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Background: Emotional and cognitive states directly affect the neural mechanisms of chronic pain, And increasing pain negatively affects the emotional and cognitive states of a person. Despite the growing research evidence of the effects of psychological variables such as mindfulness, social support, stress and pain catastrophizing on the phenomenon of chronic pain, the general effects of these variables have been less investigated in the form of comprehensive causal model. Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural model of chronic pain based on mindfulness, social support and life events with the Mediating of pain catastrophizing. Methods: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlation type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all male and female patients with chronic pain who were treated for follow-up treatment in 2022, they had referred to pain clinics, pain specialists, neurologists, physiotherapists, and health centers in Tehran with problems related to musculoskeletal pain and rheumatoid arthritis, of which 496 people were selected using the available sampling method. Data collection tools include the Mc Gill Pain Questionnaire (Melzack, 1975), the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (Baer et al., 2006), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support by Zimet et al. (1988), Scale of Life stressful Events‐Paykel (Paykel et al., 1971) and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (Sullivan et al., 1995). Data analysis was done by structural equation modeling method and using SPSS-23 and AMOS-23 software. Results: The results of modeling of structural equations indicated a good fit of the model with experimental data. The effect of the coefficient of the direct standard path of mindfulness on the experience of chronic pain was significant and the indirect path of mindfulness on the experience of chronic pain with the mediating role of pain catastrophizing was significant (P< 0.05). The effect of direct and indirect standard path coefficient of social support with mediating role of pain catastrophizing on chronic pain experience was not significant (P> 0.05). The direct and indirect path of the number of stressful factors on the experience of chronic pain was also insignificant (P> 0.05). However, the standard direct and indirect path of the amount of stressful factors on the experience of chronic pain with the mediating role of catastrophizing was also significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it seems that mindfulness, social support and life events play an important role in explaining chronic pain by mediating pain catastrophizing. Considering that these variables have a significant contribution in predicting the pain of chronic pain patients, Therefore, mental health professionals can use these factors to improve the mental health of people with chronic pain.

Background: Emotional and cognitive states directly affect the neural mechanisms of chronic pain, And increasing pain negatively affects the emotional and cognitive states of a person. Despite the growing research evidence of the effects of psychological variables such as mindfulness, social support, stress and pain catastrophizing on the phenomenon of chronic pain, the general effects of these variables have been less investigated in the form of comprehensive causal model. Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural model of chronic pain based on mindfulness, social support and life events with the Mediating of pain catastrophizing. Methods: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlation type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all male and female patients with chronic pain who were treated for follow-up treatment in 2022, they had referred to pain clinics, pain specialists, neurologists, physiotherapists, and health centers in Tehran with problems related to musculoskeletal pain and rheumatoid arthritis, of which 496 people were selected using the available sampling method. Data collection tools include the Mc Gill Pain Questionnaire (Melzack, 1975), the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (Baer et al., 2006), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support by Zimet et al. (1988), Scale of Life stressful Events‐Paykel (Paykel et al., 1971) and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (Sullivan et al., 1995). Data analysis was done by structural equation modeling method and using SPSS-23 and AMOS-23 software. Results: The results of modeling of structural equations indicated a good fit of the model with experimental data. The effect of the coefficient of the direct standard path of mindfulness on the experience of chronic pain was significant and the indirect path of mindfulness on the experience of chronic pain with the mediating role of pain catastrophizing was significant (P< 0.05). The effect of direct and indirect standard path coefficient of social support with mediating role of pain catastrophizing on chronic pain experience was not significant (P> 0.05). The direct and indirect path of the number of stressful factors on the experience of chronic pain was also insignificant (P> 0.05). However, the standard direct and indirect path of the amount of stressful factors on the experience of chronic pain with the mediating role of catastrophizing was also significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it seems that mindfulness, social support and life events play an important role in explaining chronic pain by mediating pain catastrophizing. Considering that these variables have a significant contribution in predicting the pain of chronic pain patients, Therefore, mental health professionals can use these factors to improve the mental health of people with chronic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive chronic disease that can have an effective role on the psychological status of these people due to physical disability and chronic pain. Considering the importance of this issue, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of compassion-focused acceptance and commitment therapy on catastrophizing and acceptance of pain in people with MS. Methods: The statistical population of the present clinical-trial study included all MS patients of Borujerd, Iran, registered in the MS Association in 2022. Fifty participants voluntarily participated in the present research and were randomly divided into two groups; 25 people in each group. Treatment group sessions based on acceptance and commitment with a focus on compassion included 10 90-minute sessions that were held once a week for the intervention group; but the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. In the present study, Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire – Revised (CPAQ-R) were used. Data analysis was done in SPSS-24 statistical software using repeated measurement variance analysis. Results: The results indicated that the intervention was significant over time on the variables of pain catastrophizing (F=5.347, p=0.007) and pain acceptance (F=30.446, p=0.001). In fact, the results of the Bonferroni test displayed that in the treatment group, there were changes between pre-test and post-test (p=0.001) and pre-test and follow-up (p=0.001) in the variables of pain catastrophizing and acceptance. There was a significant difference in pain, but no significant difference was observed between the post-test and the follow-up, which indicated the stability of the treatment effect over time. No significant difference was observed in the control group. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment therapy with a focus on compassion had an effective role in reducing pain catastrophizing and increasing pain acceptance in MS patients. 901

Background and Aim: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and pain catastrophizing significantly affect the quality of life in adolescent girls. This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in reducing symptoms of PMDD and pain catastrophizing in this population. Methods: This quasi-experimental study utilized a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The study population consisted of female high school students with PMDD in Tabriz, Iran, in 2022. Thirty girls were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group (15 girls each). The experimental group received eight 1.5-hour therapy sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Both groups completed questionnaires comprising 19 items on PMDD and 13 items on pain catastrophizing before the intervention, immediately after, and three months later. Results: The mean age of the experimental group was 16.80±0.77 years, and the control group was 16.53±0.64 years. In the pre-test, the mean score for acceptance and commitment therapy for PMDD was 57.60±5.00 and for pain catastrophizing was 37.13±4.79 in the experimental group, while in the control group, they were 57.93±6.59 and 38.40±5.27, respectively (P

Aim and background: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on pain catastrophizing and psychological health in women with chronic pain. Material and Methods: This study was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group design. The statistical population was made up of female patients with chronic pain referred to Emma Reza hospital in Tabriz city in 2023. In total, 30 people were selected by purposive sampling method, and randomly divided into two groups (15 people each). Members of the experimental group received their treatment in eight sessions of 1.5 hours; however, the control group did not receive any treatment. Both groups answered the 29-question Sullivan & et al pain catastrophic and 28-question Goldberg's general health Questionnaires, before, after and 3 months after the intervention. Data were Analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures. Results: There was no significant difference between the scores of pain catastrophizing and psychological health in the experimental and control groups in the pre-test (P<0.05). The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy reduced and increased pain catastrophizing and psychological health of women with chronic pain in the post-test, compared to the control group, respectively (P<0.001). The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on pain catastrophizing and psychological health was lasting in the follow-up phase (P<0.001). Conclusion: It seems that acceptance and commitment therapy can reduce pain catastrophizing and increase psychological health in women with chronic pain, therefore it is likely to be a useful treatment strategy to improve the pain catastrophizing and psychological health in women with chronic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and background: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on pain catastrophizing and life satisfaction in women with chronic pain. Material and Methods: This study was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group design. The statistical population was made up of female patients with chronic pain referred to Emma Reza hospital in Tabriz city in 2023. In total, 30 people were selected by purposive sampling method, and randomly divided into two groups (15 people each). Members of the experimental group received their treatment in eight sessions of 1.5 hours; however, the control group did not receive any treatment. Both groups answered the 29-question Sullivan et al pain catastrophic and 48-question Diener et al life satisfaction Questionnaires, before, after and 3 months after the intervention. Data were Analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures. Results: There was no significant difference between the scores of pain catastrophizing and life satisfaction in the experimental and control groups in the pre-test (P<0.05). The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy reduced and increased pain catastrophizing and life satisfaction of women with chronic pain in the post-test, compared to the control group, respectively (P<0.001). The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on pain catastrophizing and life satisfaction was lasting in the follow-up phase (P<0.001). Conclusion: It seems that acceptance and commitment therapy can reduce pain catastrophizing and increase life satisfaction in women with chronic pain, therefore it is likely to be a useful treatment strategy to improve the pain catastrophizing and life satisfaction in women with chronic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and background: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on the aggression and pain catastrophizing in girls with premenstrual dysphoric syndrome. Material and Methods: This study was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group design. The statistical population was made up of female high school students suffering from premenstrual dysphoric symptoms in Tabriz city in 2023. In total, 30 people were selected by purposive sampling method, and randomly divided into two groups (15 people each). Members of the experimental group received their treatment in eight sessions of 1.5 hours; however, the control group did not receive any treatment. Both groups answered the 29-question Bass and Perry aggression and 13-question Sullivan et al pain catastrophizing questionnaires before, after and 4 months after the intervention. Data were Analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures. Results: In the pre-test, the mean and standard deviation of ACT for aggression were 57.60±5.00 and for pain catastrophizing 37.13±4.79, and in the control group for aggression were 57.93±6.59 and for pain catastrophizing it was 38.40±5.27 (P<0.05). ACT reduced aggression (43.93±5.99) and pain catastrophizing (32.93±5.16) in girls with premenstrual dysphoric syndrome in the post-test (p<0.001). In the follow-up phase, the effect of this treatment for aggression (44.07±5.86) and pain catastrophizing (33.07±5.14) was lasting (p<0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be said that the acceptance and commitment therapy can probably reduce the aggression and pain catastrophizing in girls with premenstrual dysphoric syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is important because it can cause stigma and psychological, family, and social problems in affected people. Objective This study aims to investigate the effect of schema therapy on adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive-emotion regulation in people with HIV. Methods This is an interventional study with a pretest-posttest design. Thirty people with HIV were selected by a convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. Garnefski et al.’s cognitive-emotion regulation questionnaire - short form (CERQ-SF) was used to collect data. The intervention group received 10 two-hour sessions of group treatment based on Young’s schema therapy model. The data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 26 using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The results ANCOVA showed that group schema therapy affected the use of adaptive strategies (acceptance, positive refocusing, refocusing on planning, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective) and maladaptive strategies (self-blame and catastrophizing), (P<0.001). However, it had no significant effect on other-blame (P=0.033) and rumination (P=0.102). Conclusion Schema therapy can increase the use of adaptive strategies and reduce the use of maladaptive strategies (self-blame and catastrophizing) of cognitive-emotion regulation in people with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and background: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of logotherapy (LT) with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on pain catastrophizing and sense of mental coherence in women who have undergone breast surgery. Material and Methods: This was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest controlled design, including a follow-up. The study population consisted of all women with breast cancer who underwent postmastectomy radiotherapy in Tabriz in 2023. A purposive sampling method was used to select 45 women, who were divided into three groups, with 10 participants in each group. The intervention groups received their respective treatments over 8 sessions, each lasting 1.5 hours. The control group did not receive any intervention. All participants in the three groups completed the 13-item Pain Catastrophizing Scale by Sullivan et al and the 35-item Sense of Coherence Questionnaire by Flensberg, both before and 4 months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that LT (30.1±5.3) and ACT (29.9±5.4), compared to the control group (37.6±5.2), significantly reduced pain catastrophizing in women who underwent breast surgery in the post-test (P<0.001). These results also showed a lasting effect in the follow-up stage (P<0.001). Additionally, the results indicated that LT (55.2±3.5) and ACT (55.0±2.9), compared to the control group (48.8±3.5), significantly increased the sense of mental coherence in women who underwent breast surgery in the post-test (P<0.001). These results also showed a lasting effect in the follow-up stage (P<0.001). The results further revealed no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of their effect on pain catastrophizing and sense of mental coherence in the post-test and follow-up stages (P>0.05). Conclusion: Both logotherapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy are effective in reducing pain catastrophizing and increasing the sense of mental coherence in women who have undergone breast surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of cognitive analytic therapy on anxiety sensitivity and pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic pain and alexithymia. Methods: This was a semi-experimental research with pre-test, post-test,a two months' follow-up, and a control group. The statistical population included all the patients with chronic pain in Isfahan city in 2022. Sampling was done through convenience sampling method among the volunteer patients referred to private clinics in two stages. 24 patients with chronic pain who scored above 60 in Toronto alexithymia questionnaire (1994) were selected and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (n = 12). The instruments included Sullivan's pain catastrophizing scale questionnaire (1995) and Taylor and Cox's anxiety sensitivity questionnaire (1998. The experimental group received cognitive analytical therapy for 16 90-minute sessions once a week, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measure and ANOVA analysis. Results: The results of data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the adjusted mean of anxiety sensitivity and pain catastrophizing in the two groups. The mean scores of anxiety sensitivity and pain catastrophizing variables increased in post-test and follow-up phase (P<0/05). Therefore, it can be concluded that cognitive analytic therapy was effective for anxiety sensitivity and catastrophizing pain in patients with chronic pain and alexithymia (P<0/05). Conclusion: Considering the effect of cognitive analytic therapy on anxiety sensitivity and pain catastrophizing, this treatment method can be used to improve patients with chronic pain and alexithymia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world today that in addition to causing physical problems causes psychological problems for patients. One of these problems is pain catastrophizing. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of psychological resilience and mindfulness in predicting pain catastrophizing through mediating role of positive emotions in patients with cancer. Method: This study was a descriptive and correlational research. The statistical population included all Adult cancer patients (over 18 years old) in Kerman in summer and autumn of 2021, that a total of 141 patients were selected as the sample using purposive sampling. For data collection, Standard Pain Catastrophizing Scale, PANAS Positive Affect Schedule, short form of the Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire and Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire, were used. For data analysis, path analysis and Pearson correlation methods were applied by using AMOS software version 24 and SPSS version 23. Results: Results showed that the direct path of resilience (-0.27) and positive emotions (-0.32) to pain catastrophizing and direct path of resilience (0.24) and mindfulness (0.16) to positive emotions were significant. Also, the results of path analysis showed that the final model of the research had the goodness of fit (CMIN=0.373, NFI=0.99). Conclusion: The results showed that positive emotions mediate the prediction of pain catastrophizing based on psychological resilience and mindfulness. It is suggested that therapists and cancer-related institutions include treatment programs related to these factors.

Background: The research has shown that the psychological distress is an important risk factor in pathogenesis of the functional dyspepsia. It severely affects the quality of patients’ life regarding psychological processes in the field of pain and visceral stimuli. However, there is a lack of structural models among the literature for predicting the quality of life based on psychological distress considering the effect of mediating roles of pain self-efficacy, visceral sensitivity, pain-related mental imagery, and pain catastrophizing. Aims: The purpose of this study is investigating the relationship between the psychological distress and the quality of life in functional dyspepsia considering the effect of the mediating roles of pain self-efficacy, visceral sensitivity, pain-related mental imagery, and pain catastrophizing. Methods: The method used in this research is the model of “correlation of structural equation modeling”. The statistical population of the model consists of 363 patients with functional dyspepsia who referred to gastrointestinal clinics in Isfahan selected using the “convenience sampling method”. Nepean dyspepsia index (Talley et al., 1999), depression, anxiety and stress scale (Sahebi et al., 2005), chronic pain self-efficacy questionnaire (Besharat, 1387), short form -McGill pain questionnaire (Kachooei et al., 1394), visceral sensitivity index (Pourtavakoli et al., 1397) and pain catastrophizing scale (Sajjadian et al., 1391) are used to acquire data. The data are analyzed using the developed structural equation model and the smart-PLS software. Results: The results obtained by the developed model shows a strong overall fit (GOF= 0.857) and the general structure of the tested relationships is confirmed by the obtained data (NFI= 0.907 and SRMR= 0.056). All indirect coefficients in the model are considered as significant with t≥ 1.96 and p≤ 0.05. Also, all direct coefficients are significant excepts the direct effect between the quality of life and both the visceral sensitivity and the pain self-efficacy with t≥ 1.96 and p≤ 0.05. Conclusion: The results of the present research demonstrate that the quality of life has significant relations to the psychological distress through pain self-efficacy, visceral sensitivity, pain-related mental imagery, and pain catastrophizing. The findings of this model help to understand the effect of psychological distress on the quality of life of patients with functional dyspepsia and considering these relationships can be of great importance in the etiology and treatment of patients.

Introduction: Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world today that in addition to causing physical problems causes psychological problems for patients. One of these problems is pain catastrophizing. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of psychological resilience and mindfulness in predicting pain catastrophizing through mediating role of positive emotions in patients with cancer. Method: This study was a descriptive and correlational research. The statistical population included all Adult cancer patients (over 18 years old) in Kerman in summer and autumn of 2021, that a total of 141 patients were selected as the sample using purposive sampling. For data collection, Standard Pain Catastrophizing Scale, PANAS Positive Affect Schedule, short form of the Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire and Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire, were used. For data analysis, path analysis and Pearson correlation methods were applied by using AMOS software version 24 and SPSS version 23. Results: Results showed that the direct path of resilience (-0.27) and positive emotions (-0.32) to pain catastrophizing and direct path of resilience (0.24) and mindfulness (0.16) to positive emotions were significant. Also, the results of path analysis showed that the final model of the research had the goodness of fit (CMIN=0.373, NFI=0.99). Conclusion: The results showed that positive emotions mediate the prediction of pain catastrophizing based on psychological resilience and mindfulness. It is suggested that therapists and cancer-related institutions include treatment programs related to these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The research has shown that the psychological distress is an important risk factor in pathogenesis of the functional dyspepsia. It severely affects the quality of patients' life regarding psychological processes in the field of pain and visceral stimuli. However, there is a lack of structural models among the literature for predicting the quality of life based on psychological distress considering the effect of mediating roles of pain self-efficacy, visceral sensitivity, pain -related mental imagery, and pain catastrophizing. Aims: The purpose of this study is investigating the relationship between the psychological distress and the quality of life in functional dyspepsia considering the effect of the mediating roles of pain self-efficacy, visceral sensitivity, pain -related mental imagery, and pain catastrophizing. Methods: The method used in this research is the model of "correlation of structural equation modeling". The statistical population of the model consists of 363 patients with functional dyspepsia who referred to gastrointestinal clinics in Isfahan selected using the "convenience sampling method". Nepean dyspepsia index (Talley et al., 1999), depression, anxiety and stress scale (Sahebi et al., 2005), chronic pain self-efficacy questionnaire (Besharat, 1387), short form -McGill pain questionnaire (Kachooei et al., 1394), visceral sensitivity index (Pourtavakoli et al., 1397) and pain catastrophizing scale (Sajjadian et al., 1391) are used to acquire data. The data are analyzed using the developed structural equation model and the smart -PLS software. Results: The results obtained by the developed model shows a strong overall fit (GOF= 0.857) and the general structure of the tested relationships is confirmed by the obtained data (NFI= 0.907 and SRMR= 0.056). All indirect coefficients in the model are considered as significant with t≥ 1.96 and p≤ 0.05. Also, all direct coefficients are significant excepts the direct effect between the quality of life and both the visceral sensitivity and the pain self-efficacy with t≥ 1.96 and p≤ 0.05. Conclusion: The results of the present research demonstrate that the quality of life has significant relations to the psychological distress through pain self-efficacy, visceral sensitivity, pain -related mental imagery, and pain catastrophizing. The findings of this model help to understand the effect of psychological distress on the quality of life of patients with functional dyspepsia and considering these relationships can be of great importance in the etiology and treatment of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study is to examine the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity and pain-related fear in the relationship between pain catastrophizing and emotional eating in people with chronic pain. The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population includes patients with chronic pain who were treated in Tehran clinics in districts 4 and 8 in the spring, summer, and fall of 2019. 300 of them were selected by purposive sampling. Body mass index calculation and questionnaires Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), Pain Anxiety Symptoms (PAS) and Pain Catastrophizing Scales (PCS) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in Amos 21 software. Results confirmed the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity (P = 0.05, t = 1.954, β = 0.137) and anxiety related to pain (P = 0.001, t = 3.244, β = 0.106) in the association between pain catastrophizing and emotional eating. 46.3% of the variance in emotional eating can be explained by pain catastrophizing, anxiety sensitivity, and pain-related anxiety. It seems that to prevent and treat emotional eating in people with pain and to maintain the therapeutic effect, pain-related cognitive and emotional structures such as anxiety sensitivity and pain-related anxiety should be targeted for therapeutic intervention.

Introduction: Functional dyspepsia is a group of gastrointestinal disorders in which the psychological symptoms play a significant role in their incidence. Aim: The aim of this study is determination of the relationship between psychological distress and physical symptoms of functional dyspepsia with the mediating role of pain-related mental imagery, visceral sensitivity, pain catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy. Method: The present study is conducted using the descriptive cross-sectional method. The statistical population includes all patients with functional dyspepsia referred to gastrointestinal clinics of Isfahan in 2021-2022. The statistical population consists of 363 people who are selected by the convenience sampling. Instruments include Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Nepin Dyspepsia Index, Chronic Pain Mental Image Questionnaire, Visceral Sensitivity Index, Pain Catastrophizing Scale and Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Software such as smart-PLS, SPSS-23 and descriptive indices and structural equations are used for data analysis. Results: Results showed that the direct path of psychological distress (0.329), pain-related mental imagery (0.396) and pain catastrophizing (0.234) to physical symptoms were significant. Also, the indirect paths from psychological distress to physical symptoms through the mediating pain-related mental imagery, pain catastrophizing, and self-efficacy on pain-related mental imagery and visceral sensitivity on pain-related mental imagery with values of 0.052, 0.231, 0.058 and 0.246 respectively had significant relations. Conclusion: The results show that the pain-related mental imagery, visceral sensitivity, pain catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy play a mediating role between the psychological distress and physical symptoms of functional dyspepsia. It is suggested that these factors are included in patients treatment plans to reduce recurrence, exacerbation of symptoms and burden of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Background: Health literacy is the ability to receive, process, understand and understand health-related information and services in order to make appropriate health decisions. The health literacy for breast cancer patients plays an important role in accessing adequate diagnostic and therapeutic measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of Pain catastrophizing in the relationship between health literacy and specific quality of life among patients with breast cancer. Methods and Materials: The present study was a cross-sectional and correlational study in terms of method and was basic science in terms of purpose. In this cross-sectional study, 213 consecutive patients with breast cancer were selected based on the inclusive and exclusive criteria. Then, the patients completed questionnaires of Iranian version of health literacy, quality of life and Pain catastrophizing. Data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software by path analysis model. Findings: All components of health literacy and specific quality of life were significantly correlated with Pain catastrophizing. Also there was a significant association between health literacy and specific quality of life. The findings showed that as far as the health literacy is Increase, the Pain catastrophizing scores significantly are also decrease. Conclusions: It seems that Pain catastrophizing plays the mediating role between health literacy and specific quality of life among patients with breast cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the relational model between these factors for development of psychological protocols and integrating those protocols in therapeutic plans for breast cancer patients.

Introduction: Neck pain is a common problem in human societies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of functional cognitive training on the cognitive factors of people with non-specific chronic neck pain. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 24 patients with chronic neck pain were randomly divided into two groups of cognitive functional exercise and control. Cognitive factors were assessed before and immediately after six weeks of cognitive training using pain self-efficacy questionnaire, pain catastrophizing scale, fear-avoidance believes inventory, and depression, anxiety, and stress-21 questionnaire. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and paired t tests. Results: Comparison of two groups after treatment showed a significant difference in all cognitive variables; so that all factors were improved in the intervention group (P = 0.001). Paired t-test results also showed a significant difference in all variables in the intervention group, before and after the test (P = 0.001); but no significant difference was observed for the control group. Conclusion: The findings suggest that functional cognitive training can be used as a novel method to improve the cognitive factors among the people with chronic neck pain.

Background and Objectives: This study investigated the effectiveness of logotherapy on death anxiety, pain catastrophizing, pain acceptance, and severity of pain in prostate cancer patients. Subjects and Methods : The research design was an experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. At first, 40 hospitalized men in a treatment center were selected by using the purposive sampling method. The experimental group was treated for eight 45-minute sessions by training logotherapy. All subjects completed the questionnaire at the beginning of the study, immediately after the intervention, and one month after the treatment (one-month follow-up). For data analysis, 1-way analysis of variance was used. Results The results indicated that logotherapy in the experimental group was more effective than the control group in reducing death anxiety, pain catastrophizing, pain acceptance, and severity of pain in prostate cancer patients. The follow-up results also showed that the effect of logotherapy was sustained on death anxiety, pain catastrophizing, pain acceptance, and severity of pain in prostate cancer patients. Conclusion The results showed that Logotherapy has an effect on death anxiety, pain catastrophe, pain acceptance and pain intensity in patients with prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pain Catastrophizing and pain anxiety are important variables in chronic pain perception, but little is known about their role in pain intensity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of pain catastrophizing and pain anxiety in predicting pain intensity in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Method: This study was a correlational study. From women with rheumatoid arthritis referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital and private clinics in Tehran, 100 patients were selected using convenience sampling method. Instruments used in this study included the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (Sullivan et al, 1995), the Pain-Anxiety Symptom Scale (McCracken et al, 1996), and the Visual Analogue Scale. Results: The results showed that pain catastrophizing and pain anxiety significantly predicted pain intensity in women with rheumatoid arthritis. The standardized regression coefficient for pain catastrophizing was 0/51 (P

Introduction: Diabetes has become a serious disease in the 21st century, affecting a large number of people around the world. Considering the chronic nature and long-term effects of diabetes, problems such as changes in disease perception and sleep quality may occur. As a result, diabetic patients are exposed to a higher risk of depression, compared to non-diabetic cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate a prediction model of depression based on disease perception and sleep quality, mediated by pain catastrophizing. Methodology: In this correlational study, the population consisted of all diabetic patients, referred to the diabetes clinic of Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran. A total of 150 patients were selected via convenience sampling. The data collection tools included Beck Depression Inventory, brief illness perception questionnaire (IPQ), Pittsburgh sleep quality index, and pain catastrophizing scale. For statistical analysis, path analysis was performed using AMOS software. Also, stepwise regression analysis was carried out using SPSS. Results: The results showed that disease perception and sleep quality could significantly and directly predict pain catastrophizing and depression. Finally, based on the proposed model, disease perception and sleep quality, mediated by pain catastrophizing, could significantly predict depression. Conclusion: Based on the present results, use of appropriate treatments, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and interventions for sleep quality improvement, pain relief, and mediation of catastrophic thoughts could prevent depression in diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]