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In the history of Islamic thought, there have been many discussions about the true science and the truth of science, especially through Sufism. Although the most famous example of these issues can be considered the book "Iḥyā′ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn" by Abu Hamid Mohammad Ghazali, such discussions are not limited to this book. Such discussions have been recurring themes in Shiite sources before and after Ghazali, to the extent that some Shiite scholars, such as Feyz Kashani, have considered the revival of science as originally a Shiite plan and have tried to return it to its Shiite sources. Imam Khomeini should also be considered among these scholars. Imam Khomeini has paid special attention to the issue of true science and the truth of science and has used the pattern of "revival of science" in criticizing the state of science and scholars of his time, at the same time he has presented his own reading of this model. Imam deals with the issue of reviving by two concepts: "official science" and "hijab" & criticizes both traditional sciences and modern sciences of his time. He also uses most of the effective teachings of the tradition of reviving science, such as "Zaher o Baten" and "Qalb", but accepts some prominent personalities of this tradition such as Sheikh Klini and Mulla Sadra, and rejects some like Ghazali. Imam Khomeini also has his own innovations and theories in this field, like the interpretation of the new term "humanities" in the framework of the tradition of reviving science and rearranging the traditional doctrine of Velayat in the framework of the theory of "Velayat-e-Faqih".

Introduction Each Islamic denomination follows its respective beliefs to forge connections with other Islamic denominations and even non-Islamic religions. Religion plays a pivotal role in shaping their comprehension of Self, Other, and the approach towards communicating with others, ranging from acceptance to excommunication. In other words, religious beliefs constitute a foundation that governs the relations between different religions. A precise and nuanced understanding of diverse Islamic denominations is essential for avoiding the one-size-fits-all perspective that may see the diverse groups in the same way. Such an understanding paves the way for recognizing historical, religious, and social distinctions, facilitating more informed and effective approaches to interact with different religious groups.The teachings of the Quran and the prophetic tradition prohibit sectarian conflicts, underscoring the unity and convergence among followers of different Islamic denominations. The empathy and convergence seem to be crucial, especially considering the constant efforts by the Western world to sow discord and division within Islamic countries. For example, the establishment of ISIS in the Middle East involved the Muslim nations, with the ultimate aim of ensuring security for Israel. Recently, the resurgence of the Taliban in Afghanistan has made it essential to reassess their foundational beliefs, laying the groundwork for fostering more symbiotic relations with them.The Deoband school of thought is considered one of the influential Islamic denominations in the recent developments of the region. Deobandis adhere to the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and Maturidism as a school of Islamic theology. The Deobandi movement emerged with the purpose of opposing the British East India Company. Due to their concerted efforts, Deobandis rapidly spread across the Indian subcontinent, later establishing a significant base in Pakistan and Afghanistan and founding religious schools and educational centers there. The Taliban group is one the movements developed out of the adherence to the religious beliefs of the Deoband school of thought. Against this backdrop, the present research aimed to examine three key issues: the fundamental religious beliefs of the Taliban, the distinction between the Taliban and Salafism, and suggestions for Iran’s strategic foreign policy towards these groups with an eye to their religious beliefs.Literature ReviewAuthored by Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri, the book Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad [The Sword on the Disproved] not only provides responses to the inquiries posed by Wahhabi scholars but also elaborates on the beliefs of the scholars from Darul Uloom Deoband. The book unveils the conspiracies of adversaries and elucidates the true teachings of the venerable figures of Maturidism. The collection of essays titled Maghalat Al-Kawtheri [Kawtheri’s Essays] includes miscellaneous essays written by Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari. The collection contains some essays that oppose the Wahhabi thought. While dismissing Wahhabism, al-Kawthari delves into the core beliefs of the Deobandi school of thought. In the article titled “Taliban and Deobandism” (2018), Mohammad Bagher Hassani examined the relationship between the Taliban and the Deobandi school. The author compared some Deobandi concepts with Wahhabism and other Sunni sects, highlighting their shared aspects as well as distinctions. Hassani’s descriptive–analytical research also focused on Islamic groups, such as the Taliban, which are recognized for their adherence to the theological doctrines of Maturidism.In addition to comparative studies, there are also reference works on the theological beliefs of Maturidism and Wahhabism. A notable work is Kitab al-Tawhid [Book of Monotheism] by Abu Mansur al-maturidi, considered the canonical source for followers of the maturidi school of theology. Abu Mansur al-Maturidi refers to imitation in belief and faith as a wrong approach, focusing on the logical and narrative-based examination of the theological foundations of Maturidism. The book Minhaj al-Sunnah al-Nabawiyyah [The Path of Sunnah of the Prophet] was written by ibn Taymiyyah, a prominent Hanbali scholar considered as a founder and iconic figure of Salafism. The book deals with religious beliefs as well as several jurisprudential opinions and fatwas of Ibn Taymiyyah, including his unconventional views on refraining from visiting graves, and resorting to blessings and supplications. In addition, the article titled “Investigation of the Factors Affecting the Change in Iran’s Political–Defense Approach Towards the Taliban” (Parizad & Shahrestani, 2022) examined Iran’s foreign policy strategies concerning the Taliban group, highlighting the role of environmental factors and global structures.Materials and MethodsThe present study used the library method to collected and analyze the data.Results and DiscussionAccording to the research results, the Taliban originated from Maturidi theology and Deobandi religious centers in Pakistan, and Salafism has its roots in the Wahhabi theology. Despite common origins, there are fundamental differences between the Taliban and salafism, manifesting in salient theological and religious issues such as monotheism in worship, intercession, and the stance towards the shia. Notably, the Taliban, in contrast to Salafism, exhibits a broader, universalist approach to acceptance of and interactions with other groups, particularly the Shia. According to the religious teachings, unity and convergence are not merely tactical considerations but fundamental principles of the Islamic faith. Therefore, the foreign policy strategy of Islamic states should be aligned with religious teachings. The Islamic Republic of Iran, as an Islamic state, seems to have anchored its foreign policy on this principle. Considering geopolitical borders and ideological considerations, Iran has established positive relations with the Taliban group, showing tolerance in border conflicts and water disputes. Iran’s foreign policy towards the Taliban is characterized by Iran’s concern about the formation of Salafi and Wahhabi groups in Afghanistan. Therefore, given the doctrinal differences between these groups, Iran views the relations with the Taliban as appropriate to prevent the establishment of Salafi groups in its eastern neighbor. Moreover, Iran’s foreign policy can pursue cooperation and relations with the Taliban against a common adversary, namely the United States.ConclusionA comprehensive understanding of Islamic intellectual and religious schools is crucial to reach an accurate interpretation of the foundations of Islam. Knowledge about different schools of thought can offer a better understanding of religious teachings, facilitating a more accurate interpretation of religious doctrines and beliefs. Moreover, as indicated by the findings, such an understanding can aid in devising foreign policy strategies in dealing with diverse religious groups.

Transformers are one of the most important and expensive equipments in industries whose optimal performance has been influenced by various parameters such as weather conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.) and consumption patterns of the region. Transformer oils are one of the most vital materials used in this equipment. The oil of the transformer coils has been controlled by two factors: First, it acts as an electrical insulator between the coils and the body. Second, the heat created in the parts and the core of the transformer is transferred to the outside. In the electrical industry, many problems may be caused by transformers. Most of these cases have been affected by the performance of oils. In case of improper operation of the oil, it will cause disruption in electricity distribution and even damage and destruction. The oil should perform both tasks of cooling the transformer and insulating the body with electricity at the ideal level. However, due to the low thermal conductivity of such mineral oils, transformers cannot provide optimal performance. In this research by the simulation study, sufficient and acceptable information has been obtained to create the most optimal nano-oil in the operational range with comprehensive library reviews. On the other hand, according to the theoretical analysis, it has been presented that metal oxide nanoparticles, such as CuO, TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2, and MWCNT as hybrid NMs, have been used so far. The most important result of this study, in addition to the type of hybrid nanoparticles, is to find the best combination to increase thermal conductivity and the principles of electrical conductivity and standard indicators of transformer industries. To start the experimental design, the best and most optimal instruction is simulating the function of the transformer using different nano-oils by a computer. Then, in the next step, this simulation has been done by COMSOL software. So, first of all, precise prioritization for using different nanoparticles can be obtained.

Nanostructured additives have been widely used in various industries especially power industry in order to decrease both specific fuel consumption (fuel consumption per unit of electricity production, SFC) and pollutants emission. The most important fuel properties are fuel density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, cetane number, and calorific value. Calorific value of a fuel is the thermal energy released per unit quantity of fuel when the fuel is burned completely and the products of combustion are cooled back to the initial temperature of the combustible mixture. It measures the energy content in a fuel. The calorific value of a fuel can be measured in a bomb calorimeter. The most frequently used fuel additives for diesel engines are oxygenated additives, antioxidants, cold flow improvers, lubricity improvers, cetane improvers, metal-based additives, and nanomaterials. In recent years, various nanomaterials, acting as diesel engine fuel additives, gained substantial attention. According to investigation results obtained so far, these additives look to be extremely promising. This follows from the wide range of options they offer in influencing practically all important engine characteristics by affecting many processes from fuel combustion to exhaust treatment. In this study, hybrid nanoparticles were dispersed in mazut and diesel fuels as hybrid nanofuels and the physico-chemical properties of manufactured nanofuels were evaluated. Dispersion of the nanoparticles were carried out in two stages. They were weighed and mixed to surfactants and added to fuel. Then the mixture was dispersed by using an ultrasonic device.The results indicated that the rate of calorific values of mazut-based nanofuels and diesel-based nanofuels were improved to 13.41% and 14.02%, respectively, in proportion to pure mazut and pure diesel fuels. Therefore, metal oxide nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes had a remarkable impact on combustion properties of fuels. The final price of nanofuel was up to 20-30% more than pure fuels which can be reduced when nanofules are produced in large scale. It can be concluded that the optimized samples of mazut-based and diesel-based nanofuels had all properties of an ideal fuel for using in a combustion process and could be considered as suitable alternatives to pure mazut and pure diesel fuels.

One of the disputed issues between Shias, Jews, and Christians is the issue of the infallibility of divine prophets. Shia theologians believe in the infallibility of all divine prophets, although they disagree on its limits. On the other hand, Jews have attributed infallibility to Prophet Moses (PBUH) based on the Torah, and Christians have attributed it to Jesus (PBUH) based on the Bible. Therefore, in the present article, with the Shiite theological approach, the problem of the infallibility of the prophets in the Qur'an and the Testaments has been examined. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, and finally, based on the narrative and rational evidence of Shia theologians, it was found that divine prophets have infallibility.

Farabi's Kiitab Alhoroof is the first direct philosophical encounter of a Muslim thinker with Greek philosophical thought. Discussions on the analysis of the concepts of "existence-existent" and " Essence " as the main elements of Aristotle's philosophical thought are among the most important parts of this book. Farabi's purpose in writing this book is to lay the groundwork for a fundamental understanding of Greek philosophical thought in the Islamic world. He begins the discussion with the linguistic analysis of "existent" as a non-derivative word (first example) in Arabic and proposes three meanings (“Categories” and “Truthful” and “Individual external thing by essence) for "existent." He combines three meanings into two meanings and focuses on the third meaning (Individual external thing by essence). Al-Farabi tries to offer a way to justify the multiplicity of beings in the universe by proposing categories for the third meaning of "existence" and "essence" as identifiers of external and mental beings, while emphasizing the external union of "existence" and "essence"; Accordance to the author's view, this way is incoherent without assuming the discussion of the "metaphysical distinction of existence from essence"; Farabi's argument on dividing the existence into rich and poor and designing the concept of (Individual mental thing by essence) in contrast to the concept of "no existence" does not seem understandable except by assuming the metaphysical distinction of existence and essence. His plan paves the way for designing the rules of ontological distinction of "existence" from "essence" are prepared by Ibn Sina.

AbstractSufism in relation to culture and civilization is one of the controversial issues among contemporary researchers. In this paper, after presenting the current controversial ideas on this topic in Iran and the key role of Sufis in the development of thoughts, culture, and Islamic civilization as well as condidering the manifestations of the new civilization and concepts in Iran in the Qajar era, the authors of the present paper discussed Sufi masters’ approach towards the culture and new civilization, as well as their related issues, which could be helpful in perceiving the relation between Sufism, culture, and civilization. Thus, in the current paper, the socio-cultural viewpoints of Nur Alishah Gunabadi as one of the great Sufi masters of Nimatullahi Sufi Order in Qajar era about the culture and new civilization, along with their related matters, were investigated. The researchers also pointed out some views of Sultan Alishah, who was Nur Alishah Gunabadi’s father and Sufi predecessor. Consequently, Nur Alishah as a jurist mystic, who had comprehended the new culture and civilization, adjusted the religious viewpoints and circumstances of the new civilization to the cultural affairs of the new era with fidelity to genuine Islamic teachings.IntroductionSufism in relation to culture and civilization and their related issues in the Islamic world is one of the controversial topics among contemporary researchers. There are two different approaches related to the mentioned issue. On the one hand, there is a negative look at Sufism and mysticism considering them as causes of the decline of culture and Islamic civilization. On the other hand, advocates of the second approach believe that culture and civilization are some remarkable issues considered by Sufies, who have been always important characters for the developments of culture, as well as Islamic thoughts and civilization. According to the mentioned issues, as that Qajar era could be claimed to be a period of recognition of Iranian culture and the new civilization for Persian scholars, the discussion on Sufi masters’ approach towards culture and the new civilization can be helpful in perceiving the relation between Sufism, culture, and civilization. Moreover, since Nimatollahi Sufi Order, which is one of the important Sufi orders with a strong background, has played an important role in Iran’s social circumstances in Qajar era, the researchers, for the first time, investigated the role of culture and new civilization based on the socio-cultural views of Hajj Mulla Ali Gunabadi known as Nur Alishah (A.H.L.1284-1337/A.D.1867-1918), one of the great Sufi masters of Nimatollahi Sufi Order. Since Hajj Mulla Ali Gunabadi was the son and Sufi successor of Hajj Mulla Sultan Mohammad Beidokhti known as Sultan Alishah (A.H.L.1251-1327/A.D.1835-1909), as well as the renewer of Nimatollahi Sufi Order, who was raised in his Sufi order, the researchers mention some of his juridical views as well. Materials & MethodsThe present study is a library research based on the main data in the library resources. Some of Hajj Mulla Ali’s manuscripts on socio-cultural issues in Qajar era were used in this regard. The current research used a descriptive-analytical method with reference to historical texts.Discussion of Results & ConclusionIn the current research, the researchers explained some clues about Hajj Mulla Ali Gunabadi’s interest in the culture and new civilization, as well as their related issues, thus showing his true perception of the domination of these issues on social etiquettes. Moreover, some contents of interest for learning the new sciences and technologies, along with Islamic sciences, were presented. The last part of the article dealt with Hajj Mulla Ali Gunabadi’s juridical views. He, like his father, avoided to issue juridical views as much as possible, but as a jurist mystic, he inevitably issued some of such views on some questions. The researchers mentioned three of these views of Nur Alishah on bigamy, narcotics, and slaveholding, which were related to the cultural changes and social issues in the new era. During this investigation, the researchers pointed out some of Sultan Alishah’s views on the prohibition of bigamy and opium as well. By referring to Islamic texts, such as Quranic verses and narrations, and due to the domination of cultural requirements in the society in the new era, it was found that Nur Alishah had had to issue these views exactly like his father and prohibit slaveholding. The result of the present study revealed that the new civilization and its different manifestations, such as development of science in the world, were some issues of Hajj Mulla Ali Gunabadi’s interest. He, like his father and other Sufi ancestors, believed that paying attention to culture and social progress was inevitable. Consequently, he tried to adjust the religious viewpoints and circumstances of the new civilization to the cultural affairs of the new era with fidelity to genuine Islamic teachings. Hence, this was a confirmation for some scholars’ views, who believed that not only Sufism and Sufis’ mystical teachings were not the reasons for the decline of civilization and an impediment to progress in the Islamic world, but also real Sufis made development of Islamic culture and progress of intellectual sciences in the Islamic world.

Objective: Stock liquidity is one of the most critical factors for investors in the capital markets and one of the main functions of the stock exchange. The tendency to investigate this issue stems from the fact that investors decide to trade in the capital market by comparing the risk and return of investment opportunities, and liquidity risk is one of the main risks. Managers are considered this issue, and various aspects of it have been studied so far. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of excess cash on firm value and investigating the benefits of cash holding in firms with higher growth opportunities or financial constraints. Methods: Liu's 2006 measure for liquidity risk is used, which instead of focusing on a specific aspect of liquidity risk, such as trading volume and the difference between the buy and sale price, covers all aspects of it. The present study is in the category of post-event research. The data used in the research is related to 189 firms of the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2018. In this study, Jark-Bra, Arch-Engel, BDS, Box-Pierce, IPS unit root, cohesion test, F-Limer, Hausman tests were used to evaluate descriptive statistics and results. Results: Excess cash has recently been considered by researchers as one of the measures for estimating the liquidity risk of firms. The research variables were examined for reliability. For this purpose, IPS test were used. Based on the results of this test, all research variables except for the cost of Research and Development (R&D) which is scaled by sales and institutional shareholders are at a stable level, while the latter variables are stable with a one-time differentiation. Accordingly, due to the lack of significance of a number of variables in the level, the existence of a long-run relationship was tested by the co-integration test method. The results of the test show that despite the unreliability of some research variables at the level, there is a long-term relationship between research variables. The results indicate that excess cash is a valuable criterion for firms’ liquidity risk and its effect becomes more severe under the influence of growth opportunities or financial constraints. Conclusion: The results indicate that the excess cash had a significant negative effect on the value of the firms. Additionally, in the study of firms with growth opportunities or financial constraints, it is found that for firms that have growth opportunities or financial constraints, the relationship between excess cash and liquidity of firms’ shares was more intense.

The term life-world, which is introduced in parallel with topics such as the “natural concept of the world” and the “environment world”, is of great importance in Husserl’s later philosophy. It is a very complex and multi-meaningful concept that has led to different and often contradictory interpretations. Husserl examined this concept in the book Crisis from three aspects: worldly (mundan), ontological and transcendental, and in this way, it takes on different meanings, which are summarized as follows: the life-world is 1) the world of natural position; 2) the intersubjective world of action, which includes all the things that man deals with in everyday action; 3) a world given to perception; 4) the spiritual and historical world of culture; 5) the world precedes science (pre-science), which is in opposition to objectivism, especially modern objectivism, which is associated with the development of the natural sciences; 6) one of the ways to enter the transcendental realm. This article deals with the relations of the life-world with science, culture, and the transcendental realm.

Spiritual Guardianship is one of the highest levels of Guardianship in the issue of the Imamat which is realized by Devine permission through spiritual dominance of Imam over people. Spiritual Guardianship is a kind of spiritual authority and dominancethat is obtained by divine permission for Imamthrough passing of the path of thraldom and reaching the proximity of Allah. In view of Allameh Tabatabai, Guardianship is different other than Prophecy, Caliphate, recommended successor (executer/Vasi) or Imamate which it means religious authority and political leadership.In addition to the appearance of life, human being possesses an inward and spiritual life and he needs special guidance and specific instructions from Imams to reach to the highest status. Allameh Tabatabai believes that Imamate status is superior to Prophecy andsome particular prophets and special people can obtain the competency of being Imam after passing of different phases and hard tests of competence. Imam guides people with inward guidance by divine permission and he leads well-prepared human beings to real and divine ideal and divine destination by possession of his guardianship.Allameh is called this guidance ascommand guidance.Thisresearch is a descriptive and library study that it seeks to explore the different aspects of inward guidance and Imam’s spiritual Guardianship Allameh Tabatabai particularly in his book, Tafsir al-Mizan by analyzing of the text.

Background: Nowadays, new methods are emerging each month for a better operation with fewer complications. Laparoscopic surgery have remarkable advantages, Compared to open, such as smaller incision, less manipulation of the digestive system, less postoperative pain, fewer wound complication and faster discharge from the hospital. Therefore it is preferred by patients and surgeons and is replacing the traditional open surgical methods. However, any operation causes significant panic for patients and lack of knowledge about the surgical method is found to cause poor surgical outcomes, such as recovery time after the surgery we evaluated the effect of preoperative education on the recovery time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy candidates. Methods: This randomized clinical control trial was performed at Imam Khomeini and Alborz Hospitals in Karaj from February 2010 till January 2011. Using randomized sampling method, 100 female candidates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were divided into two equal groups of case and control. The case group received detailed information about operating room’s condition, surgical equipment, anesthesia method, advantages and disadvantages of laparoscopic procedures, and patient’s role in self-care at recovery, whilst the control group received no education before the surgery. The two groups were compared regarding recovery time based on Aldrete modified checklist and mean time to reach the Aldrete consciousness score of 9 and the incidence of nausea was assessed among them. Results: The analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the mean time to reach Aldrete consciousness modified checklist score of 9 between the case and control group (18.04±3.87 vs. 29.66±5.44, respectively, P

To investigate and identify the helminthes parasites in the digestive tract of the catfish in Aras Dam in the spring of 2011, 50 catfish were caught measuring 0.5 to 4.5 kg and 50 to 120 cm from this dam. Their Gastrointestinal tracts were then removed and placed in plastic containers containing 10% formalin and transferred to Fisheries Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz. The helminthes parasites were isolated, stained and identified and their species were determined. During this survey of 50 catfish caught from Aras Dam, 145 Proteocephalus osculatus and 88 Siluritaenia silurus parasites was isolated and identified. The infection rate of these two parasites of catfish was 100%. This is the first report of these two parasites of catfish from Aras Dam.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Learning is a process that is related to several interactive factors and variables. The most important factors includes: readiness, motivation and teaching method. Active participation of students is one of the most effective factors in motivating and increasing the learning level. The present study was conducted to compare the effects of two different teaching methods (traditional versus a new method based on active participation of the students) on the learning level of the surgical technology students in one of their specific courses. The study was performed at the Paramedical Faculty of Alborz University of Medical Sciences in 1390. METHODS: In this semi-experimental study, 25 second semester surgical technologist students were participated. The contents of the book (10 chapters) were divided into two parts. For the first 5 chapters, teaching and designing of questions for the final exam were done by the lecturer (group A), however the students cooperatively participated in teaching of other chapters and designed a number of questions, some of them were (randomly) selected for the final exam (group B). Students’ scores in both groups were analyzed using Paired-Samples T test. FINDINGS: The students, mean scores in the questions designed by themselves (group B) and by lecturer (group A) were 18.44±1.47 and 16.24±1.71, respectively. The difference is statistically important (p

Background: The aim of this study was to compare operating time and short-term complications of laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal hernia repair during reperitonealization in Trendelenburg versus reverse-Trendelenburg positions.Methods : Thirty-nine patients with inguinal hernia were enrolled in this clinical trial. Study was done in Milad and Rasoul Akram hospitals in Tehran, Iran, during 2008-2010. The patients neither were pregnant nor did they have any signs of peritonitis, strangulation, perforation or infection. Moreover, they had a Body Mass Index (BMI) below 35 kg/m2 and were physically fit for general anesthesia. The participants were divided into two groups by block randomization. The first (20) and the second (19) groups of patients underwent laparoscopic herniorrhaphy in Trendelenburg and reverse-Trendelenburg positions. Respectively all the operations were performed by one surgeon. The patients were visited one day and one week after the surgery.Results : Most frequent complications were rupture in peritoneal repair in 9 patients (23%), skin site bleeding in one patient (2.6%), and peritoneal tension in 33 patients (84.6%) patients. Duration of surgery and peritoneal repair took a significantly longer time in Trendelenburg versus the reverse-Trendelenburg position. There were no differences in duration for returning to work or resumption of daily activities between the two groups. Pain in the first day following surgery was statistically more severe in the Trendelenburg group.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that reverse-Trendelenburg position took less time for herniorrhaphy and peritoneal repair than Trendelenburg position, although the complications were the same.

Background: Liver cirrhosis was one of the most important liver diseases. Other chronic liver diseases could be lead to liver cirrhosis. Liver cirrhosis could be lead one kind of liver cancers named hepatocellular carcinoma. Cirrhosis in the early stages just by laboratory and imaging testes could be diagnosed. In this study cirrhotic patients were classified based on laboratory symptoms. For this purpose data mining approach has been used in this research. Data mining was an interdisciplinary science that discovers the hidden knowledge in the data. Materials and Methods: We used K-Means algorithm to categorize the statues of cirrhotic patients. In order to determine the quality of clustering results and to find the best number of clusters, we have used silhouette indices. Results: Our data consists of 410 records which have been collected from Dr. Shariati hospital The number of features in this study are .1 items and sampling were divided into two main groups. Conclusion: At first, we have done clustering based on 21 attributes and the average silhouette was 41 percent. We improved the model, in order to reach a reasonable structure. Finally, based on 7 attributes, a reasonable clustering model was derived. The new model provides 64 percent average silhouette, and based on patients' status, patients are divided into 2 main categories. The risk of HCC in the first cluster is 23 percent and in the second cluster is 14 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nowadays, new methods are emerging each month for a better operation with fewer complications. Laparoscopic surgery have remarkable advantages, Compared to open, such as smaller incision, less manipulation of the digestive system, less postoperative pain, fewer wound complication and faster discharge from the hospital. Therefore it is preferred by patients and surgeons and is replacing the traditional open surgical methods. However, any operation causes significant panic for patients and lack of knowledge about the surgical method is found to cause poor surgical outcomes, such as recovery time after the surgery we evaluated the effect of preoperative education on the recovery time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy candidates. Methods: This randomized clinical control trial was performed at Imam Khomeini and Alborz Hospitals in Karaj from February 2010 till January 2011. Using randomized sampling method, 100 female candidates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were divided into two equal groups of case and control. The case group received detailed information about operating room's condition, surgical equipment, anesthesia method, advantages and disadvantages of laparoscopic procedures, and patient's role in self-care at recovery, whilst the control group received no education before the surgery. The two groups were compared regarding recovery time based on Aldrete modified checklist and mean time to reach the Aldrete consciousness score of 9 and the incidence of nausea was assessed among them. Results: The analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the mean time to reach Aldrete consciousness modified checklist score of 9 between the case and control group (18.04±3.87 vs. 29.66±5.44, respectively, P<0.001), therefore the case group had shorter recovery time than the control group. 10 of the case group (20%) and 3 of the control group (6%) had nausea after recovery (P=0.037, OR=0.255 (CI 95%: 0.066-0.992)). Conclusion: Preoperative education of patients can significantly decrease the recovery time after laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to include the preoperative education in routine care of laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients for better surgical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]