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زمینه و اهداف: دخانیات یکی از عوامل خطر قابل پیشگیری بیماری‌ها بوده که سالانه باعث مرگ بسیاری از افراد می‌شود. شناسایی چالش‌های مرتبط با رفتارهای مصرف و ترک دخانیات می‌تواند در بهبود کیفیت زندگی سالمندان موثر باشد. این مطالعه با هدف شناسایی چالش‌های موجود در ترک دخانیات در سالمندان انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه مروری به بررسی چالش‌های ترک دخانیات در سالمندان پرداخته شده و از مجموع 211 مقاله جمع‌آوری شده از پایگاه PubMedبا استفاده از کلید واژه‌های مرتبط 46 مقاله در 5 سال اخیر مطابق با هدف مطالعه انتخاب شدند. سپس مقالاتی که مطابق با معیارهای ورود مطالعه بودند انتخاب شدند و درنهایت 21 مقاله استخراج گردید. رعایت ملاحظات اخلاقی در تمام مراحل اجرای مطالعه درنظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: در مطالعات مختلف ارتباط سطح تحصیلات، فقر و محرومیت اجتماعی با نرخ بالای سیگار کشیدن ثابت شده است. فشار اجتماعی از طرف سایر افراد سیگاری و نزدیکی منظم با افراد سیگاری اغلب به عنوان مانع کلیدی در ترک سیگار گزارش شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: اگرچه تعداد کمی از مطالعات ترک دخانیات را در افراد بالای 50 سال را بررسی کرده‌اند؛ اما موانع کلیدی در ترک مصرف دخانیات شامل موانع فردی و روانی، اجتماعی و نیز تأثیرات محیطی شناسایی شده‌اند. برای تعیین اثربخشی و عوامل موثر بر ترک دخانیات در سالمندان تحقیقات بیشتری توصیه می‌شود.

Background & Objectives: Ethambutol is one of the four main drugs in treatment of tuberculosis. The most common mutation associated with this drug resistance usually occurs in codon 306 of embB. The aim of this study was to detect ethambutol resistance using Allele-Specific PCR and Spoligotyping in various subtypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods : 140 sputum specimens were collected from suspected TB patients. They were digested and decontaminated using Pettrof method before culturing them on LJ medium. Drug susceptibility testing was performed on 106 culture positive specimens using proportional method. DNA was extracted from the isolated organisms and subsequently subjected to Allele-Specific PCR to detect any mutationin embB306. Spoligotyping was then used to determine the subtypes. Results: Out of 106 cultures positive samples, 36 samples (33.9%) showed resistance to ethambutol using proportional method. Allele-Specific PCR assay identified 93 as sensitive and 13 (27.6%) as resistant strains. The results of PCR were in agreement with result of proportional method. The PCR method revealed that 61.5% of mutation occurred in the first and 38.5% in third nucleotides. Spoligotyping differentiated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains into Beijing (10 9.4%), Bovis (2 1.8%), CAS (24 22.6%), EAI (1 0.9%), Haarlem (27 25.4%), LAM (5 4.7%), Manu (5 4.7%), T (27 25.4%) and U( 2 1,8%) families. The high frequency of mutation in embB gene was belonged to Haarlem, CAS and T subfamilies. Conclusion: Based on results current study, mutations in the genes other than embB might have occurred in the resistant strains that gave negative result in Allele-Specific PCR assay. Therefore other mechanisms of resistance to this antibiotic should be investigated.

Background: Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease of cattle that occasionally affects human. A unique mutation at position 169 (C→G) in Mycobacterium bovis differentiates it from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For the first time, PCR-RFLP method was used in this study to separate the two organisms. Methods: In this study, 98 tuberculosis patients were assessed using microscopic evaluations, culture and antibiogram. Then, nucleotide changes in position 169 were investigated using Allele-specific PCR and PCR-RFLP methods. Finally, the results were compared with spoligotyping results . Findings: Antibiogram revealed 28 subjects (28.57%) to be resistant and 54 (55.1%) to be sensitive to pyrazinamide while and 16 cases (16.23%) showed no growth. Of 28 resistant patients, 3 (3.1%) were diagnosed with M. Bovis using the classical methods. Using molecular methods, 95 (96.93%) out of 98 subjects were diagnosed with M. tuberculosis and 3 (3.06%) with M. bovis. Allele-specific PCR and PCR-RFLP matched with spoligotyping results. Conclusion: Our result showed the incidence of M. bovis infection to be higher in Iranian population (3.1%) than other studied cases (0.5-1%). In addition, we showed that Allele-specific PCR is the method of choice because it is faster and cheaper than PCR-RFLP. However, PCR-RFLP could be a proper alternative to prevent probable mismatches in Allele-specific PCR.