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Background: Microplastics, as emerging and persistent pollutants, are ubiquitous in different environmental compartments and could be considered an ecological threat to wildlife and humans. Materials and Methods: In the present review article, the existing studies on the presence of microplastics in water, sediments, and aquatic organisms of the Persian Gulf were reviewed with regard to different sampling techniques, samples preparation, and identification methods. Results: The results indicated that the contributions of various countries to microplastics pollution of the Persian Gulf were different. The findings from the Iranian side of the Persian Gulf (especially for coastal sediments) showed higher pollution than its Arabian side. Blue and black fibers were the most predominant types of microplastics in the Persian Gulf. Based on the results, low density microplastics were more dominant in the water column, while high-density plastics were mostly found in sediments. The predominant types of microplastics in marine organisms were related to their habitats. Conclusion: Microplastics contamination is a severe threat to the Persian Gulf’s environment. However, the lack of harmonized procedure for microplastics sampling, preparation, analysis, and report makes the comparison of different studies challenging. For instance, four studies reported the level of microplastics in seawater of the Persian Gulf with three different units. Hence, we suggest all studies use the same methodologies in the Persian Gulf to increase the comparability of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Salmonellosis is one of the common infectious diseases between humans and animals that is caused by the consumption of poultry meat and its products. The invA gene plays a critical role in the pathogenicity of Salmonella infantis. Marine organisms, including sea cucumbers due to their effective secondary metabolites, have been identified and studied with compounds with antioxidant, anti-cancer, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the current study is to determine effect of sea cucumber extraction on S. infantis invA gene expression. Materials & Methods Poultry meat was sampled and S. infantis strains containing invA gene were isolated. The Hexane extract was extracted from sea cucumber colon tissue and its effects on S. infantis and its effect on gene expression were investigated by MIC and Real-time PCR, respectively. Findings From 450 samples, 12 S. infantis isolates were isolated. The PCR technique identified that all 12 isolates have invA virulence genes. MIC was determined 256μg/ml. The rate of change for the invA gene was estimated -1.21. Conclusion Hexane extract extracted from the sea cucumber caused reduction of invA gene expression in Salmonella infantis. So, it can be used as a therapeutic supplement against S. infantis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine organisms are rich sources of bioactive compounds and their biotechnological potential attracted the attention to biologists and chemists all over the world. During the first decade of the 21st century alone, over 2000 molecules from cnidarians were described. The phylum cnidaria (corals, sea pens, sea anemones, jellyfish and hydroids) includes over 10,000 species living in aquatic habitats. Cnidarians are the oldest venomous animals. In this phylum, most toxicological studies have been done in Anthozoa. The Soft corals Alcyonacea and Gorgonacea orders of Anthozoa represent by far the highest number of species yielding promising compounds. Up to now, numerous chemical components have been isolated from cnidarians, including steroids, diterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids have been shown to exhibit biological properties such as antimicrobial, antitumor activities and cytotoxicity. In this review, we summarize some studies that focus on some of the most promising marine bioactive isolated from cindirians in last decade.

In the developing world, the cancer as a prevalent cause of mortality is a new emerging challenges in medical and pharmaceutical sciences. Marine environs are regarded as a rich source of natural products with broad of therapeutic uses. Numerous bioactive peptides and depsi-peptides have been extracted from various marine organisms such as tunicates, sponges, molluscs and other marine organisms, with anti-cancer potential. They can produce the complex compounds which are more effective than presented anti-cancer drugs. Some of these marine peptides are under different clinical trials phases they are secondary metabolites that produced by these organisms. According to different studies, their anti-cancer potential is related to some properties like antioxidant, anti- proliferative and anti-mutations effects. These peptides can stimulate cell death by various mechanisms, such as apoptosis, affecting the balance tubulin- microtubules (antimicrotubules), inhibition of angiogenesis, antiproliferative and cytotoxicity effects. Further studies on the reaction states of these compounds on cell cycle or apoptosis in cancer cells, are essential. The future of remedies, belong to the sea and the sea, will have the major percentage in drug discovery, particularly in anti-cancer drugs.

Marine organisms are rich sources of bioactive compounds and their biotechnological potential attracted the attention to biologists and chemists all over the world. During the first decade of the 21st century alone, over 2000 molecules from cnidarians were described. The phylum cnidaria (corals, sea pens, sea anemones, jellyfish and hydroids) includes over 10,000 species living in aquatic habitats. Cnidarians are the oldest venomous animals. In this phylum, most toxicological studies have been done in Anthozoa. The Soft corals Alcyonacea and Gorgonacea orders of Anthozoa represent by far the highest number of species yielding promising compounds. Up to now, numerous chemical components have been isolated from cnidarians, including steroids, diterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids have been shown to exhibit biological properties such as antimicrobial, antitumor activities and cytotoxicity. In this review, we summarize some studies that focus on some of the most promising marine bioactive isolated from cindirians in last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the developing world, the cancer as a prevalent cause of mortality is a new emerging challenges in medical and pharmaceutical sciences. Marine environs are regarded as a rich source of natural products with broad of therapeutic uses. Numerous bioactive peptides and depsi-peptides have been extracted from various marine organisms such as tunicates, sponges, molluscs and other marine organisms, with anti-cancer potential. They can produce the complex compounds which are more effective than presented anti-cancer drugs. Some of these marine peptides are under different clinical trials phases they are secondary metabolites that produced by these organisms. According to different studies, their anti-cancer potential is related to some properties like antioxidant, anti- proliferative and anti-mutations effects. These peptides can stimulate cell death by various mechanisms, such as apoptosis, affecting the balance tubulin- microtubules (antimicrotubules), inhibition of angiogenesis, antiproliferative and cytotoxicity effects. Further studies on the reaction states of these compounds on cell cycle or apoptosis in cancer cells, are essential. The future of remedies, belong to the sea and the sea, will have the major percentage in drug discovery, particularly in anti-cancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]