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Migration is not a new phenomenon. The first migrations are attributed to prehistoric times, but what has attracted a lot of attention today is its increasing growth (1).

Introduction: Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) has high prevalence among the patients with psychiatric disorders. Self-Injury plays an important role in the treatment, prognosis and risk of suicide, which highlights the need for an appropriate tool to assess the nature and psychological functions of NSSI. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Ottawa Self-Injury inventory (OSI) in hospitalized patients. Methods: The present study was a psychometric study based on analytical method. The research has been performed on 310 patients with non-suicidal self-injury who have been referred to Nekoei-Hedayati Hospital in Qom City. Sample group completed Persian version of the Ottawa Self-Injury inventory. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR). Results: The results showed that content validity index in this study was more than 0.75 and content validity ratio for validity of questions was more than 0.79. The impact score of all items (Except for the tenth question) was higher than 1.5 that confirmed the face validity of inventory. The total Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated 0.71. Another result of this study was that 52% of patients reported at least one addictive characteristic. Conclusion: The finding showed that Persian version of Ottawa Self-Injury inventory has appropriate validity (face /content) and reliability in the inpatient population.

Background and Objectives: Various studies have emphasized the main role of alexithymia and poor in eating disorders. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of alexithymia in predicting eating disorders based on body image in Iranian college students. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). Participants were 369 students of the Islamic Azad University of Qom Branch in 2020-2021, who were selected by a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the eating attitude test, body image concern inventory, and Toronto alexithymia scale. Data were analyzed by path analysis. Results: The results showed that alexithymia increases the path between body image and eating disorders by 14% (β=0.140), indicating its minor mediating role in predicting eating disorders based on body image. Conclusion: Alexithymia has a minor mediating role in the relationship between eating disorders and body image in Iranian college students. For more understanding of the relationship between eating disorders and body image, it is recommended to assess the possible role of other biological and psychological factors.

Introduction: In the recent years, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been considered by researchers as one of the possible effective approach in the treatment of major depressive disorder. However, the results of these investigations are often contradictory. According to this, the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of tDCS in reducing symptoms of people with major depressive disorder. Methods: In the sham-controlled randomized trial, twenty people with major depressive disorder referred to a private psychiatric clinic in Tehran City, Iran. They were selected by convenience sampling and divided into the intervention and control groups by randomized block design. tDCS was administered 2 mA, 20 minutes per session, for 10 sessions, 3 days per week. Immediately after, and one month after the intervention, the scores of the two groups were assessed in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software and using statistical methods of repeated analysis of variance and independent and dependent t-test. Results: The results of repeated analysis of variance for Hamilton (F = 43.5 and P = 0.017) and Beck (F = 125.12 and P = 0.022) depression scores showed the significance of the interaction effect of time (four stages of measurement) and group membership (experiment and control) (P < 0.05). In depression scores in both Hamilton and Beck scales in the experimental group in the intervention stages (Hamilton scale, P = 0.019, Beck scale = P = 0.017) and follow-up (Hamilton scale, P = 0.01, Beck scale = P = 0.03) was significantly reduced compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed the effectiveness of tDCS in reducing symptoms of major depressive disorder. More clinical trials are needed to prove the effectiveness of tDCS compared to a variety of treatments

Background: Many studies have shown that psychological therapies are effective in preventing divorce. There is a lack of research in the field of psychoanalytic treatment with the aim of changing or modifying the personality structure of neurotic women seeking divorce. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Horney psychoanalysis based on three personality types on the personality organization of women divorce applicants. Methods: This study was a single-subject design of A/B type. 6 subjects from all women seeking divorce referred to some counseling centers in Tehran in 1399 were selected by purposive sampling and were assigned to three groups of two by answering the Horney-College questionnaire (2011). The Interview of the Personality Organization (STIPO-R) Clarkin (2016) was conducted in three stages. The treatment was administered in totally fifteen 60-minute sessions, 1 sessions weekly and follow-up was one month later. The obtained data were analyzed using standard visual drawing method, stable change index with modified formula to calculate statistically significant change and using the improvement percentage formula. Results: Horney psychoanalytic therapy causes changes in the subscales of identity (%44/16 improvement), object relations (%33/98 improvement), immature defenses (%49/71 improvement), aggression (%44/65 improvement), moral values (%48/6 improvement) and narcissism (%54/16 improvement). Their change in reliable index also showed that these changes were significant (P< 0/05) & (P< 0/01). Conclusion: These findings indicate significant changes in the components of personality structure, so Horney analytical psychotherapy by changing the personality structure of neurotic women seeking divorce can be usefull for psychologists and couple therapists to prevent divorce.

Development and Validation of a Lifelong Learning-Based Curriculum Assessment Scale in Higher EducationAbstract Introduction: As one of the important infrastructures of the educational system of any country and the most important source of science and technology production, higher education plays a significant role in the development of lifelong learning. Universities should create a new movement in this direction by conatructing a platform for students to do longlife learning.The present study aims to explain the curricular elements and components of Farhangian University based on the lifelong learning approach and examine the validity of a developed scale in this field.Method: In the present study, exploratory mixed-methods research was used. Initially, qualitative data were collected and analyzed. Then, based on the obtained qualitative results, quantitative instruments were developed. After that, the quantitative data were collected and analyzed to validate the qualitative findings. The statistical population in the qualitative section consisted of experts in the field of lifelong learning, professors of Farhangian University, and curriculum specialists selected via a purposive sampling method. 33 participants were selected and interviewed via the semi-structured interviewing technique to obtain theoretical saturation in the data. In the quantitative section, a descriptive-survey method was employed. The statistical population in this section consisted of professors of the Department of Educational Sciences, Farhangian University of Isfahan Province as 242 individuals, among whom 145 participants were selected based on the Krejcie & Morgan table and via a cluster sampling method. Then, the researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among them. Among the returned questionnaires, 103 ones were quantitatively analyzed.Results: The findings of the qualitative section indicated that the curriculum based on the lifelong learning approach in Farhangian University consists of four main elements of goal (with 19 items), content (with 18 items), teaching-learning methods (with 15 items) and evaluation (with 17 items). In the quantitative section, it was also found that based on the results of the Second Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the elements and related items correctly measure the curriculum model for lifelong learning. Discussion: To sum up, it can be stated that the scale designed in 4 elements and 69 items is valid for evaluating the curricular elements based on the lifelong learning approach at Farhangian University. It can be the basis for making policies and reviewing curriculum at Farhangian University.Keywords: Lifelong Learning, Curriculum, the Lifelong Learning Curriculum Scale, Higher Education, Farhangian University.

The Mahe-Kufa was a title selected for an area located in the western part of Jebal region centered by Dinvar in time of Muawiyah. This area was considered as the communicative path between Bagdad and East of Iran due to its natural and economic properties and the appropriate environment for the urban and rural and nomadic life of Kurdish tribes in the western territory of Islamic caliphate. The purpose of this article is to specify the geographical position of this region and to study its significance and position in the Islamic caliphate during the third and fourth centuries by taking advantage of the analytical- descriptive method. The findings of research clarify that the Moon of Kufa was related to Zoor city from the West and to the Lausos palace from the East and it included the west part of Jebal area. This extension and the strategic geographical status led to the prominence of this region in terms of military, economical, communicative dimensions as well as the preservation of eastern territory for the organization of Islamic caliphate.

The purpose of this study is to examine the prominent rhetorical techniques of Attar's ghazals. The main question here is what style he has applied in the structure of the elements of a verse, using the science of innovation and expression. It looks necessary to know the most frequent ways of arranging Attar's ghazals and the style of linking them to his fundamental and mystical thoughts. In composing ghazals, he apparently attached great importance to adorning the language, applying the figures of speech in the field of gentle innovation and spirituality and its methods of similes. Seemingly, he knew a more effective speech is the one that is more adorned. Hence, with the aim of emphasizing mystical themes, he created another effect and function of all kinds of pun, simile, ambiguity- proportional and coherent- repetition, personality-oriented allusions, axial paradoxes, etc., that goes beyond the mere rhetoric and embellishment of verses. Perhaps, Attar's goal was to highlight his thoughts through such literary techniques. As the result, he made his ghazals more musical and influential with his knowledge, insight, and mastery of the functions of rhetoric and innovation. For him, even the most trivial innovative point appeared to be a medium for the effective induction of his mystical thoughts. Attar is also known as a content-oriented and mystical poet who paid special attention to the processing and arrangement of his words in poetry. The most important feature of his ghazals is the proportion of form to meaning. (Shafi’ee Kadkani, 2001: 60) Every talk of fade and finitude is aligned with innovative verbal and spiritual figures of speech, as much as possible; for example, to make the concept of "losing one's head" and "knowing one's secret" influential, he used pun and repetition (see Attar, 2013: 363). To sum up, his using simile, ambiguity-proportional, coherent or contradict-pun, repetition, and allusions in his ghazals seems to be a way of artistic expression of his main mystical concepts and thoughts such as epiphany of God and His manifestation and concealment- seeking, love, knowledge, satiety, manifestation, existence and non-existence, poverty and annihilation, fade and finitude, conversion death and part moving towards the whole or immersion in the essence of the beloved (employing the similes of candle, butterfly, particle, sun, drop, sea, ball, and polo, etc.).

Background: Numerous studies have examined the two-way relationship between depression, bullying, and identity styles; But research that examines the relationship between depression and bullying and the mediating role of identity style has been neglected. Aims: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between depression and bullying with the mediating role of identity in Secondary high school students. Method: This was a correlational study. The statistical population of the present study included all of tenth and eleventh grade students of Damghan city in the academic year of 2019-2020. 350 students were selected by random sampling. The present research instruments are: Per Eden (2000), the Illinois Bullying Standard Questionnaire (2001) and Brzonski's Identity Styles Questionnaire (1989). Data analysis was performed using correlation matrix. Results: The relationship between depression and bullying and victim variables was significant and positive, and the relationship between information identity style, normality and commitment with bullying and victim was negative, and the relationship between avoidant identity style with bullying and victim was positive (P< 0/001). It has also been shown that depression predicts both identity and indirect variables, bullying and victim variables, both directly and indirectly. Mediation also confirms the identity style in the relationship between depression and bullying. Conclusions: The relationship between depression and bullying in students is not a simple one, and this relationship is partly affected by the mediation of some important elements such as a person's identity style.

Introduction The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks’ exercise training and ozone therapy on articular cartilage tissue mRNA Beclin-1, AMPK, and mTOR gene expression in rat’s model of osteoarthritis (OA). Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 40 adult male rats 210±10 gr were randomly divided into 5 groups: 1) control (CN), 2) OA, 3) OA + ozone, 4) OA + exercise training and 5) OA + ozone + exercise training groups. The knee OA was induced by the surgical method in rats. The exercise training included running on a treadmill for 8 weeks, five times a week, and 35-45 minutes in an exercise session and with 18m per minute speed. Rats in the ozone group received ozone (O3) at a concentration of 20μg/ml, once weekly for 3 weeks. 48 hours after the programs and fasting, cartilage tissues were isolated, and articular cartilage tissue mRNA Beclin-1, AMPK, and mTOR gene expression were considered using Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR). Results In cartilage tissue, Beclin-1levels had a significant decrease in the OA group, but AMPK and mTOR levels increase. Ozone, exercise training, and ozone + exercise training Caused to reverse the process (P=0.009). But, there was no significant difference between these groups (P≥0.05). Conclusion According to the results of this study, ozone therapy and moderate-intensity exercise training Increase Beclin-1levels in the articular cartilage tissue. However, moderate-intensity exercise training with adjustable levels of mTOR may Play a greater role in the control of articular chondrocyte autophagy in rat’s model of OA.

Background: Several studies have been conducted on the impact of acceptance-based and cognitive-behavioral therapy. But research comparing the efficacy of acceptance-based and commitment-based therapy and positive cognitive-behavioral therapy on pain self-efficacy in patients with chronic pain remains neglected. Aims: To compare the efficacy of acceptance and commitment based therapy and positive cognitive-behavioral therapy on pain self-efficacy in patients with chronic pain. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental study with a 3-month-old instructor with 3 witnesses. The statistical population consisted of all patients with chronic pain referred to Hazrat Rasool Akram Hospital in Tehran in summer of 2019. 45 patients were selected as the sample and randomly assigned to one of the two groups. Research tools are: Nicholas Pain Self-efficacy Questionnaire (2007), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention (Hayes et al., 2013) and Positive Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (Ben Nink, 2014). Descriptive statistics and repeated measures analysis were used. Results: There was a significant difference between acceptance and commitment based therapy and positive cognitive-behavioral therapy with the control group in pain self-efficacy in patients with chronic pain (P< 0/001). But there was no significant difference between acceptance and commitment based therapy and positive cognitive-behavioral therapy in pain self-efficacy in patients with chronic pain (P< 0/05). Conclusions: Acceptance and commitment based therapy and positive cognitive-behavioral therapies are important in increasing my pain self-efficacy.

Unified Transdiagnostic treatment is one of the new psychological therapies that the effect of it on many emotional disorders has been established. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of Unified Transdiagnostic treatment on social anxiety symptoms and difficulty of emotional regulations. It was a Single-subject design study with baseline design, the population of this study were all patients with social anxiety disorders referring to medical centers of counseling, psychological and psychiatric in 2017 in Neyshabur, Iran. Of these, 2 people with social anxiety disorders were selected on a purposive method and based on multidimensional evaluation (SCID-I, Connor's social phobia inventory and psychiatrist's interview. The subjects were treated in 15 sessions -60-45 minutes of Unified Trans-diagnostic and during which the baseline stage, 2nd, 3rd. and 4th measurements were evaluated using the Connor's social phobia inventory and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale of Gratz & Roemer. Data were analyzed using MPI, MPR, Cohen's d, effect size and Visual analysis. The results showed that both participants experienced a significant reduction in social anxiety and difficulty in emotional regulation during and after treatment. According to the results of this study, Unified Transdiagnostic therapy was effective in improving the symptoms of social anxiety and difficulty in emotion regulation in patients with social anxiety disorder and therefore, it is suggested as a psychological treatment in clinical practice

Background and Objectives: Premenstrual syndrome is defined as a group of physical and psychological symptom, which happens during luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Researches have indicated that premenstrual syndrome has significant effects on mental health and well-being of women. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of premenstrual syndrome and its relationship with psychological well-being in the students of Qom University of Medical Sciences. Methods: In this descriptive–correlational study, a total number of 226 female students of Qom University of Medical Sciences, were selected using convenience sampling method during 2017-2018. The participants were asked to respond to the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale, Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale, and demographic checklist. Data were analyzed using descriptive, correlation, and multivariate regression statistical techniques. Results: In this research, 37% of the students reported mild symptoms, 49.8% moderate symptoms, and 13.2% severe symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Pearson correlation coefficient test also showed that symptom severity had a significant correlation with psychological well-being (p

Introduction: The goal of this research was to compare Alexithymia and psychological defense mechanisms in cancer patients with normal group. Also, investigation of the predictive role of three defense mechanisms in Alexithymia was considered. Materials and Methods: From chemotherapy ward of Shahid Beheshti hospital of Qom city, 45 cancer patients were selected by convenient sampling method. Also, 45 employees of this hospital were included as the normal group. Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 were used. Data was analyzed with Independent Sample T-test, Pearson Correlation and Multivariate Regression. Results: Compared with normal people, cancerous patients had higher scores in alexithymia (p=0.01), difficulty in emotions recognition subscale (p=0.03) and non-developed defense mechanisms (p=0.007). Non-developed defense mechanisms had significant relationships with alexithymia and difficulty in emotion’s recognition and description subscales (p>0.01), also non-developed defense mechanisms could predict alexithymia in cancerous patients (p>0.005). Conclusions: Findings indicates that cancer is a stressful event that can cause non-developed defense mechanisms start to emerge as dominant psychological defense mechanisms in the majority of patients. Alexithymia which has a relation with defense mechanisms is also a dynamic reaction for coping with unpleasant emotions driven by the illness.

Introduction: Several current academic policies are being developed without participation of academics and relevantscientific associations in Iran. This study was conducted to explain the views of academics of nursing and midwifery on the development of current educational and research policies. Method: This qualitative study was conducted on 12 academic members of the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and continued until data saturation was achieved. Purposive sampling was used to recruit the participants. All interviews were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. A content analysis approach was used to explore the data. Results: Overall, 321 codes were found, and then these codes were summarized and categorized based on conceptual similarities and differences and ultimately described in three main categories and six sub categories. "Ignoring the nature of different disciplines in policy making" and, "lack of policymakers' awareness of working conditions" was the main factors identified by the faculty members. "Lack of recognition of college administrators from higher education management" and "the existence of a centralized policy system in the higher education system" were identified as barriers to contribution to policy development by the academic staffs. Conclusion: It is recommended that policy-makers in the field of higher education in nursing and midwifery consider revision of existing policies and pay special attention to the requirements of these disciplines. We also suggest involving more nursing faculties in the future policy making endevours. Key words: Faculty, nursing, midwifery, qualitative

Background and Objectives: Cognitive psychologists consider schemas as cognitive structures, which affect the person in selecting, encoding, and processing information obtained from the environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between Myers-Briggs personality dimensions and early maladaptive schemas in medical students. Methods: In this descriptive-correlational research, 120 students (60 females and 60 males), were selected through convenience sampling method and answered to Yang’s Schema questionnaire and Myers-Briggs Type Inventory. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and independent t-test. Results: In this study, no difference was oserved between the two groups in Myers-Briggs Personality dimensions. Both groups obtained the highest scores in perception and extraversion. There was a significant difference between the two groups in impaired limits domain and females obtained higher scores in this domain. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between introversion dimension of Myers-Briggs Personality Profiling and impaired limits domain. There were also significant negative correlations between judgment dimension and schemas of disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, over vigilance and inhibition, and impaired limits domain. Sensation dimension and impaired limits schema showed significant positive correlation. Conclusion: Findings of this research provide some evidence on correlation between maladaptive schemas and personality types.

Background and Objectives: The mentality of individuals consists of schemas that include memories, problem-solving methods, mental and verbal imagery, and is a coherent system consisting of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components. This study was performed aiming at investigating and comparison of correlation between early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles in male and female university students. Method: This study was conducted as a descriptive correlational study on the students of Qom University of Medical Sciences. A total of 120 students (60 males and 60 females), were selected using convenience sampling method. Research tools included Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form and Collins and Read Attachment Styles Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and independent t-test. Results: The participants of both genders obtained the highest score in ambivalent attachment style, whereas there was no difference between the two genders in attachment styles. Insufficient self-control/self-discipline was the only schema that was different between the two genders (p=0.025). There was a significant correlation between ambivalent and avoidant attachment style and all domains of early maladaptive schemas. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between secure attachment style and the strict schema in females. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, there was a significant correlation between insecure attachment style (ambivalent and avoidant) and most of the early maladaptive schemas.

Abstract Background: Fetal hemoglobin (α2γ2) is the main oxygen transport protein in the human fetus. Fetal hemoglobin is nearly completely replaced by hemoglobin A, except in a few thalassemia cases and sickle cell anemia. Several studies have indicated that expression of γ-globin might be regulated post-transcriptionally. Small non-coding RNA called microRNAs which target mRNA can lead to translated repression or mRNA decay. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of miR-940 up-regultion on γ-chain gene expression and erythroid markers in k562 cell line. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, k562 cells were cultured in RPMI1640. Then pre miR-940 was transfected by electroporation method in k562 cell line. In 3, 7 and 14 days, RNA was extracted and cDNA synthesized in selected days. Up-regulation of miR-940 was confirmed by miRNA Quantitative real time PCR and then the expression γ of chains and GATA-1 was investigated by QRT-PCR. Finally, erythroid markers were checked by flow cytometry. Results: In 3, 7 and 14 days after transfection, the GATA-1 and γ-chain expression were increased in comparison with untransfected cells. Also, the expression of erythroid markers was increased. Conclusion: The data show that up-regulation of miR-940 has a role in the increase of γ-chain gene expression in k-562 cell line. We suggest that miR-940 may be a significant potent therapeutic target for increasing Hb F level. Patients with sickle cell anemia and β-thalassemia are suitable candidate for treatment in this way.

The aim of present research was to compare attribution styles and belief to just world in extraversion, neuroticism and normal people. For this purpose three groups include extraverted, neurotic and normal were selected by simple random sampling method from Semnan University students and answered to attribution styles questionnaire, belief in a just world for self and others and NEO-FFI. Data was analyzed with multivariate analysis of variance. Findings indicated that there are significant difference in internal negative, internal positive and total positive attribution styles among normal and neuroticism. Also findings showed that there are significant differences in internal positive, stable positive, general positive and total positive attribution styles among extraverted and neurotic individuals. About belief in a just world (for self and others), there was significant differences between groups. According to findings, it can be concluded that people of groups tend to use different attribution styles and show different rate of belief in a just world and in this way are adjustment with their life events.

Background: This study aimed to determine the diagnostic values of frozen section compared with permanent pathology results for detection of characteristic of head and neck tumors. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 88 patients suffered from head and neck tumors and operated during 2010-2015 in Alzahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran, were enrolled. The results of frozen section and permanent pathology were extracted from hospital records and sensitivity, specificity, false negative, false positive, and negative and positive predictive values were calculated for frozen section. Findings: Sensitivity, specificity, false negative, false positive, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were as 89.8%, 94.4%, 5.6%, 10.2%, 95.7%, and 87.2%, respectively; and the accuracy of frozen section was 91.8%. Conclusion: Frozen section test during surgeries is a good and valuable method for detection of characteristic of head and neck tumors. But, enough pathologist experience and precision of sampling by surgeon can lead to increase the accuracy rate of frozen section which finally leads to decrease of reoperation and relapse of disease, and better prognosis.

In this paper, with respect to the advantages of geometric phase in quantum computation, we calculate the geometric phase of the optomechanical systems. This research can be considered as an important step toward using the optomechanical systems in quantum computation with utilizing its geometric phase.

The effect of autobiography and thought pause on students` attention and academic progress one influential way in education process is using autobiography and thought pause on the students` concentration and academic progress .Since autobiography and thought pause plays an important role in harnessing individuals` emotions and encouraging individuals to assume responsibility , it can be used to help children to have progress in the academic situation this research with survey method, two test group were tested in autobiography and thought pause and in control group. The statistical sample consisted of all second grade high school girls of the first zone of Hamadan That theyenrolled in the academic year 94-93, of whom 75 were chosen in simple sampling method. In data analysis, multivariable covariance test was used and test prerequisites such as kolmogrov-Smearnov ,scatter chart, Leven test and M.Box were performed before the main test.The results of the average score of the first and second period of students show that teaching autobiography and thought pause leads to great concentration and academic progress

Background and purpose: Sexual dysfunction (SD) is an important subject and unfortunately an overlooked symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) especially in women. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of affected functional systems on primary sexual dysfunction. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Tehran, Iran in which a sample of female patients with MS was recruited consecutively from an outpatient clinic. Sexual function was evaluated by the Multiple Sclerosis Intimacy and Sexuality Questionnaire. A neurologist evaluated the clinical characteristics including disease progress, duration, and affected functional systems. The neurological impairment was assessed by the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Results: There were 226 women in whom brainstem and/or cerebellum (OR for suffering from Brainstem and/or cerebellum=2.54, 95% CI=1.40-4.60, P=0.002), pyramidal dysfunction (OR for suffering from pyramidal dysfunction = 3.14, 95% CI= 1.363-7.26, P=0.002), and sensory dysfunction (OR for suffering from sensory dysfunction = 3.13, 95% CI= 1.56-6.25, P

Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the motivating factors of selecting fields of study among the students in Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The data was collected through a questionnaire including questions about demographic information, the discipline and motivation. The questions also measured educational satisfaction. 146 students participated in the study. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The response rate to the questionnaire was 85%.83.. “Social status", "responsibility in business" and "personal interests’ had the most influence in selecting the field. Among the incentives, "Personal interest, especially in medicine," "social status" and "relationship with people” had the highest correlation with academic satisfaction (P Value =0.001). Conclusion: According to results of this study Selection of Medicine as a field of study is correlated with its high social status and demand. Citation: Ghasemi K, Rezaeigazki P. Why Medicine? Take a Look at the Motivating Factors for Factors of Choosing Medicine as Field of Study in Students. Journal of Development Strategies in Medical Education 2016; 2(3): 38-46.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the most important microorganisms of soil having an important role in soil fertility. In this research, the correlation between soil nutrient elements and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization and spore numbers in the rhizosphere of Thymus kotschyamus Boiss. & Hohen. growing in the three regions (Taf, Vark and Kohkala) of Noujian watershed were studied during spring and autumn. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis were also determined on vegetative characteristics and essential oil yield of T. kotschyamus.The results indicated that magnesium significant positive correlation with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi spore density (+0.84) and percentage colonization (+0.92). Soil organic matter no significant linear correlation with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi spore density and percentage colonization. Potassium negatively correlated with spore density and percentage colonization respectively; -0.85 and -0.90. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization significant linear correlation with dry weight (+0.79). Essential oil yield of T. kotschyamus positively correlated with that of spore density and percentage colonization respectively; +0.93 and +0.91. Given the importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis and compilation this with soil elements, this information can be useful for development of medicinal plants in agricultural ecosystems.

Background & Aim: Maternal request for caesarean section due to fear of normal vaginal delivery (NVD) is one of the main reasons for the high rate of caesarean section. This study aimed to compare the fear of NVD and type of delivery between two groups of pregnant women attended childbirth preparation classes (CPC) and women received routine prenatal care (RPC). Methods & Materials: In this prospective cohort study, 202 Primigravid women attended healthcare centers for prenatal care services in the East of Guilan were selected using convenient sampling in 2013-2014. Fear of NVD was assessed using a childbirth attitude questionnaire at two stages (before attending CPC or receiving RPC, then at the third trimester of pregnancy). Both groups were followed up to the delivery time. Data were analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics (Chi square, paired t-test, ANOVA, t-test) through SPSS v.16. P

Background and Objectives: Drug abuse can have long- and short-term effects on the cognitive function of individuals due to changes in brain structure and function. These effects often manifest themselves in the form of chronic and acute neuropsychological abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to investigate several cognitive functions, i.e., continuous attention, decision-making, and response inhibition in methamphetamine-dependent individuals Methods: A total of 42 patients with methamphetamine dependence as patient group and 38 employees of Forghani Hospital in Qom city as control group, were selected using convenience sampling. The research sample carried out continuous performance, Iowa risk taking and color-word Stroop tasks tests. Results: Multivariate analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between patients and healthy groups in terms of continuous performance, Iowa risk taking and color-word Stroop tasks. The difference in these tests, was in such a way that the healthy group performed better compared to the patients in terms of assignment error response (p = 0.018), removal (p = 0.049), fine (p = 0.039), interruption time (p = 0.030), and interference score (p = 0.043). Conclusion: This study indicated that methamphetamine has a serious effect on a number of cognitive functions, which leads to disruption in many other psychological functions in these individuals. Failure in decision making and inhibition to control consumption, aggressive and impulsive behaviors, learning deficits, lack of reasoning, and the ability to make the right decisions in personal, educational, occupational, and interpersonal areas are a few of these cases.

مقدمه: ارزیابی قابل اعتماد پاتولوژی بیوپسی کبد در بیماران هپاتیت مزمن، برای تعیین شدت و میزان پیشرفت بیماری و تصمیم‌گیری در مورد درمان اهمیت دارد. این تحقیق، با هدف بررسی میزان تفاوت نظر بین مشاهده‌گرها در طبقه‌بندی هپاتیت مزمن بر اساس 2 مورد از سیستم‌های پرکاربرد انجام شد. روش‌ها: 3 مشاهده‌گر به طور جداگانه بر اساس دو سیستم Knodell Ishak (Modified HAI یا Modified histology activity index) و Batts-Ludwig، درجه (Grade) و‌ مرحله‌ی (Stage) 54 نمونه‌ی بیوپسی کبد از بیماران مبتلا به هپاتیت مزمن را تعیین نمودند. در نهایت، داده‌ها با هم مقایسه گردید. یافته‌ها: بیشترین توافق نظر در مرحله‌بندی بر اساس Knodell Ishak (Modified HAI) (ضریب همبستگی Kendall = 90/0، 001/0 > P) و کمترین توافق نظر در مرحله‌بندی بر اساس Batts-Ludwig (ضریب همبستگی Kendall = 63/0، 001/0 > P) به دست آمد. نتیجه‌گیری: در هر دو سیستم، توافق نظر بهتری بین مشاهده‌گرها در مرحله‌بندی نسبت درجه‌بندی وجود داشت. هر دو سیستم دارای توافق نظر قابل قبولی بین مشاهده‌گرها هستند، اما سیستم Knodell Ishak (Modified HAI) از نظر توافق نظر بین مشاهده‌گرها بر سیستم Batts-Ludwig برتری دارد.

Objective (s): Withdrawal could increase the unwanted pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine effect of a Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) in changing withdrawal contraception use to decrease unwanted pregnancy. Methods: This study had three phases. The first and the second phases provided an educational program based on TPB and SCT. Participants recruited from women who were attending to clinics of public health services in Tehran, Iran. Criteria for inclusion were: current withdrawal users, married, sexually active, did not intend to be pregnant, no identifiable risks to the participants beyond OCs use. The intervention group received an educational program while the control group received routine procedures. Evaluation was performed before, one and three months after intervention. The data was analyzed by SPSS software Repeated measure, Wilcoxon and t test were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that after intervention there were significant differences in the mean behavioral and normative beliefs scores between two groups indicating an increase in believing to use oral contraception. In addition, there was significant association between intention to use OCP and perceived behavioral control. Conclusion: The current study provided evidence for the effectiveness of a belief-based intervention for preventing pregnancy prevention.

Objective (s): The objective of this study was to translate and to test the reliability and validity of the Persian version of Multiple Sclerosis Intimacy and Sexuality Questionnaire-19 (MSISQ-19). Methods: Using a standard "forward-backwardchr('39') translation procedure, the English language version of the questionnaire was translated into Persian (Iranian language). Then a sample of 226 women with multiple sclerosis aged 18-65 years completed the questionnaire. To test reliability the internal consistency was assessed by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. Validity was evaluated using face validity, content validity, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Results: The mean age of respondents was 35.7 (SD=8.07) years. Reliability analysis provided evidence for high internal consistency for the total MSISQ-19 (0.90) and for the primary (0.85), secondary (0.90) and tertiary (0.78) subscales. The MSISQ-19 had convergent validity with measure of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). The results from Known group’s comparison (discriminant validity) indicated that older women with MS were significantly scored higher than younger women and the questionnaire was able to discrimiate these groups as expected. Conclusions: In general, the findings suggest that MSISQ-19 is a reliable and valid measure of sexual dysfunction in women with MS.

Objective (s): To assess midwives’ attitudes toward cesarean section.Methods: This was a descriptive study to determine the attitudes of midwives and related factors towards elective cesarean section. In all 325 midwives working in hospitals and health care centers in Tehran were entered into the study. A study specific questionnaire was administered in order to collect data. It was consisted of two sections on work experience, age, place of work, physiologic childbirth preparation courses, education, place of graduation and attitudes. Results: The mean age of participants was 37 years (SD = 49). Among participants 44.9 and 55.1 percent were working in the delivery room and prenatal care or health center respectively. There were positive attitudes toward elective cesarean among 80 participants (24.6%). There were significant association between midwives’ attitude about elective cesarean and place of graduation, choice of method of delivery for themselves or their daughter, effect of delivery method among inpatient mothers, time of termination, and their views about cesarean section rate in Iran.(P

In this project, the vegetation of the Noujian Watershed located in Lorestan province was identified. Noujian Watershed with the area of 34000 hectares is situated between the eastern latitude of 48° 23Ì to 48° 40Ì and its northern longitude ranging from 33° 17Ì to 33° 60Ì at Lorestan province in the watershed of Dez dam. Minimum altitude of the region is 770 meters and its maximum reaches to 3012 meters. The method of plant collection in this region was classical method of regional floristic studies. Collected plants were recognized and determined as families, genera and species by using taxonomic method and required references. The plants of this region included 421 species which belonged to 241 genera and 56 families. The largest families respectively, were: Asteraceae (56 species), Fabaceae (39 species), Brassicaceae (34 species), Lamiaceae (29 species), Caryophylaceae (24 species), Poaceae (23 species), Lilaceae (22 species), Ranunculuaceae (20 species), Apiaceae (19 species), Boraginaceae (17 species) and Rosaceae (15 species). The analyses of the geographical distribution of the plants wwas carried out according to Takhtajan and Zohary methods, showed that the Irano-Turanian elements, with 47% growth, were the dominant species of Noujian watershed and about 15% of these species were native of Iran. The species like Onosma Kotschyi, Cousinia Khorramabadensis, Echinops endotrichus, Morrina persica, Dionysia hausskenechtii and Bunium Lurestanicum exclusively grow in Zagros Mountains. Therophyts (36%) and geophytes (21%) were the dominant life-forms of Noujian watershed.

Introduction: English language is the only widely foreign language in field of science especially in dentistry. And so, it is a prime necessary for student to have sufficient skills an English language to understand the concepts of the educational materials in English particularly, the educational video CD. Assessing the dentistry student potentials on understanding the concepts of English educational CDs. Methods: In 2014, 38 students from faculty dentistry of Hormozgan University were passed their professional English course two successfully. They were tested on comprehension skills by watching educational videos. Results: Only 19 percent of objectives obtained scores higher than 10 based on a (0-20) grading systems. Conclusion: Regarding the data obtained in the present study, the necessity for focusing on different aspects of English language is out of question.This could be achieved efficiently through an amalgamated scheme including the use of educational videos materials.

Background: Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common and indolent form of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL), that usually occurs in old adults. We aimed to determine epidemiologic features and patients' characteristics of Mycosis fungoides in Isfahan, Iran. Methods: We performed a retrospective study in Mycosis fungoides clinic of Alzahra hospital, that is the main center for treatment of patients with Mycosis fungoides in Isfahan, and evaluated clinicopathologic features of the disease. Findings: In 3 years, from 25 referred patients, 18 were diagnosed as Mycosis fungoides. Seven (38.9%) patients were men and 11 (61.1%) were women with male to female ratio of 1:1.57. The mean age of patients was 41.06 years. 88.9% of patients were in stages ΙA and ΙB. Conclusion: Most of our patients presented in early stages that were similar to other studies; while male to female ratio was different from other studies.

Introduction: In order to increase the efficacy education, Bandar Abbas Medical School underwent a curricular change in 2009 and integrated its curriculum in physiopathology phase and represented courses as organ-system-based approach. This study aimed to compare educational environment from the viewpoints of students in this medical school considering traditional and new curriculum in order to identify weaknesses and strengths of integration. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, educational atmosphere was evaluated using a standard questionnaire of DREEM. Sampling was completed through census and study population included all medical students (N=95) passing their physiopathology courses during 2008-2009 academic years in Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. Physiopathology topic included 3 courses (one before and 2 after integration). Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: Mean scores of achieved points were (76.2±8.4) for the year before integration, (108±20.1) for the first year after integration, and (95±24.7) for the second year after intervention out of total 200 points of DREEM questionnaire. The results showed that integration lead to a significant promotion in students’ viewpoints toward educational atmosphere, but the total score achieved in second year decreased and was not significant compared to the year before integration. Conclusion: This study approved positive results of organ system-based integrated curriculum. But the study showed a notable failure through second semester of implementation that disclosed unstable achievements. It seems that reformative changes in curriculum solely are not the key to solve educational system problems. Administrators must develop an established educational system through identifying precise strategies.

Background and Objectives: Hospitals are important and vital centers for public services,which their nature of activity and type of provided services, require a calm and silent environment. This study was done to evaluate noise exposure dose among nurses of 6 hospitals in Qom city. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 12 nurses working in 6 educational hospitals affiliated to Qom University of Medical Sciences were selected randomly at the first stage. To assess the noise exposure level, two calibrated dosimeters (TES model, Taiwan) were used. In the second stage, demographic data such as age, sex, years of employment, daily working hours, etc. were collected using a questionnaire. Finally, the data were analyzed using central statistical indices, frequency distribution, one-way ANOVA and Duncanchr('39')s test at the significance level of less than 0.05. Results: In this study, in all the studied hospitals, the level of noise exposure was higher than permissible limit. On the other hand, the received noise dose was significantly higher in the emergency, obstetrics and gynecology, and infectious wards (α

Background & Aim: Need assessment for promotion reproductive health is important subject and development a questionnaire is essential. Thus the aim of this study was development of questionnaire of intention to use of oral contraception in withdrawal users based on construct of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Methods & Materials : In-depth interviews were conducted to elicit the salient beliefs relevant to oral contraception among withdrawal users. Then a cross-sectional study carried out in Tehran, Iran for validate of questionnaire. Participants recruited from attending five family planning clinics of public health services in the Eastern district of Tehran, Iran. Validity and reliability was evaluated using concurrent, content validity and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha and test- retest respectively. Factor structure of the questionnaire was extracted by exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) conducted to assess how well the EFA extracted model fits observed data. The SPSS version 16 and Lisrel programs were used to analyze the data. Results: Reliability and validity were confirmed. The principal component analysis revealed a three-factor structure for the questionnaire including attitude, subjective norm and perceive behavior control that explained 50.4 percent of the total of variance. Conclusion : In general, the findings suggest that questionnaire of intention to use of oral contraception in withdrawal users based on Theory of Planned Behavior is a reliable and valid measure.

Background & Aim: Need assessment for promotion reproductive health is important subject and development a questionnaire is essential. Thus the aim of this study was development of questionnaire of intention to use of oral contraception in withdrawal users based on construct of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Methods & Materials : In-depth interviews were conducted to elicit the salient beliefs relevant to oral contraception among withdrawal users. Then a cross-sectional study carried out in Tehran, Iran for validate of questionnaire. Participants recruited from attending five family planning clinics of public health services in the Eastern district of Tehran, Iran. Validity and reliability was evaluated using concurrent, content validity and Cronbach's alpha and test- retest respectively. Factor structure of the questionnaire was extracted by exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) conducted to assess how well the EFA extracted model fits observed data. The SPSS version 16 and Lisrel programs were used to analyze the data. Results: Reliability and validity were confirmed. The principal component analysis revealed a three-factor structure for the questionnaire including attitude, subjective norm and perceive behavior control that explained 50.4 percent of the total of variance. Conclusion : In general, the findings suggest that questionnaire of intention to use of oral contraception in withdrawal users based on Theory of Planned Behavior is a reliable and valid measure.

Background: Nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems are involved in regulating of locomotor activity behaviors. This study has investigated the interaction of NAc shell dopaminergic system and prelimbic glutamatergic systems in regulating locomotor activity and related parameters. Methods: The aim of this study was the effect the drugs injection interaction in the brain of male Wistar rats on locomotor activity and related parameters, in the order of this purpose, open field apparatus that automatically recorded locomotor activity was employed. Unilateral intra-cerebral injection of drugs was done. Results: Unilateral intra-prelimbic injection of D-AP7 (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid= NMDA receptor antagonist; 0.25, 0.5 and 1μg/μl) did not alter locomotor activity behaviors. However, infusion of NMDA (0.9μg/μl) in this region increased locomotor activity (P

Background & Aim: Pregnancy can conflict with sexual function that can be affected by physical and psychological changes during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to compare sexual functions between nulliparous and multiparous pregnant women referred to health centers in Eastern district of Guilan. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Guilan during 2009-2010. We used convenient sampling method to select 554 pregnant women. Data were gathered using a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, sexual function and fear of harm to fetus. The SPSS-16 was used to analyze the data by the Mann-Whitney U and Generalized linear models. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: There was no significant difference between nulliparous and multiparous pregnant women regarding sexual function in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy (P=0.353, P=0.251). There were significant differences between nulliparous and multiparous pregnant women regarding sexual desire (P=0.002), arousal (P=0.01), orgasm (P=0.01), pain (P=0.02) and sexual function total score (P=0.016). There was significant difference between nulliparous and multiparous pregnant women regarding sexual function (P=0.008). Conclusion: Sexual counseling and rehabilitation programs should be compiled as part of the comprehensive care of prenatal care especially for multiparous pregnant women.

Objective (s): Sexual dysfunction (SD) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is common, but often overlooked. The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence of sexual dysfunction and its predisposing factors in women with multiple sclerosis. Method: This was a cross sectional study. Participants were recruited from two MS clinics in Tehran.Sexual function and disability status were quantified by the Female Sexual Function Index-FSFI and Expanded Disability Status Scale(EDSS) respectively.Clinical characteristics and the extent of physical disability were examined by a neurologist .Data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression.Results: In all 226 MS patients were studied.The mean age of participants was 35.77 years (SD = 8.07). Sexual dysfunction were diagnosed in 125(55/3%) of participants. The most common sexual problem in women was arousal dysfunction (44/2%) and the lowest frequency of the dysfunction was sexual pain (12/8%).Results obtained from multiple logistic regression analysis showed that MS patients with sexual dysfunction had lower educational status (Odds ratio=1.95 CI 95%= 1.957-0.998), insufficiency low (Odds ratio=3.94 CI 95%= 1.614-90619), more than 3 children (Odds ratio=4.659 CI 95%= 1.517-14.314) and Secondary Progressive MS-(SPMS) (Odds ratio=3.034 CI 95%= 1.447-6.362). Conclusion: Awareness of sexual problems and related factors for the management and treatment of women with MS is necessary .It is suggested that sexual rehabilitation programs compiled as part of the comprehensive care of patients with MS.

Background & Aim: Pregnancy can conflict with sexual function that can be affected by physical and psychological changes during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to compare sexual functions between nulliparous and multiparous pregnant women referred to health centers in Eastern district of Guilan. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Guilan during 2009-2010. We used convenient sampling method to select 554 pregnant women. Data were gathered using a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, sexual function and fear of harm to fetus. The SPSS-16 was used to analyze the data by the Mann-Whitney U and Generalized linear models. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: There was no significant difference between nulliparous and multiparous pregnant women regarding sexual function in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy (P=0.353, P=0.251). There were significant differences between nulliparous and multiparous pregnant women regarding sexual desire (P=0.002), arousal (P=0.01), orgasm (P=0.01), pain (P=0.02) and sexual function total score (P=0.016). There was significant difference between nulliparous and multiparous pregnant women regarding sexual function (P=0.008). Conclusion: Sexual counseling and rehabilitation programs should be compiled as part of the comprehensive care of prenatal care especially for multiparous pregnant women.

Objective (s): To investigate the effects of Quran reading during third trimester on severity of labor pain in primiparas women. Methods: This was a randomized clinical trial. A sample of primiparas women attending a prenatal care centre in hospital, entered into the study. They were randomly allocated into two groups: the experimental group (n=41) included women who they were reading Quran from third trimester of pregnancy to normal spontaneous delivery (at least 30 times) whereas the control group (n=46) received routine care only. Severity of pain were determined by visual analogue scale in three cervical dilatation of 3-5, 5-8, 8-10 centimeter and second stage. Results: In all 87 women took part in this study. There were not differing between two groups in baseline characteristics. There were significant differences in severity of pain score between two groups in cervical dilatation of 3-5, 5-8, 8-10 centimeter (P=0.001, P=0.003, P=0.023 respectively) but there was no significance difference in severity of pain score in second stage (P=0.368).Conclusion: This study provides evidence for the use of Quran reading is an acceptable and non- medical strategy for reducing the pain during labor at the first stage of delivery.Registration ID in IRCT: IRCT201105266206N2

Objective(s): Withdrawal contraception accompanied with high unwanted and morbidity .the aim of this study to gain of the knowledge, perceptions and experiences of using contraceptive methods withdrawal users to design effective effective intervention for them.Methods: In the first stage qualitative methods used to elicit questionnaire with 50 women .In the second stage cross-sectional study was performed 300 women attending to the health care centers in west Tehran were selected randomly. In the both of them women were not intended to become pregnant and use withdrawal contraception .data analyzed by using descriptive statistical tests.Results: They had used modern contraceptive methods before withdrawal in 70.7 percent .The mean withdrawal usage was 60.5 4.9 and modern contraceptive was 2.3 2.9 years. The most common source of information on modern contraceptive was health care providers and informal sources. The women are familiar with emergency contraception in 34 percent. Unwanted pregnancy related to withdrawal contraception was 33/7 percent. The most common beliefs related to oral pills nervousness (79.3%) obesity (26.7%) infertility (79.3%), IUD infection (34%) pregnancy (22.7%), spontaneous movement (21%) condom, pregnancy (73.7%) and three monthly injection, pregnancy (33.3%).Conclusion: It was important that planners will be design family planning packages should contain programs to correct the wrong beliefs. Side effects of modern contraception should be as soon as possible recognizing. They counselors must be guided them .Positive attitude related to withdrawal contraception suggests that family planning programs disseminated essential information among this groups.

Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) includes a group of mesenchimal tumors. One of the studied issues is the relation between the survival of the patient and protein S-100. We intended to study these types of tumors to understand whether there is any relationship between protein S-100 and survival rate. Methods: In this survival study, 40 patients who with stromal cancer of gastrointestinal tract admitted in AL-Zahra hospital, Isfahan were assessed. These patients were found by studying all the pathological reports recorded in hospital archives. Finding: Forty patients (62.5% male vs 37.5% female) with the mean age of 58.4 ± 16.6 enrolled in study. 12.5% of patients were younger than 40 years old. Protein S-100 was positive just in 17.5% of these patients. 80% of patients have been alive since the end of the study and 20% were dead. The average time of survival from the beginning of diagnosis was 63 ± 4.4 months. Conclusion: Although there are different results about the effect of this protein on prognosis and survival of patients, but protein S-100 is yet considered to be an effective factor on survival and prognosis of these types of tumors and more studies should be carried out to in this field.

Objective(s): To identify reasons why married women use withdrawal when they do not desire pregnancy. Methods: This was a qualitative study. We performed 50 interviews with women who were using withdrawal contraception. Theory of Planned Behavior used as framework for elicitation salient believes about contraception methods. Participants were married women who were not currently pregnant, not desire to have a child, using withdrawal contraception. Results: Women gave many reasons for using withdrawal contraception .Three major categories emerged: behavioral believes, normative believes and control believes. Conclusion: The results suggest that multidimensional interventions may be needed to effectively reduce withdrawal contraception and unwanted pregnancy.

Payesh2009; 8: 349-359Accepted for publication: 2 January 2008[EPub a head of print-8 August 2009] Objective(s): To plan an educational program to prevent HIV /AIDS among university students based on Health Belief Model (HBM).Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran University in academic year of 2004-2005. The instrument used was a questionnaire including demographic information, knowledge questions, health belief model constructs (perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits and barriers) and attitude towards HIV /AIDS patients, high risk behaviors questionnaire and intention to take HIV test. The participants were selected through stratified and systematic methods. Data were analyzed performing Chi- square test, Pearson correlation and one way ANOVA.Results: In all 664 students participanted in the study. The mean age was 18.47±8/1. According to self report, % 4.1 were smoker, %2.9 used substance drugs, % 1.5 suffered from sexual transmitted disease and %58.1 intended to take HIV test. TV, news paper and magazines were the main sources of information about HIV/AIDS. %26.4 believed that their knowledge is insufficient. %71.1 believed in having low risk of being infected. Almost all of the participants were highly aware of HIV /AIDS. The results also indicated that there was a significant relationship between the participants' knowledge and their perceived severity and susceptibility and benefits in term of willing to take the test. Lack of HIV voluntary counseling and testing center and fear of the test results were the main barriers of HIV test.Conclusion: The findings suggest that we need to educate and raise the people consciousness about the perceived benefits of HIV test, the way of giving the test results, and the contact details and services for voluntary counseling and testing centers.

Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency (PFFD) is a rare congenital defect with prevalence of one in 50000 to 200000 live births. It affects the proximal femur and frequently the acetabulum and may occurs unilaterally and/or bilaterally. The side effects of PFFD vary in patients. These include: limb length discrepancy, instability of the hip and knee joint, contractures of the hip and knee muscles, unequal level of the knees, short stature and associated anomalies. Usually, children with PFFD and their families are faced with many treatment decisions, both surgical and non- surgical. Therefore, the treatment of PFFD has always been a challenge for the specialists. In this report, a 3-years-old boy with PFFD with dysplasia of hip and acetabulum and femur shortness in both side and delay in motor milestones has been reported who was referred by physician to the faculty of rehabilitation for occupational therapy and rehabilitation treatment.

This report describes a rare case of omentum and inguinal lymph node’s malakoplakia associated with inflammatory bowel disease(ulcerative colitis) in a 23 year – old man. He was admitted for the first time by fever , bloody diarrhea , abdominal pain and mass. During 4 years after first admission , patient had recurrent attack of bloody diarrhea , Weight loss and extraintestinal manifestations . In the last time , patient had perianal abscess , rectal stenosis associated with inguinal lymphadenopathy and omental masses . Pathologic examination of omentum and lymph node’s biopsy revealed a diffuse infiltration of macrophages with granular Periodic – Acid – Schiff positive and diagnostic bodies (Michaelis – Gutmann’s bodies) .