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Introduction: Trauma is one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in first four decades of life. Damage to cervical vertebrae due to high rate o f mortality and morbidity is of high importance. These injuries can cause many psycho -mental, social and financial problems for respective patients and their families. Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the spine vertebrae in traumatic patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted o n records of patients with cervical trauma admitted to Emergency Ward of Poursina Hospital fro m October 2009 to September 2012. The diagnostic criteria included cervical spine fracture, radio graphy and CT scan approved by a specialist in emergency medicine. Demographic data, site of injury, mechanism of injury, and fracture type according to the file contents were extracted. The data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS 16. Results: After a review on 6235 patients with cervical spine trauma, 374 cases with blunt cervical spine trauma complaint were enrolled in the study. 83.7% were men (Mean age= 39.64 ± 17.46 years). The mo st involved age was 30-59 years. Most causes of injuries were vehicle accidents (69%) and fallings (14.2%). Most fractures of cervical spine were in vertebrae C6 (19.1%) and the highest rate of cervical dislocation belonged to C6-C7 (22.9%). In 16% of the cases, incomplete spinal cord injury and in 7.8% of cases complete spinal cord injury had occurred. In 56.7% of cases, accompanying lesions were seen, most of which included extremity injuries (61.3%), followed by head trauma with reduced GCS (21.7%). A significant relationship was observed between gender and cause of injury (P<0.0001), vertebral fractures (P&0.002), presence of accompanying lesions (P&0.003), and types of accompanying lesions (P&0.009). There was a significant association between age and cause of injury (P<0.0001). Conclusion: Given that most of vertebral spinal injuries occurred in men and involved young group (20-39), and most mechanisms of injury belonged to car accidents, mo re care and attention can help prevent these injuries to a great extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity- impulsivity behavior. ADHD is frequently accompanied by Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Objective: To assess the Cardiovascular Fitness in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder with and without developmental coordination disorder and normal children. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive comparative study, a total of 45 male children aged 9-7 years in which 30 individuals non-randomly selected from child psychiatry outpatient squarely addressed both public and private centers. Fifteen normal children were selected from elementary schools students in Rasht. Diagnostic criteria by clinical interview based on DSM-IV criteria, were performed by child and adolescent psychiatrist. Cardiovascular Fitness was tested with 6-minute walk. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16.0 software. Variables to determine statistically significant differences in the three groups ANNOVA test were used. Levels lower than the rate of p= 0/05 were considered significant. Results: Children with ADHD with and without DCD showed poor Cardiovascular Fitness, compared with normal children (P<0.05). Cardiovascular Fitness in ADHD+ DCD group was lower than that in ADHD counterparts. Conclusions: ADHD children with and without DCD have poor Cardiovascular Fitness than normal children. Cardiovascular Fitness deficit may differentiate motor problems in DCD and ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the advances in techniques and the improvements in surgical implants, treatment of distal femoral fractures remains a challenge in many situations. Long-term disability can still occur if inappropriate treatment is done. This study was conducted to evaluate the results of distal femoral nailing in treatment of the distal femur fractures. Methods: In this cohort study, among patients referred to Kashani hospital in Isfahan, Iran from December 2005 to December 2007, 36 patients with distal femoral fracture were enrolled in our study. Patients were treated with retrograde femoral nailing. The patients' demographic information, Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) tearing, duration of surgery, volume of hemorrhage, and after-surgery complications such as stiffness, infection and rate of union was obtained and reported. Findings: The mean of time of surgery was 97.4 ± 11.6 minutes. There were not any ACL tearing in studied patients. In first two weeks, infection was seen in 4 patients that recovered. The rate of union was 100% after 6 month. Regard to results, retrograde nailling has very good results in treatment of distal femoral fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize the effective and efficient factors of the quantum leadership of the broadcasting organization in the field of social networks. The research method is quantitative and applicative. The statistical population of the research includes 15 media experts, political science professors, media management professors, and management, who were selected by targeted and available sampling method; and to perform the calculations, Dimetal technique was used. The components and indicators of quantum leadership identified from the Delphi stage include three management and organizational dimensions, quantum skills and quantum leadership, which management and organization dimension has two components (quantum management, quantum organization), the quantum skills dimension includes seven components (quantum view, quantum thinking, quantum feeling, quantum cognition, quantum action, quantum trust, quantum existence), and quantum leadership has four components (media leadership, social media leadership, transformational leadership in the media, participatory leadership in the media). Three dimensions and thirteen components were identified and confirmed for the quantum leadership of the Broadcasting Organization in the field of social networks. The findings showed that the social media leadership component, which has the highest D value, has the greatest influence with other indicators; also, the quantum management component, which has the highest R value; has the greatest impact on other indicators. Besides, quantum management, which has the highest amount of D+R; has the highest effectiveness compared to other components, and also quantum trust, which has the highest D-R value; has the most impact on other components. Extended abstract Introduction Media are communication channels through which messages are sent to the audience. But whether these channels interfere in the content of the message or whether it is just a neutral tool in the transmission of the message is one of the important topics in media philosophy and of course in its management (Ghaed Amini Harouni et al, 2018). The success of today's organizations depends on the correct and efficient leadership, which relies on the influence, guidance, direction and streamlining of the organization's activities, and the belief of the employees (Erfanmanesh, 2018). In the last decade, much attention has been paid to new approaches and theories of leadership. These approaches and theories have shown more attention to the intellectual and philosophical foundations of leadership and behaviors related to it instead of emphasizing only the behavioral signs of leadership as a leadership style. Leadership worldview, strategic leadership and quantum leadership can be introduced as new paradigms in this style (Totkzadeh, 2018). Quantum leadership tries to create the desired future by determining objectives, choosing the best solutions, and using the best tools correctly so that a situation fits the internal conditions of the organization and the requirements of the strategic environment (Kmali Ardekani et al, 2020). The purpose of quantum leadership is to increase the effectiveness and power of managers and employees of the organization. Forming self-governing groups and providing extensive feedback to managers and employees, which prevents costly mistakes for the organization, is one of the strategies used in quantum leadership (Ghaed Amini Harouni et al, 2018). Based on this, the researcher tries to answer the question; how to identify and prioritize the effective and efficient factors of the quantum leadership of the broadcasting organization in the field of social networks? Theoretical Framework Quantum leadership is a style of leadership that seeks to increase trust, security, dynamic communication and learning and reduce vertical communication and increase horizontal communication in the organization. The framework and structure of the quantum organization includes mutual and fluid communication between the leader and the followers, which can be defined through an organization combined with trust, value, spirituality, learning, dialogue and thinking together (Rozbeh et al, 2021). Quantum leadership is a type of leadership that is able to provide energy and great influence on organization members, and, it can stimulate the natural human capacity as a capability, and guide everyone to move towards common goals. Quantum leadership is related to the science of complexity, which its purpose is to study all potential abilities; so that it can create creative potentials by uncertainty. Like the Gestalt theory, the quantum theory states that the whole in the world is greater than the sum of its parts. Quantum leadership can manage conflict for the benefit of the organization and improve leadership quality (Ningtias & Mundiri, 2019). Pir Dehghan & Monsef (2022) investigated quantum leadership and job self-efficacy. The research findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between quantum leadership components and job self-efficacy, but there is no relationship between quantum leadership components and organizational excellence. Geok & Bilal Ali (2021) presented a quantum leadership style framework in their research to promote lifelong learning among employees through management science. Hence, Quantum leaders understood the implications of organizational learning in the workplace during challenging times. Lifelong learning was promoted to improve profitability, organizational stability and growth with a conducive learning environment. The resurgence of quantum leadership contributes to new developments in management science in industry and higher education. The need for future studies was evident on purposeful learning through quantum leadership to support knowledge creation and consistent paradigms. Methodology: This research is practical in terms of purpose, and descriptive survey based on research design and in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the research includes 15 experts in the field of media, professors of political science, professors of media management and management. The sampling method is targeted and accessible, and two methods of literature review and semi-structured interview were used to collect data. Discussion and Results: Excel software environment and coding in VB language have been used in order to perform the calculations related to Dimetal technique. According to the results of the research, the components and indicators of quantum leadership identified from the Delphi stage include three dimensions: managerial and organizational, quantum skills, and quantum leadership; the managerial and organizational dimension has two components (quantum management, quantum organization), the quantum skills dimension includes seven components (quantum view, quantum thinking, quantum feeling, quantum cognition, quantum action, quantum trust, quantum existence) and quantum leadership has four components (media leadership, social media leadership, transformational leadership in the media, participatory leadership in the media). The findings showed that the social media leadership component, which has the highest D value, has the greatest influence on other indicators; and the quantum management component, which has the highest R value, has the greatest impact on other indicators. Also, quantum management, which has the highest amount of D+R, has the highest effectiveness compared to other components; and quantum trust, which has the highest D-R value, has the most impact on other components. Conclusion: The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the effective and efficient factors of quantum leadership of the Broadcasting Organization in the field of social networks. The results of this research are consistent with the findings of researchers such as Ahmadian et al, (2021), Geok & Bilal Ali (2021), Rozbeh et al, (2021), and Oudlajani & Naqib al-Sadat (2021). According to the findings of the research, it can be concluded that quantum leadership has played an important role in organizations because managers and leaders can welcome new opportunities due to creativity, which is one of the most important characteristics of quantum leaders. Leaders in quantum leadership warrant their competitive advantage by relying on this feature, and with the help of people who are open to innovation and facing unknown and new phenomena, and providing risk-taking and adaptability in the organization's people to welcome change and transformation in the organization. As a result, organizational leaders must cultivate new skills in themselves, which are called quantum skills; these skills help organizations to increase the ability of managers to manage people in organizations, resolve conflicts, increase productivity; creativity and innovation, agility, organizational excellence, organizational learning, etc., which are all signs of quantum leadership, and provide the basis for success, organizational development, and ultimately their survival in today's complex and rapidly changing world, due to the development of technology and the progress that exists in the world today. According to the results of the research, it is suggested that by taking advantage of the quantum view and the ability to see purposefully, the style and way of thinking and attitude should be comparable with the quantum thinking and the ability to think in a contradictory way in order to lay the groundwork for quantum knowledge and intuitive knowledge of issues in the organization In this way, organizational leaders and managers can create quantum feeling and trust among their employees, which in turn causes a new attitude to issues, creative and intuitive thinking, and foresight and prediction in the organization. It is suggested that when selecting people for a leadership position in the organization, they should be evaluated in terms of their willingness and ability to implement quantum leadership, and those should be selected who have this characteristic more prominent and stronger.

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to analyze the dimensions, components and indicators of quantum leadership of the broadcasting organization in the field of social networks. The research method is qualitative and applicable. Two methods of documentary study and fuzzy Delphi have been used to collect information. The statistical population of the research includes 15 media experts, political science professors, media management professors, and management, who were selected by targeted and available sampling method, and their opinions were extracted using the fuzzy Delphi method. The components and indicators of quantum leadership include three managerial and organizational dimensions, quantum skills and quantum leadership, which managerial and organizational dimension has two components (quantum management, quantum organization); the quantum skills dimension includes seven components (quantum look, quantum thinking, quantum feeling, quantum recognition, quantum action, quantum trust, quantum presence); and quantum leadership has four components (media leadership, social media leadership, transformational leadership in the media, participatory leadership in the media). Three dimensions and thirteen components were identified and confirmed for the quantum leadership of the Broadcasting Organization in the field of social networks. The quantum organization component in the second stage of the survey with an average of (0.750) and in the third stage with an average of (0.778); the component of quantum existence in the first stage of the survey with an average of (0.879) and in the second stage with an average of (0.825) and in the third stage with an average of (0.852); the social media leadership component in the second stage with an average of (0.821) and in the third stage with an average of (0.842) had the highest opinions of the experts; which shows the full saturation of experts' opinions and overlapping.Extended AbstractIntroductionMedia are communication channels through which messages are sent to the audience. But whether these channels interfere in the content of the message or whether it is just a neutral tool in the transmission of the message is one of the important topics in media philosophy and of course in its management (Ghaed Amini Harouni et al, 2018). A combination of mass media and interpersonal communication is the most effective way to reach people with new ideas and convince them. Today, this platform is provided by virtual social networks, and the users of these networks, by expanding their communication, exchange information and share content collectively or individually. Some thinkers believe that these human communities are a kind of appearance of Habermas' concept of public sphere in virtual space (Oudlajani & Naqib al-Sadat, 2021).Designing the principles of new sciences requires knowledge of leadership techniques in a modern organization, so that these technologies and principles provide a new metaphor for the life of the organization and leadership work. Meanwhile, the traditional organizational development models have given way to new intervention models and methods in the era of uncertainty, complexity, globalization and rapid change. The beginning of the 21st century can be called the quantum era in terms of technology. The key to organizational excellence is excellent leadership. The seven quantum skills can enable 21st century leaders to create a new level of organizational excellence to harness the world's most powerful energy; the energy of the mind. If leaders and their organizations want to progress in the new era, a new intellectual and skill leap must emerge in managers with this leadership style (Razavi & Azimi Sanavi, 2012). Quantum leadership is a style of leadership that seeks to increase trust, security, dynamic communication and learning and reduce vertical communication and increase horizontal communication in the organization. The framework and structure of the quantum organization includes mutual and fluid communication between the leader and the followers, which can be defined through an organization combined with trust, value, spirituality, learning, dialogue and thinking together (Rozbeh et al, 2021).Therefore, the researcher intends to answer this basic question in this research: what are the dimensions, components and indicators of quantum leadership of the broadcasting organization in the field of social networks?Theoretical FoundationsThe success of today's organizations depends on the correct and efficient leadership, which relies on the influence, guidance, direction and streamlining of the organization's activities, and the belief of the employees (Erfanmanesh, 2018). On the one hand, it is a new theory in the field of leadership; which tries to create the desired future by determining the objectives, choosing the best solutions and using the best tools correctly so that a situation fits the internal conditions of the organization and the requirements of the strategic environment (Kamali Ardekani et al, 2020). The purpose of quantum leadership is to increase the effectiveness and power of managers and employees of the organization. Forming self-governing groups and providing extensive feedback to managers and employees, which prevents costly mistakes for the organization, are strategies used in quantum leadership (Ghaed Amini Harouni et al, 2018).Geok & Bilal Ali (2021) presented a quantum leadership style framework in their research to promote lifelong learning among employees through management science. Hence, Quantum leaders perceived the consequences of organizational learning in the workplace during challenging times. Lifelong learning was promoted to improve profitability, stability and organizational growth with a conducive learning environment. The resurgence of quantum leadership contributes to new developments in management science in industry and higher education. The need for future studies on purposeful learning through quantum leadership to support knowledge creation and consistent paradigms was evident.Nazakhti Rezapour et al, (2021) showed that according to experts, the opportunities of Instagram TV for broadcasting organization, including two categories of practical opportunities (use of user-generated content, talent search, interaction with the audience and surveys) and ultimate opportunities (helping good governance, Creating a balance between the official and traditional culture, makeing Iran's media sphere more diverse and to improving the quality of radio and television productions). The threats of Instagram TV for broadcasting organization are also aimed at weakening the exclusive position of it, reducing the audience and reducing the income from advertisement.Research MethodologyThis research is applicable in terms of purpose. Also, based on the research plan and in terms of the method of data collection, the present research is a descriptive analytical research, and from the documentary study and Delphi method was used to collect information for finding the quantum leadership dimensions and components of the Broadcasting Organization in the field of social networks with a future research approach for the Broadcasting Organization. The statistical population of the research includes 15 experts in the field of media, professors of political science, professors of media management, and professors of management, and the sampling method is targeted and accessible.Research findingsData analysis was done using Delphi-Fari method in three rounds. The results showed that the components and indicators of quantum leadership include three management and organizational dimensions, quantum skills, and quantum leadership,\; which management and organization dimension has two components (quantum management, quantum organization); quantum skills dimension includes seven components (quantum view, quantum thinking, quantum feeling, quantum knowledge, quantum action, quantum trust, quantum existence); and quantum leadership has four components (media leadership, social media leadership, transformational leadership in the media, participatory leadership in the media). Three dimensions and thirteen components were identified and confirmed for the quantum leadership of the Broadcasting Organization in the field of social networks. The quantum organization component in the second stage of the survey with an average of (0.750) and the in the third stage with an average of (0.778); the component of quantum existence in the first stage with an average of (0.879) and in the second stage with an average of (0.825) and the in the third stage with an average of (0.852); the social media leadership component in the second stage with an average of (0.821) and in the third stage with an average of (0.842) had the highest opinions of the experts; which shows the full saturation of experts' opinions and overlapping.ConclusionThe current research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the dimensions, components and indicators of quantum leadership of the broadcasting organization in the field of social networks. The results of this research are consistent with the findings of researchers such as Ahmadian et al, (2021), Geok & Bilal Ali (2021), Rozbeh et al, (2021), Oudlajani & Naqib al-Sadat (2021). Ahmadian et al, (2021) showed in their research that there is a positive and significant correlation between quantum leadership and human resource retention in West Azerbaijan University of Medical Sciences University (path coefficient 0.18). The correlation between quantum leadership and organizational trust is positive and significant (path coefficient 0.85). The correlation between organizational trust and human resource retention is positive and significant (path coefficient 0.81), and finally, there is a positive and significant correlation between quantum leadership and human resource retention with the mediation of organizational trust (path coefficient 0.69). As a result, it can be said that organizational trust can increase the correlation between quantum leadership and human resource retention as a mediator. It is suggested that the principles of quantum leadership be taught to university managers and supervisors at all levels of management, in order to increase organizational trust and consequently provide human resource retention.According to the results of the research, it is suggested that in the policies of the Broadcasting Organization, special attention should be paid to the correct recognition and understanding of the stages of quantum thinking, quantum feeling, quantum existence, media leadership and social media leadership, in order to identify the weakness and strength of the organization, individual and ethnic differences, the needs and demands of the audience; and in the field of creating trust among the audience through quantum leadership, it is possible to develop infrastructure, reduce costs, improve the performance of provincial media and took social action.

Introduction An individual grows up in a family and becomes sociable in terms of behavior and economic action. It means that the person adopts the same style as his or her parents in the family. If the consumption pattern of the family is incorrect, the same method is reproduced and passed on to the next generations. The consumption pattern in the society is greatly influenced by the consumption pattern in the family. In other words, in addition to government policies and the economic structure of the society, families also play an important role in maintaining an inappropriate consumption pattern in the society, so proper economic management in the family can improve the consumption pattern at the family level (Asghari, 2014) and then at the community level. Therefore, the main question of the present study is: How common are each of the economic management styles among Mashhad families, and what factors could affect it? Materials and Methods The survey method was used in this study. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study was all of the head households who lived in Mashhad in 2019. In this study, the sample size was estimated by Cochran's formula and finally based on which 369 people were selected. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Research findings showed that 54 percent of cases have adopted the rational style in household economic management. The variables of the type of family relationship, education level, economic status, cultural status, social status, and social class had a positive and significant relationship with family economic management style. The results also showed that with the more democratic relations of members within the family and the increase in the education of the head of the family, the management becomes more rational. Also, the results also showed that families with better social, economic, cultural and social status had a more rational economic management style. Understanding within the family and joint consultation and decision-making provided a good opportunity for a family that had democratic relations leading to selecting more appropriate strategies for the family economic management. Families with more economic, social, and cultural status and, in Bourdieu’s terms, more social, economic, and cultural capital do certainly better in managing the family's economic affairs. Another important finding of this study was that families who were at the beginning of cohabitation had more rational management than families who were in the middle or end of their family life. According to the findings, young couples were more concerned with the future and were more forward-looking instead of desirable-looking. Certainly, the upbringing of children and their marriage, and at the same time the rising age of the family could bring about some changes in the economic management style of families, as at this stage families prefer to live in the present because with the addition of new plans and the entry of new people into the family, costs increase and the family can pay less attention to satisfaction. It is important to note that in Mashhad families, while democratic relations in the family had the highest average, technical and economic skills had the lowest average. The families had low financial or economic technical skills. This finding is somewhat consistent with a similar study in Tehran conducted by Dianti Dilami and Hanifezadeh on the level of financial literacy of Tehran families (Dianati Dilami & Hanifezadeh, 2015). Finally, based on the results of path analysis, the most important variable is the number of household income sources, which is inversely related to the type of family economy management. This means more than one source of income in the family could lead the family management tend to have irrational styles. Therefore, resource mobilization without creating multi-governing relationships in the family can have an important effect on reforming the management model in families and increase the level of satisfaction in the family. This could be due to poor decision-making and empathetic participation in some families in coordinating the various financial resources that enter the family.

Domestic violence against men has several dysfunctional consequences that affect not only the individual and the family, but also the middle and upper levels of society. The aim of this study was to study domestic violence against men under sociological explanation. This was a descriptive-explanatory study in which data were collected from married women between 18 and 65 years old in Mashhad in 1398 with a sample size of 394 people by multi-stage cluster sampling. Spss and Amos softwares were used to analyze the data.The results showed that the overall average of domestic violence against men in a range of 0 to 100 was 18.16, and in general, 75.4% of men were slightly abused, 21.3% were moderately abused and 3.3% were severely abused. Also, among the dimensions of violence, the highest amount belonged to the psychological dimension (Mean: 21/09). Among the independent variables, experience of violence, observation of violence, feeling of injustice and life satisfaction had a significant effect (P

Abstract:Teachers, according to social science scholars, and in line with education documents, play an important role in reproducing the paradigm. In the present study, we analyzed the patterns of consumption among teachers in order to influence cultural reproduction and generation transfer. The research method is quantitative in terms of data collection method and in terms of the type is applied and also its method is quantitative-survey method. Statistical population included all bound teachers (35797 teachers) working in elementary and secondary schools in Tehran in 1397-98 by using cluster sampling method, 400 teachers were selected as the statistical sample for the study. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with 38 questions. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 70% and the data analysis was done using regression, variance analysis and path analysis with SPSS software. The findings of the study showed that social capital with 25% had the highest impact on the pattern of teachers' consumption based on the final Veblen model. Also, social capital variables are correlated with end-use patterns. The adjusted coefficient of determination according to the type of final consumption pattern (Veblen) is equal to 0/263 and the level of final consumption pattern (Danleoie) equal to 0/27 are explained by independent variables. The results show that consumption pattern among Tehran teachers is inversely related to social capital and its three dimensions and, there is a significant relationship among the underlying factors of age and sex with final consumption, and teaching and marital status with final consumption.

Background and Aims: Candida albicans as an opportunistic fungal pathogen in human is the cause of volvovaginitis candidiasis. Azole resistance is cinsiderable as worldwide problem in treatment of candidiasis. Azole resistance can occur through different mechanisms such as mutation in ERG11 gene. The aim of our study was evaluation of ERG11 gene mutations in fluconazole resistant islotes of C. albicans obtained from patients with volvovaginitis in west of Mazandaran. Materials and Methods: In this study, clinical specimens were obtained from vaginal mucosa of 120 individual. C. albicans isolates were identified by standard methods such as germ tubes and culture in chrome agar media. Susceptibility test to fluconazole in the isolates was evaluated by Disc diffusion and MIC methods. After DNA extraction, ERG11 gene mutations in clinical isolates were determined by PCR- sequencing method. Results: From 45 isolates of C. albicans, 40 isolates were resistant to fluconazole. The MIC of fluconazole in isolates was determined between 2 to 64μg/ml. Also, sequencing analysis showed that 7 fluconazole resistant isolates had three missense mutations (D116E, K128T and A114S) in ERG11 gene. Conclusion: It apears that high frequency of floconazol resistance is the results of different reasons such as mutations in ERG11 gene in C. albicans isolates.

Seeking to expand communication technologies, new diversified ‎architecture of the process of ‎transferring meaning is evolving ‎media in the world. One of these methods, conveying the fabric ‎in ‎virtual games. Virtual games as a text, concepts to transmit ‎users. One of the implications of the media ‎in the field of work ‎on it has been less, individualism. The notions that in terms of ‎sociological ‎significance is also due to sign method cognitive ‎Barrett, mobile phone Games were investigated. Five ‎codes on ‎the basis of the five Barrett, four five codes concept of cultural ‎field as individualism, ‎summing up the findings provided urban ‎space, alone, relying on the individual capabilities, ‎human ‎challenge with human.‎

The soil pollution especially in urban soils is projected to increase drastically and its effects on chemical cycles are yet to be known. Approaches to measure air and water quality are well established, but urban soil quality assessment has received little attention. Soil quality assessment can help as a way to better understand the pollution increase outcomes in urban environments and to establish approaches and integrated soil quality assessment protocols in urban planning and landscape management. Considering lack of information in urban soil quality of Iran, the objective of this study was to assess soil quality under urban land use effect using minimum data set in western part of Tehran. In view of this, 56 soil samples were collected in three land use types of agricultural, parks and urban landscapes, and vacant urban lots and 12 physicochemical properties were measured. The results of analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) showed that under influence of the land use types, organic carbon, total nitrogen, lime, bulk density and sodium have significant differences. The factor analysis was used to select minimum data set and the results showed that two factors with eigenvalues more than one, explaining more than 68% of total variance, have the most loading factors on organic carbon and sodium. Finally, soil quality indicator (SQI) was determined and compared in different land use types. The results showed that SQI has significant difference in urban land use types and the least soil quality is related to vacant urban lots.

Challenge point framework is a theoretical framework to understand the effects of exercise variables in motor learning. According to this framework, contextual interference and knowledge of results (KR) feedback have a close relationship with the skill level and task difficulty. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercises based on challenge point framework on postural control in patients with multiple sclerosis. The postural control of 22 MS patients (age range 20 - 65 years) from patients of Ahvaz MS Association who were randomly selected and assigned to experimental and control groups was measured by the force platform. Subjects in the experimental group performed exercise for 12 sessions, 3 sessions per week and 45 minutes each session. The control group did not receive any interventions. The data were analyzed by mixed analysis of variance and analysis of variance with repeated measures (P≥0.05). The findings showed that the postural control of experimental group significantly improved compared with the control group as a result of four weeks of exercise protocol. Also, postural control of the experimental group significantly developed in the posttest compared with the pretest. So this study supported challenge point framework and instructors and practitioners can use this protocol for effective clinical interventions to improve balance and postural sways in MS patients.

Substance abuse is one of the most important social threats. In next decades this phenomenon will increase explosively. So, it seems quite important to examine all its aspects. Nowadays, substance abuse experts are focusing on impacts of dependency to methamphetamine. Cognitive disorders can be mentioned as one of the most noticeable impacts of methamphetamine. This research was carried out with the aim of assessing various aspects of memory deficits in the individuals in their early full remission phase of methamphetamine dependence, the present study was quasi-experimental research. 40 subjects from the hospitalized addicts in Ebne-Sina Psychiatric Hospital of Mashhad city were selected through convenience sampling who were accompanied by 39 non-addict relatives equalized in view of demographic information, they performed Wechsler Memory Scale. Data were analyzed with Chi2 Pearson Tests, Multivariate Regression Analysis and T independent groups. The study of the deficits of memory quotient and its various aspects showed that with the exception of mental control, the mean standard score in all of the assessed aspects of memory in control group were greater than the experimental group. (p

This study investigate the role of social media in Iran is developing a tourism marketing. This way with the help of a questionnaire survey on 250 travel offices marketing experts specializing in domestic and overseas leisure tourism in the city of Tehran, they were carried out. According to this study, the role of social media, particularly media images and video clips to function in the development of electronic tourism industry should be more considered. The photos and videos introducing tourists to the tourism potential in the virtual space is a factor that has a direct impact on the choice of tourist destinations by international tourists. With the increasing use of social networks, content communities, blogs, e-tourism marketing capabilities increase, but overall we can say that social media still have not been able to find its place in the development of e-tourism marketing and this difference is due to the characteristics of different marketing communication and social media with the mass media.

Abstract Development and finding a way to overcome the problems is a long-term obsession and one of the important challenges of Iran Especially after Islamic Revolution. After the Qajar era, the long distance of the Iranian nation and the great powers in terms of development has raised questions for the Iranians.In fact Iran's civilization and cultural experience raise expectations in that matter. One of the common approaches argues that today's problems are rooted in Iran's history and culture. This approach with emphasis on correlations between despotism structure and moral values ​​of society believes that despotism In Iran Leads to egoistic values and thus Lack of Causes of development such as altruism values, participation and convergence. Enjoying historical approach, this article, tries to describe the mood of Iranians By content analysis of Guilds Fotowwat-namas examined thementioned hypothesis. The results of this study indicate that there is no correlation between political despotism and egoism and social values.The results can be utilized as an introduction in the field of culture and development studies.