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Background and purpose: Paying attention to the changing needs of society in health and the need for a responsive education system in line with the needs of society, shows the need to review educational and research structure of medical universities in a country. The purpose of this study was to explain the learned experiences of academic members on the structure of educational and research institutions. Materials and methods: This qualitative study was performed in 26 faculty members of medical sciences graduated from foreign universities using purposeful sampling. Individual semi-structured interviews were performed and the participants were asked about organizational structure, the function, and organizational hierarchy of the university where they had studied. Interviews were recorded and handwritten, coded, and analyzed according to the conventional content analysis approach. Results: We extracted four main themes, 12 sub-themes, and 75 items from the data. Main themes included type of organizational structure, strategies, management of resources, and educational infrastructures. The sub-themes were as follows: the organizational structure of educational and research institutions and traditional structure, new structure, entrepreneurship, change management, interdisciplinary insight, human resources, national resources, physical resources, educational centers, educational groups, fields of study, and research centers. Conclusion: Planning system of every country (centralized/decentralized) was found to affect the type of organizational structure of educational and research institutions. Therefore, universities and research institutions are needed to design a suitable structure consistent with the needs of society and their own goals.

Background and purpose: Improving patient safety is one of the main goals of health systems and employees need to be continuously examined for patient safety culture. The aim of this study was to assess patient safety culture in hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Materials and methods: A descriptive-analytical study was performed in 370 employees working in public, private, and social security hospitals. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran's formula and the subjects were selected using simple random sampling. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) consisting of 42 questions and 12 dimensions was administered. Data analysis was done applying independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: Among the participants, 43.47% aged 40-50 years old, 42.74% had 1-10 years of work experience, and 60.07% had shift works. The dimensions of HSOPSC with highest and lowest scores were organizational learning and continuous improvement (4.00±0.89) and hospital delivery (2.51±0.97), respectively. Almost half of participants (51.36%) had no record of any incident in the past 12 months. Conclusion: Patient safety culture was moderate in hospitals studied. Hospitals are recommended to focus more on patient safety by holding training courses for transfer of patients, and establish a reporting system and encourage staff to report errors.

The failure of the credit market resulting from the asymmetric information space leads to adverse selection and moral hazard. While exploiting the game theory's signaling effect approach, it is possible to modify the phenomena, which provides the motivation for designing the optimal financial contract. Based on this, while explaining the effect of signaling the profit sharing ratio of Mudarabah, we seek to answer the following questions. Is the variable profit sharing ratio of Mudarabah a motivational signaling effect for contracting parties in arranging an optimal financial contract? Based on the ROE, how is Mudarabah's performance compared to the other alternative financing methods (debt and equity)? Accordingly, due to the lack of realization of the conditions for the realized Islamic contracts, a simulated model has been used to investigate and answer these questions; so that, when the variable profit sharing ratio decreases the equity returns index increases. Also, based on the sensitivity analysis of the reported return index, Mudarabah contracts are more efficient than the other financing methods mentioned, while reducing the cost of representation, it makes this contract attractive.

In the article published in volume 31, issue 199, 2021, the affiliations of Mansour Ranjbar and Siavash Moradi, also, the names of Gholam Ali Godazandeh, Maryam Khazaee-pool, and Armin Allahverdy were published incorrectly, which are now corrected.

Background and purpose: Internal evaluation is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to determine the benefits and disadvantages of a program and the extent to which its objectives are achieved. The aim of this study was to investigate the status of internal evaluation in clinical departments of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in two consecutive academic years. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in all clinical departments of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. Data from eight domains of internal evaluation were collected using a checklist and some researcher-made questionnaires. Then, we studied the status of departments in eight domains of internal evaluation in relation to the standards and the status of all departments in two consecutive academic years. The evaluations for the years were compared and the dynamic trend was assessed. Data analysis was done applying descriptive statistics in SPSS. Results: A good status of clinical departments was seen in most of the domains. Best performances within the two academic years studied were associated with courses, educational curriculum, and graduate affairs (74.53%, 78.66%, and 88.61%, respectively). Total scores for all clinical departments were 64.22% and 70.69% in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017, respectively. Conclusion: Continuous internal evaluation reveals the strengths and weak points of the clinical departments. Therefore, more appropriate planning would be done and the departments could apply for further residency programs.

By considering the different importance of collateral variable in Islamic and in conventional banking, theoretical and experimental studies show that the necessary convergence in the credit relationship between bank and customer has not been achieved. In this article, in addition to the explaining feasibility of studying and accepting empirical role of collateral in commercial profit - loss sharing contracts, we have studied the dual role of collateral as screening and motivation tool in banking relations. We have also used credit data of Bank Refah Kargaran with application of Logit estimation to test our hypotheses regarding the role of collateral. Based on our results, the hypothesis that borrowers with lower risk have provided safer collateral, has been confirmed. This result shows the existence of adverse selection phenomenon. So, low-risk individuals tend to send signals of their quality and reveal their situation to banks. In addition, other economic and social variables of contract could use the potential of signaling and contribute to reduce the role of collateral. In the data under consideration, except for the variable of account history-interest rate, this hypothesis was rejected and other economic and social variables have failed to have the expected impact.

Calculating rate of efficiency and Determing effective factors in the‌ ‌bank’s competitive environment, because of numerous definitions of inputs and outputs is complex. therefore, due to the different orientations, Intermediate approach via income-based attitude in adapting to the interest-free banking operations have been selected. after that, by using data envelopment analysis method, the efficiency of sixteen public and private banks in variable return state and with the input Oriented assumption have been computed. Then by applying a random effect of panel data model this research investigates the internal and external determinants of banks efficiency. Accordingly to the results, the average efficiency of country’s banks during the Investigation Period is up to 83 percent. based on results of fix effects model , credit risk factor, the share of banks based on the from the per capita deposits(branch)in deposit market, has a negative effect on the efficiency ,and there is a significant and positive relationship between the numbers of ATMs, consumer price Index and dummy variables represent the private and specialized banks.