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Background & aim: Primary dysmenorrhea or painful menses in women's medicine is one of the most common complaints that are associated with physical and psychological symptoms. The aim of this investigation was to study the effects of an eight week flexibility exercise and use of vitamin B6 on physical and psychological symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea in non-athlete females. Methods: In this clinical trial study, 60 non-athlete females, were randomly divided into 4 groups control, exercise, vitamins and exercise plus vitamin. They engaged in an 8-week exercise program that includes flexibility training, stretching the abdominal muscles, lower back, hamstrings and pelvis and hip stretches. Eight movements, each movement with 3 times repetition and each repetition lasting 10 seconds during 4 days per week was performed. The vitamins group used 2 tablets of 40 miligaram B6 vitamin daily during the 8 week program starting 2 weeks before menstruation to 3 days after menstruation. In the exercise with vitamin group, during the 8 weeks of flexibility traininig program females used from 2 weeks before menstruation to 3 days after menstruation 2 tablets of 40 miligaram B6 vitamin daily. The control group had no intervention. Before and after eight weeks, participants completed the menstrual disorders’ questionnaire. Data were analyzed. Results: Significant decreases in average of physical symptoms(exercise from 28/4 to 6/7,vitamin from 25 to 9/35,training with vitamin from 27/66 to 4/40) and psychological symptoms (exercise 25/86 to 5/93,vitamin 24/99 to 3/53,training whith vitamin 27/73 to 3/36) was observed. But physical and psychological symptoms in post-test of exercise group with vitamin had a significant decrease as compared wih other groups (p≤0/05). Conculusion: 8 weeks of flexibility and vitamin B6 usage may reduce the physical and psychological symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Keywords: Dysmenorrhea primory, Flexibility exercise, Vitamin B6, Non-athlete girls *Corresponding Auther: Motesharee E, Department of Physical Education, Science and Rsearch Branch, Islamic Azad University Fars,Shiraz, Iran Email:El.motesharee@gmail.com

Introduction & Objective: Fractures due to osteoporosis after menopause in women is widespread. Osteoporosis may occur in case of inadequate lack of physical activity .The aim of this study was to determine the effect of running training on femur bone strength in ovariectomized rats. Materials & Methods Forty matured Sprague Dawley rats were chosen for this study. A group of 10 were killed randomly to measure their initial femur strength. The remaining rats had ovarian surgery. After three months, in order to reach menopause period, they were randomly divided into 3 groups, including pre test, running training and control groups. The running training program was carried out for one hour a day, five days a week, for eight weeks. Femur bone strength was measured by HOUNSFIELD system. Data was analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and dependent T- tests by the SPSS software. Results: Results of this study showed that ovariectomy leads to significant decrease of femur bone strength. On the other hand the eight weeks running training lead to significant increase of femur bone strength. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that life style is important factors in preventing of osteoporosis and running training program had an inhibitory or reversal effect on decrease of menopause-induced femur bone strength.

The predatory phytoseiid mite, Amblyseius herbicolus Chant has been collected from mulberry trees infested with two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch and mulberry thrips, Pseudodendrothrips mori (Niwa) in Guilan province. Development and oviposition of this predatory mite was studied on two-spotted spider mite, mulberry thrips and date palm pollen as an alternative food in laboratory using the citrus excised leaf method in Petri dishes at 26 ± 1°C, 14L: 10D photoperiod and 70-80% RH. The results indicated that, mean duration of immature stages (day) of female predatory mite was the lowest on P. mori (4.86 ï± 0.19) and T. urticae (5.26 ï± 0.15) and the highest on date palm pollen (7.46 ï± 0.21). Fecundity (eggs/female) was the highest on P. mori (48.2 ï± 1.85) then on T. urticae (36.2 ï± 1.9) and the lowest on date palm pollen (19.13 ï± 1.72). Oviposition period (day) was the highest on P. mori (20.86 ï± 051) and T. urticae (20.33 ï± 1.19) and the lowest on date palm pollen (16.06 ï± .97). Lowest post-oviposition period (day) was on T. urticae (3.13 ï± 0.19) followed by date palm pollen (4.37 ï± 0.28) and then on P. mori (5.6 ï± 0.27). The mean generation time (day) of predatory mite was the longest on palm pollen (9.86 ï± 0.21), followed by mulberry thrips (7.13 ï± 0.21) and then two-spotted spider mite (6.86 ï± 0.16). Based on these results, A. herbicolus is a general predator. The date palm pollen may variously be used as an alternative food in absence of main food.

Aquatic larvae of chironomid midge, Chironomus riparius Meigen, are one of the richest diets in fish rearing systems. The quantity and quality of food used to rearing these larvae, affect this developmental stage. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different diets (chicken manure, rice bran and soybean meal) with different weights (1, 3 and 5 gr) on larval development, the best time of harvesting at different constant temperatures (16-20, 22 ± 1, 24 ± 1, 26 ± 1, 28 ± 1 and 30 ± 1 oC) and the yield (larval live weight (gr) m-2 per week) based on the number of reared egg masses with the favorable diet. Results indicated that the highest weight of harvested larvae obtained when they fed on 5 gr of chicken manure (3.53 ï± 0.4, p < 0.01). The last larval instars were harvested at the shortest time (on 13th days), when reared at 24 ± 1 or 26 ± 1 oC feeding on chicken manure (compared to other temperatures). Mean yield of 131.38 ï± 13.99 gr m-2 per week obtained, when five egg masses were reared at 26 ± 1 oC on the chicken manure.