system of Yazd.

Background & Objective: Enteroparasitic infections constitute a serious public health problem in different populations including developed countries. Patients who receive chemotherapy of cancer have an increased probability of acquiring parsitic infections, generally with a high degree of severity. The aim of present study was to ascertain the frequency of intestinal parasites in patients admitted in oncology ward for chemotherapy. Materials & Methods: In a descriptive study, all the patients whith malignancy who admitted in Sina Hospital in Hamadan, Iran, during 2005 were included. Data including demographic characteristics, type of malignancy, and the time past from the diagnosis entered the questionnaires. A stool specimen were examined for each patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Out of 190 patients, 94 (49.5%) were male and 96 (50.5%) were female. The mean age was 48.518.7 years (12-88 years). Thirty-one (16.3%) patients were involved intestinal parasites. The most common parasites were: Ascaris (41.9%), Giardia (35.5%), Indolimax nana (3.2%), Blastocytis hominis (3.2%), and Cryptosporidium (3.2%). The highest prevalence of intestinal parasites belonged to 40-60 years age group Conclusion: This study indicated that, the prevalence of intestinal parasites in patients undergoing chemotherapy for malignancy is lower than general population, which can be related to the effect of antineoplastic agents.

Background and Objective: High prevalence of parasitic infections can be the result of asymptomatic infections. A number of regular and ongoing epidemiological studies are prerequisites in order to control these infections. This study was carried out with elementary school students to achieve an overview of the spread of parasitic infections in Zanjan city, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, using random cluster sampling, 854 of 6-12 year-old students were selected from 10 primary schools in Zanjan by three methods of direct smear, formalin-ether concentration and Scotch tape. Results: Overall, 139 students (16.3%) were found to be infected by intestinal parasites. The protozoa Entamoeba coli (4.56%), Chilimastix mesnili (4.33%), Blastocystis hominis (3.04%), Giardia lamblia (2.34%), Iodamoeba butschlii (1.87%), Enterobius vermicularis (1.52%), Endolimax nana (0.46%), Dientamoeba fragilis (0.23%), Hymenolepis nana (0.11%), Sarcocystis (0.11%) were the most common parasite types. There was a significant difference in parasite prevalence between age and parents' education. However, no significant difference was found with gender, family income, and residence. Conclusion: The results indicated that the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in primary schools was in low level and in comparison with 1994's study in Zanjan city it has significantly decreased. With regard to the prevalence of intestinal parasites in study areas, improvement of health awareness among students and parents especially in the field of personal health seems necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Intestinal parasites are one of the major medical and health problems in developing world and cause malnutrition, diarrhea, weight loss and anemia in human, especially in children. This study was done to determine prevalence of intestinal parasites in primary school children in Bandpay. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 1999. Stool samples from all children were examined by direct and flocculation methods. The data analyzed by Chi-square test. Findings: From all of 3429 students, 49.7% were male and 50.3% were female. 28.5% of them were infected. The frequency of the most important kinds of intestinal parasites were as follows: Giardia 21.4%, Entamoeba coli 3.4%, Hymenolepis nana 1.3%, Enterobius vermicularis 0.7%, Trichostrongylus 0.6%, Trichocephale 0.5% and Entamoeba histolytica 0.3%. X² test showed that the boys were significantly infected more than the girls by all kinds of parasites (P=0.0001). Conclusion: According to the results, Giardia is the most common parasite in this region and the boys were infected more than the girls. Education of school children and people in the field of health program and chlorination of water supply are necessary for prevention of parasite transmission.

Objective: Intestinal parasites are widespread in most third world countries. It is more common in children, especially in day-care centers. So this study was performed to determine the prevalence of parasitic infections in Babol day-care centers. Methods: This was a descriptive study to achieve prevalence of intestinal parasites in 348 children Babol Behzisty office day-care centers were carried out, between July to Dec. 1997. Three samples of scatch and one sample from stool using formalin-ether method was collected of any child. Findings: Laboratory results indicated that (44%) of children were infected with intestinal parasites. Oxyur was the only helminth found in (33.6%) of the children. Among the pathogenic protozoa, giardia lamblia was the only parasite (11.5%) and E.coli and B.hominis of non-pathogens were detected in (4.6%) of the children. Conclusion: This study showed that prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection especially oxyur is very high in studied population. So, it is suggested that more research should be carried out to detect effective factors and reduce problems.

Background and purpose: Strongyloidiasis is prevalent in Northern provinces in Iran. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis and other intestinal parasites in rehabilitation centers in Mazandaran Province, north of Iran. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in seven rehabilitation centers in Mazandaran Province, 2013-2014. Fecal samples were collected from 341 participants (239 male, 102 female) aged 11-86 years old. The centers and specimens were randomly selected. All samples were examined by formol-ether concentration and agar plate culture. Diarrheic samples were examined by direct smear and Trichrome staining. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS V.16. Results: Intestinal parasitic infection was observed in 112 individuals. Protozoa infections were seen in 19.6% and helminth infections were seen in 14.1%. Strongyloides stercoralis was detected in 2.1% of the samples. The infection rate with other helminth parasites included Dicrocoelium dendriticum 7.9%, Trichuris trichiura 3.2%, Echinostoma sp. 0.9%, Taenia 0.3%, and Trichostrongylus sp. 0.3%. Entamoeba coli was the most common protozoan parasite (19.4%) followed by Iodamoeba butschlii (2.1%) and Chilomastix mesnili (1.2%). Conclusion: This study showed high infection rate with some intestinal parasites. The problems and complications associated with these parasites call for prompt diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals in rehabilitation centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes. A type of intestinal protozoan pathogens is the cause of infection and serious injuries in human with or without clinical symptoms. It seems that parasitic infections as a stressor factor can affect on stress system activity and immune system function and sensitivity. The major purpose of this paper was to evaluate serum cortisol level and the general inflammation by measuring neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients with intestinal protozoa. Methods: A total of 40 men were entered in a case-control study in Besat and Baqyiatallah (a.s.) Hospitals in Tehran from April to September 2014. Men were equally divided into 2 groups based on infection with the intestinal protozoa (control and patient groups). This study was conducted on blood samples of these people. Serum cortisol level and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were determined in control and patient with the intestinal protozoa groups. Cortisol was measured using cortisol kit (Diagnostic Biochem, Canada) and by ELISA method. In addition, the samples were treated with Wright stain method, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was calculated using WBC diffraction method. Results: According to the results of this study, mean age between control and patient groups was not statistically significant (P= 0.91). Serum cortisol concentration in patients with the intestinal protozoa was significantly higher than the control group (P= 0.043). In addition, a significant increase was observed in neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients with parasitic infections compared to the control group (P= 0.026). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, parasitic infection (intestinal protozoa) as a stressor factor can increase serum cortisol concentration. In addition, intestinal protozoa was reduced immune system sensitivity and function. It seems that the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio can be a potential useful parameters for evaluating the stress system activity and function in patients infected with the intestinal protozoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal parasites have worldwide prevalence and is considered to be as one of the most important hygienic problems in the world. As a whole, we can say there is no where in the world without parasites infestations. For the assessment of parasitic infestations of children under 2 years old in urban areas of Semnan, sample of stools for 3 consecutive days of 359 children under 2 years old, whom were accompanied by their mothers to the health center, were obtained. Samples were recognized by Formalin/ether and direct methods and thionin staining. From 359 children below 2 years old that their stools were examined, 14.2% of them had Protozoa infestation and Giardia Lamblia by 10% was the most common parasite. In these children, infestation by intestinal helminths was not seen and infestation by pathogen parasites was seen in 10.3%. There was significant association between the age and infestation by intestinal parasites (P=0.0000). There was not any significant association between the sexual, areas condition (Tropical/cold) by intestinal parasites. The most common parasite was Giardia. Therefore, educating mothers the principles of hygiene, can prevent infestation to parasites and the potential complications.

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most important health problems in different communities and even in developed countries. The adverse effects of these parasites on the development of human communities have been pointed out by WHO. Geographical situation, cultural and social behaviors, lack of safe drinking water and poor health standards, especially in rural areas are among the factors which affect the prevalence of parasitic infections in Iran. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the urban areas of Bandar-Anzali district, northern Iran. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2010 to March 2011 in six different locations of Bandar-Anzali district, Guilan provine, northern Iran. A total of 700 fecal samples from different age groups were collected in clean plastic containers and examined for intestinal protozoa and helminthes using formalin- ether concentration and direct saline thin smear (for watery samples) techniques. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis. The p-values were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results: Of the 700 examined people, 457 cases (65.3%) were female and 243 cases (34.7%) were male. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 15.1%, of which 3.3% belong to pathogenic parasites. The most prevalent pathogenic parasites were sequentially Giardia lamblia (2.14%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.9%) and Hymenolepis nana (0.3%). The highest prevalence of pathogenic parasites was seen in 10-49 age group and the lowest in ages over 50 years. Intestinal pathogenic parasitic infections were more endemic in females than that in males, 65.2% versus 34.8 %, respectively. Blastocystis hominis (6.4%), Endolimax nana (3.9%), Entamoeba coli (2.6%), Iodamoeba buetschlii (0.3%) and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (0.1%) were the most non-pathogenic parasitic protozoa in the studied population. Conclusion: According to the results, the overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Bandar-Anzali was found to be 3.3% which indicates a significant decrease, in comparison to the reported prevalence in past decades. The explanation could be improvements in environmental and personal health, drinking water and food safety, public health education and proper waste disposal. Conflict of interest: non declared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Intestinal parasitic infections are of one most important problems in developing countries and job is one of the most important factors determining the rate of intestinal parasitic infections. Persons who deal with waste elimination and recycling, due to close contact with infectious sources are more likely to be infected than others. Because of industrialization, population density and immigrants residing in Assaluyeh region, and due to the lack of history of a study for intestinal parasitic infection, the prevalence rate of intestinal parasitic infections among workers in the collection, transportation and recycling of wastes in the Pars Special Economic Energy Zone was evaluated. Material and methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, demographic questionaire was completed for each person, Stool samples were taken and sample containers were transferred to parasitology research laboratory of university. Samples were examined for intestinal parasites by preparing direct smear (wet mount) and formalin-ether sedimentation technique. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS 15.0 software and Chi square test. Results: The results showed that 37.3% of samples were infected at least with one intestinal parasite, 10.7% of samples were infected with more than one parasite. Giardia lamblia (6%) and Entamoeba coli (13/4%), showed the highest infection rate among all parasite species. Prevalence rate of intestinal parasites in worker from Nakhl-e- Taghi municipality was higher than other region of the study area. Conclusion : Job type and duration of contact with infectious source play important roles in determining rate of intestinal parasitic infection. Workers involved in collection, transportation and recycling of wastes are more at risk of intestinal parasitic infections than others. Therfore, providing personal protective equipments and health education in this group can play an important role in community health promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Nowadays the laboratory mice are frequently used in basic science research. However, these animals may be infected with some pathogens as parasites. The study of parasites infecting laboratory mice is important on account of two reasons: 1) zoonotic agents and 2) interference with the results of some studies such as immunology and pharmacology. Thus, we carried out this study to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites, particularly zoonoses, in Swiss-Webster mice. Materials and methods: In this study, fifty Swiss-Webster mice were randomly purchased from Pasteur Institute of Iran (Amol branch). After euthanizing the mice, their intestinal contents were separately examined using standard parasitological methods. Results: The results showed that thirty-seven mice (74%) were infected with at least one parasite. The highest prevalence (83.78%) was with Rodentolepis nana and the lowest (2.7%) with Blastocystis sp. This is the first report of natural infection with Blastocystis sp. in laboratory mice. Moreover, our results indicated a high prevalence of two zoonotic parasites in laboratory mice: Rodentolepis nana (83.78%) and Giardia muris (27.01%). Conclusion: Considering the existence of zoonotic parasites in the mice and the interference of these parasites with some studies, it is necessary for those dealing with these animals to attend to the principles of the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with chronic renal failure and hemodialysis impaired their immunological responses such as phagocytosis and chemotaxi and also, complement dysfunction due to leukocyte dysfunction and reduced number. Therfor they are susceptible to opportunistic infections. The studies on intestinal parasitic and fungal infections in patients with hemodialysis are few. This study was done to investigate the frequency of parasitic and fungal infections in these patients. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. 330 stool samples from hemodialysis patients with chronic renal failure were collected. After recording the patient profile in questionnaire, different tests was performed with specific laboratory methods. Finding: The prevalence of intestinal parasites and fungi in hemodialysis patients were 23.9 and 36.1%, respectively. Endolymax Nana (6.4 %) and Geotricum Candidom (10.9 %) were the most common fungi and parasite in hemodialysis patients. The highest rate of intestinal parasites and fungi were reported in the age groups of 65-51 years (29.7 %) and older than 65 years (60.3 %). Between age and prevalence of intestinal parasites and fungi was significant relationship (P = 0.002 and P = 0.004, respectively). There was no significant relationship between gender and the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (P = 0.184), while the relation of incidence of fungal infections and gender was significant (P = 0.028). There was significant relationship between the prevalence of intestinal parasitic and fungal infections and the duration of dialysis and health status (P < 0.05) but with Location subjects no significant relationship was found (P > 0.05). The most common digestive symptom was constipation and then, abdominal bloating was reported. Conclusion: Considering that the prevalence of intestinal parasitic and fungal infections in patients undergoing hemodialysis is high, it is recommended to evaluate hemodialysis patients for intestinal parasitic and fungal infections before drug prescription. Furthermore, the microscopic examination of stool culture and component tests of patients with chronic renal failure undergoing kidney transplantation should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]