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Background and Aims Exercise training is an important intervention in the pulmonary rehabilitation of adults with chronic respiratory diseases. High-intensity exercise is challenging for these patients. Thus, interval exercise has received much attention as a suitable option for optimizing a tolerable load during exercise. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on peak power, peak oxygen uptake, functional capacity, and health-related quality of life in people with chronic respiratory diseases.Methods In this study, the related studies were collected and examined from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct databases.Results A total of 14 randomized controlled trials were selected based on the study subject. The results demonstrated that HIIT and continuous training in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) led to significant improvement in peak power, peak oxygen uptake, and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) or 12-minute walk test (12MWT) distance and health-related quality of life and there was no significant difference between the two groups. And HIIT, compared to no exercise training, showed greater significant changes. Few studies have examined HIIT in patients with cystic fibrosis, with different results. We found no studies investigating the effect of HIIT on non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and interstitial lung diseases.Conclusion studies confirm the positive effect of HIIT on cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise capacity, functional capacity, and health-related quality of life in people with COPD. In other respiratory diseases, more studies are needed to investigate the effects of HIIT.

In this research, utilizing the concepts of thermohydraulic theory, optimization of cost due to the scale formation in heat exchangers. The objective function involves the minimization of the energy consumption and production losses. First, via ASPEN we simulated shortcuts of exchangers in order to examine the effects of temperature and velocity on the scale formation. The project optimization was done by GAMS and due to the presence of nonlinear terms in the scale rate equations using CONOPT solver. For better results, Heat Exchanger 4131 and 4132 in Khorasan petrochemical Co. urea unit were used.The investigation shows that for the twin exchangers under study, first, the scale formation reduces cooling water flow by up to 40% in E4132. Second, the optimal values for minimizing cost of scale formation in the exchangers occurs at a cooling water flow rate of 152442.75 kg/h for the exchanger 4132 to reduce the cost by 15%.

One of the most common methods of preserving fish worldwide, especially in coastal areas is sun-drying. In order to determine the quality of dried anchovy (Encrasicholina punctifer), 40 samples of dried fish by the traditional method and in sunlight were collected from the Qeshm Island. In the laboratory, proximate compositions, chemical quality indicators, and microbial quality were measured. The amounts of protein, fat, fiber, ash and moisture were 58.10, 6.11, 0.59, 18.69 and 16.02% based on a dry weight basis, respectively. The peroxide value (PV) was 0.3 mEq O2/kg which was lower than the acceptable limit, while the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) was 243.36 mg/100 g beyond the limit. Total viable counts (TVC) were 2.8 × 103 CFU/g was lower than the acceptable limit, while yeast and mold count (6.06 × 102 CFU/g) beyond the limit. Contaminations of dried anchovy by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, coliform, Clostridium perfringens and reducing bacteria (Clostridiums) were positive. The most frequent prevalence was related to S. aureus by 52.17% and E. coli by 39.13%. In general, the dried anchovy exhibited a high protein and fat content, but low chemical quality. The bacterial spoilage was not occurred, but it was susceptible to spoilage by molds and yeasts. Maintaining quality of crude fish before drying, improving the quality of location and the method of drying process can decline the secondary contamination of the dried fish samples by pathogenic bacteria, leading to improve this high valuable nutritional product.

This study was performed to investigate the interaction effects of astaxanthin and beta-carotene pigments in white and red lights on growth performance and coloration of swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri. A total of 180 swordtail with an average weight of 1.4 ± 0.1 g with three diets containing 150 mg/kg astaxanthin, 150 mg/kg beta-carotene and a diet without additive pigment and treatments in contrast to white and red lights with light intensity of 1200 lux was fed in 6 treatments and 3 replications for 8 weeks. Finally, growth indices including body weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and survival rate were determined. In order to determine the number of changes in color intensity and sharpness, Hue and Chroma coefficients were determined after shooting and analyzing the obtained colors using coefficients a and b with Photoshop software in the fourth and eighth weeks. The results revealed that there was no interaction between diets and ambient light, but fish raised in white light were superior in terms of all growth and survival indices (p

The aim of this study was to microencapsulate Lactobacillus reuteri using two-layer extrusion technique consisting of sodium alginate and mastic gum at concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%. Physicochemical properties and survival ability of free and microencapsulated form during the storage and similar gastrointestinal conditions were evaluated. The results showed that, the produced beads were spherical in shape. By increasing the concentration of the mastic gum, the diameter of the beads increased significantly, but the L* parameter decreased. All free and microencapsulated form were reduced at 72° C. While, the beads had a longer shelf life than the free bacteria. The free bacteria and the microencapsulated form decreased during the storage and under the simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The reduction of the free form was 6.2 Log CFU/ml, which was much higher than the beads )2.58 Log CFU/ml(. Free bacteria had a minimum of 106 CFU/ml probiotic bacteria in the MRS broth after 20 days. While this time for the beads was 30 days in 4° C. The results of this study showed that the use of mastic gum could increase the shelf life of Lactobacillus reuteri under harsh conditions.

Decreasing satellite solar arrays temperature, results in increasing electrical efficiency. Efficiently and subsequently power generation enhancements have several advantages. One of the modern techniques for balancing temperature conditions is employing heat pipes. In the present paper, design optimization of heat pipes configuration attached to the solar arrays of a sun-pointing satellite is conducted using multiobjective genetic optimization algorithm. The objective of optimization is to reduce solar cells temperature and utilized heat pipes mass simultaneously. Thermal simulations of the satellite are carried out with SINDA/FLUINT and Thermal Desktop softwares. The numerical simulations are validated against experimental measurements of the satellite thermal model in a vacuum chamber. Afterwards, the multiobjective genetic algorithm produced the optimal configurations of the heat pipes using the optimal Pareto concept. Six different designs on the Pareto front are selected and their corresponding results are discussed.

In this paper, a precise method for calculating albedo and IR heat flux applied to a satellite is presented. For obtaining albedo heat flux applied to a satellite, a point on the earth’s surface that sun flux reflected at that point and reach to the satellite is obtained, hence albedo heat flux reaches to a satellite is obtained as a function of longitude, attitude and longitude. IR heat flux is integration of emitting heat flux for points on the earth surface that in satellite’s view. Atmospheric transparency for calculating albedo and IR heat is considered for sun light and IR spectrum using MODTRAN algorithm using PcModWin software. For a generic LEO satellite, IR and albedo heat fluxes are calculated at a time period and compare with reference values. Obtained heat fluxes are used to obtain temperature variation of satellite’s components during its mission.