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Attention to architecture in the thought of Akhwan al-Safa is based on the recognition of the place of geometry and numbers in their intellectual system. Akhwan al-Safa believes that geometry and numbers have priority over all other sciences. Their approach to geometry and architecture is such that it gives an identity of It is considered to be the accessories of their thought, therefore it is placed in the opposite point of modern and postmodern architecture, which, relying on the foundations of positivist philosophy, create works whose identity is obvious. propose that it displays the function of inducing pure mystical concepts such as the annihilation of multitudes in unity, and in the form of a symbolic language, conveys high Islamic concepts, some geometric shapes and some numbers in the intellectual system of the Brotherhood have a special value and property The forms do not have this characteristic, in the upcoming research, the criteria of Islamic architecture will be examined first, and then the Brotherhood's thought will be investigated and a correlation between the Brotherhood's thought and Islamic architecture will be made, in this research, with the descriptive and analytical method of library sources, The works of Akhwan al-Safa will be examined and the research questions will be answered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Those squares of Hamedan city that are studied in this research are, in fact, historical sites that, as a result of urban developments, are located inside urban squares today. Nevertheless, they still retain their function as a social base for citizens. Although the middle island of these squares is now surrounded by cars, people are even more likely to use them. The present study seeks to explain the relationship between the green centers of old neighborhoods (Chaman) and contemporary park squares as two types of symbolic green places in Hamedan with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The main questions are, what are the similarities in the causes of the durability of symbolic green spaces of the city of Hamadan (Chaman and park square) and also the reasons for their high presence in the same traffic hazards? and what factors in each of the physical, functional, and semantic aspects have a greater impact on the durability of the place in comparison with Chaman and park-square?. In this regard, with the technique of gap analysis with the help of a structured questionnaire, four contemporary park-squares with four samples of old Chamans in Hamedan have been comparatively evaluated in terms of durability factors. Gate Technique was used to quantify pedestrian traffic in the study samples Independent two-sample T-test was used in SPSS22 software to analyze the questionnaire data, and Excel software was used to sort the data before entering SPSS. The results show that semantic factors, including the importance and validity, and uniqueness, reduce the gap between the factors of presence and durability of these two species of symbolic green places. In contrast, factors of shape, including visual landscape, natural elements and confinement, independence, and the activity factor of safety and sound comfort, have increased the gap between these two types of symbolic social centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims & Backgrounds: Iranian historic bazaars are the dynamic hotspots of the cities that have a vital role in shaping a sense of place attachment. Among these, Tabriz Historic Bazaar with its unique characteristics is very important. The present study aims at determining the place identity components and their effects on the place attachment among business owners at Tabriz Historic Bazaar. Methodology: The present correlational study was conducted among business owners at Tabriz Historic Bazaar in 2018 and 374 people were selected randomly for the research. For data collection, questionnaire with 36 components in 6 dimensions were used. Data analysis was carried out using Spearman Correlation and Multiple Regression tests. Findings: Results demonstrated that the coefficient of the most important place identity components with place attachment was significant at p

Migration, with whatever intention and goal, is a process which requires certain steps, one important of which is the adaptation to the destination environment and community. In the adaptation process, immigrants' behavioral patterns change, and some main aspects of their personal identity are affected. Explaining the extent and type of immigrants' adaptation to the conditions of the new environment can be effective in clarifying many phenomena related to the migration. With this in mind, the paper investigates the effect of different dimensions of adaptation on place identity using a sample of 385 immigrants from other urban and rural settlements living in Isfahan and examines the moderating role of some variables. The analysis of the data was carried out using various statistical tests, applying SPSS software and process extension. The results of one-sample t-test showed that the mean value of three variables of immigrants' adaptation including psychological, social and environmental adaptation was above average level (p-value < 0.001). The results of regression analysis showed that adaptation would positively and significantly influence place identity, in such a way that 52 percent of the variance of immigrants' place identity would be explained by psychological, environmental and social adaptation. Based on the findings, the variables of education and length of residence play a moderating role regarding the relationship between environmental adaptation and immigrants' place identity. However, the moderating role of the variables of gender, age and provincial origin of migration in the relationship between different dimensions of adaptation and spatial identity of migrants was not confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, consumer emotional arousal has become very popular among marketers. It is widely accepted that people’s old memories can serve as an excellent tool to sell products to them. Marketing experts have always tried to tie their products into memories of the simple and calm days of people. The places and their advertisements for attracting visitors are not exceptions. The importance of creating and maintaining a distinctive atmosphere has gained increasing attention among researchers and tourism managers and it is considered as a key factor in attracting and satisfying customers as well as increasing financial performance by maximizing revenue and market share in the tourism industry. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of perceived nostalgia on attachment to place. In terms of the purposes this is an applied research and in terms of the methodology, this is descriptive –survey. The questionnaire was used to collect data from which 302 clients from the "Sini Por" traditional restaurant were investigated and examined. Using the Structural Equation Modelling and Smart PLS software, the data collected from the sample has been analyzed. The results indicated that the relationship between attachment to place and perceived nostalgia is significant.

Since, tourism is essentially a place-based phenomenon, it is assumed that the place identity influences the attitude and support for tourism development. This study aims to examine the influence of place identity on residents' attitudes toward tourism impacts and support of tourism development in Tourism Region of Kamardugh. A self-administered questionnaire was designed to measure Kamardugh residents' place identity as well as their attitudes and support for tourism development. The study population consisted of residents of Kamardugh tourism region which 220 individuals were selected according to Krejcie and Morgan tables. The Random sampling technique was employed to collect data. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by expert. The reliability of the main scales of the questionnaires was examined by Cronbach Alpha coefficients, which ranged from 0.72 to 0.85. The present study finds a positive significant relationship between support of tourism development with distinctiveness, self-esteem, self-efficacy, attitude toward positive impacts of tourism. Variable of attitude toward negative impacts of tourism had significant negative relationship with support for tourism. Regression showed that self-efficacy, self-esteem and continuity are significant predictors of attitude toward positive impacts of tourism. These variables predicted 58% of the variance in attitude toward positive impacts. Distinctiveness, continuity and self-esteem have significant effect on attitude toward negative impacts of tourism. These variables predicted only 0.07 % of the attitudes toward negative impacts. Moreover, the Regression showed that place-based distinctiveness, self-esteem and attitudes toward negative and positive impacts of tourism affect residents’ support for tourism. These variables, explained 56% of the changes in the amount of support for tourism development.

Trash bins are elements of urban furniture which not only have a functional role, but also effect on the environment beauty and its identification. Now a day, due to the different methods of waste disposal and recycling, waste separation in the production place is another function of trash bins. A huge amount of waste produced today can be recycled and returned to the consumption cycle. In Iran, a high percentage of these products are disposed of in other ways due to the lack of separation of various materials in the wastes. Considering the environmental graphic in design and implementation of urban trash bins, while respecting the characteristics of urban furniture, they also can help beautification and separation of waste from the production site. Present research was conducted using desk and field research methods, and some pictures of trash bins in various waste recycle stations of Shiraz were randomly collected and analyzed with descriptive and analytical methods. Results indicate that environmental graphic, as an important factor in urban legibility, design of pictograms, signs and trash bins with special colors and designs, can be effective in educating and encouraging citizens to collect and separate waste from source; and it can have a significant impact on the identity and beauty of city with respect to characteristics of urban furniture in the design and implementation of recycle bins.

Places form part of people's identity. But today, urban places, including neighborhoods – affected by urbanism and urbanization- have lost their meaning, resulting in the weakening of today-citizens’ place identity. However, some old neighborhoods -as Identity-maker elements- may still maintain and enhance citizens’ place-identity, and due to this important role, this calls for double attention. Regarding the importance of this subject, the aim of this research is to analyze the place identity level, and its affecting factors, in one of the oldest neighborhoods in Sabzevar, named Kolah Farangi Neighborhood .This is a survey research, the required data of which, have been collected by questionnaire with simple random sampling, then analyzed using onesample T-test and Pearson correlation and Lambda correlation. In the paper, place-identity has been evaluated with five components, including external evaluation, familiarity, pastcontinuity, place commitment and attachment. Results show that, except of the external evaluation component, other components of place-identity are at the appropriate level and despite the changes that have taken place in the physical context of the Kolah Farangi neighborhood, the neighborhood still has a high level of identity for its inhabitants. Also, the length of residence in a neighborhood, housing ownership status, social interactions and the sense of security, affect the place-identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identity is an index of superior quality that appears the nature of a phenomenon. It is obvious that a subject, in the ratio of its needs and desires, determines the objectivity of a phenomenon. Place identity is a kind of human epistemology about surrounded environmental patterns. It has helped him/her to choose suitable place as habitant during the history. Thus, with evolution of his/her experiences has been selected the best suitable places. Place identity, indeed, is a part of substructures of individual identity of human being, and it is also, as the result of general knowledge of men about the physical world that he/she live in it. Geosystems present patterns according to spatial components relationship. Therefore, they could act as a guide for human activities. In this study, we used geography phenomenological approach and geosystem analysis to understand the nature of genesis and historical evolution of place, as bases of social and historical identity. Therefore, perception subjectivity of place has replaced with objectivity perception of the same place. For the purpose of accessing to the goal, we have defined identity, place identity, geosystems and their general characters. Then, on the base of these definitions, we have studied place identity according to geosystems approach to recognize them for description civil and social identity. Understanding the nature of place in the context of geomorphic systems for land use planning, especially habitants are the final goal of the research. Research results shows that every place, in geosystem approach, has a unique identity that it's structure and function perception can determine land use planning. Therefore, every place has a spatial legislations, and capability. Following the legislations and capability is caused sustainability development.

Urban public spaces are the context of creation the urban public life. In these spaces the face to face relations, political demonstrations, ceremonies and festivals can be held. Also through these social interactions some aspects of cultural and historical heritage of society can be transferred. Transmission of space to place and place making is one of the main goals of urban public spaces design. There are different and effective factors which are responsible for the transmission of space to place and place making. One of them is the ability of places to create the memories. Social relationships and human interactions give this ability to a space and connect it with their past and future experiences; therefore through this circumstance an especial phenomenon will create which is called collective memory. These collective memories, during the time, will remain in the citizens' minds and will be converted as a part of common social identity. In spite of effective role of collective memory in quality improvement of urban places and richness of urban public spaces experiences in historic cities of Iran, there is no organized research in this subject. The main purpose of this article is defining the effective factors of formation and transmission of collective memories in public spaces through scrutinizing and analyzing the concept of collective memory in three public spaces as a case study. It should be considered that these urban spaces have different identities. In this process according to the propinquity between the meaning of place and collective memory, the main research method of this paper is to define the theoretical framework as an analytical description on the basis of phenomenology of place framework .Also the results of the theoretical framework is presented in the shape of arranged table as a model for assessing effective factors on collective memory. Also the questionnaires have been written according to that table. Tajrish Square, Baharestan Square and City Theater Plaza have considered as case studies for the context analyze method through questionnaires and observation. People who have taken part in this research as a statistic group are 50 in two types of male and female in equal ratio for each place. Moreover they contain different age groups and have been chosen from various groups of spaces' users such as traders, district dwellers and public users. Statistical analysis of the result of questionnaires will define the scale of the effective factors which play main roles in making collective memory in each specific urban space. The results of this research can be argued regarding to 2 points: first, identification of the main factors as physical setting of place, meaning of place, activity and events of place are key attributes of creating collective memory. Second, identification about the importance rate of each attributes in designing will help to renovate spaces to prepare an appropriate context to create the permanent urban public life and remain that in collective mind of city dwellers. According to the tables and presented analysis of case studies, it can be discussed that the existence of three factors such as physical context, activity and events of place, and identity and meaning of place are the key attributes in creating the collective memories which can convert the places to important aspect of the national culture. In Tajrish square case study, the existence of three attributes (physical context, activity and meaning of place) is the main factor of creating the memory but in Baharestan square we can observe the existence of just two attributes (activity and meaning of place). Compared to Tajrish and Baharestan square the Plaza City Theater has less choices to absorb the users and the main factor which is effective in creating collective memory is the activity and the events of place because the group of people who come and visit that place is mostly limited to students. The result of surveys and statistical analysis show that activities and events of a place as the common attributes have had more effects in creating collective memory in each place. Therefore it is clear that the difference in factors which shape these key attributes, has led to distinctiveness between collective memories of urban public spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Place attachment is an intersection point between physical, activity, and subjective components in space and it changes the space to the place by specific sensory and behavioral characteristics of people. Urban squares with different semantic, functional and physical dimensions perform an important role in improving the quality of urban spaces. It should be taken into consideration that effective attachment factors in urban squares can play a great role in the desirability of contemporary squares. Due to the importance of attachment to the place for enhancing the quality of the environment, the present research has assessed the role of place attachment in creating desirable urban squares. To the same effect, urban designers with proper understanding of the changes in urban fabrics must take "place attachment dimensions" into account when drawing urban plans. This article is based on research findings about place attachment test in relation to one of the important squares in central Hamedan named Avicenna square. A Persian architectural monument that includes Avicenna's tomb, Bu-Ali Museum and its periphery landscape areas have made Avicenna square a suitable space that attracts people. This square is mostly characterized by a series of social events, the people of Hamedan, the native culture, the memories of previous experiences, the history of the place and its physical organization. The present research uses analytical and deductive approach. At first, it deals with the concept of place attachment and its relation with place identity. Afterwards and based on conceptual framework, it describes place attachment dimensions. In this regard, place attachment indicators have been extracted and then a case study has been carried out using various surveying methods, observation and statistical analysis. To secure an efficient mechanism for collection of data, 200 questionnaires with 20 variety questions in each were designed. With the statistical methods, the level of each variable was determined by their components. The research outputs in Avicenna's tomb square proved that attachment indicators which were assessed in this square are in the top levels. Accordingly, it was proved that the square identity and the related people imagination of this structure have been influenced by it. On this basis, attachment to Avicenna's tomb square is derived from experiences, behaviors, feeling and social organization of people. The respondents indicated numerous factors involved in the place attachment feeling. They included feelings and emotions towards the square, sense of honor and pride and sense of belonging. The levels of these factors in place attachment had a direct relation to the period of stay and visiting the place. It can be said about the functional and spatial factors of Avicenna square that citizens and visitors, have imagined square as a meaningful and enjoyable place where they had a sense of security and calm. These accordingly had a great impact on creating satisfaction between citizens. Furthermore, with regards to the semantic factors of Avicenna's tomb square factors such as present signs, symbols, as well as its social and cultural structures play an important role in improving the level of attachment to this square. This paper has argued that there is a direct relationship between place attachment and place identity. Therefore, among the main factors of attachment to Avicenna's square; Avicenna's tomb with its artistic architecture in the center of square, convenient access to the square, suitable environment elements such as trees and green spaces, commercial and daily spaces around the square, perfect location of the square in the center of the city, appropriate objective and subjective views of the square are more important than others. Thus, it can be concluded that the physical structure and certain activities associated with the structure influence people's imagination of place. Creating emotional and social concepts have contributed to identity and place continuity, while the social and cultural relations, people's historical memory and their personal experiences have contributed to enhancing emotional attachment to the place. By generalizing the results of this research in relation to emotional components and its role in urban squares, it can be said that for a place attachment to exist, it is necessary for the public to have a sense of comfort and calmness as well as individual and collective memories. It can also be said about the functional characteristics in squares and their impacts on improving attachments to urban squares that their present activities and their physiological, vital and economic requirements are the main factors in developing attachment to the place. Also with regards to the semantic attachment, the results were argued that occurrence of semantics and concepts in the urban squares depend on personal and collective experiences of people. This point strongly have been influenced by frequent visits to the square, checking people's social interaction with each other, evaluating the sense of pride to the place (place identity), examining the position of the square and its spatial and architectural features. Results of this research can provide appropriate strategy for an ideal square designing in contemporary cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a wide variety of landscapes that represent different regions of the world. One type which consists of natural and man-made landscapes recounts a long and friendly relationship between humans and the natural surrounding environment. Perhaps, it could be said that in the whole process of civilization formation, human development and activities were the dominant side and the generated landscape was more cultural than natural. To understand the relationship between culture and nature, it is necessary to identify landscape patterns. Natural landscape is a place on which no human interference can be seen. Where human being starts to interfere and manipulate for securing its nature, cultural landscape emerges. In general, culture scale causes a tendency for getting into places, with the difference that it aims at preserving the natural elements. Cultural perspective is a natural landscape shaped by human. It can vary from extensive historical and urban areas to a small farm. This type of landscape expresses visual visage, man-made space and the governing relationship, artwork, texts, stories, verbal culture, and the effects of indigenous identity in a regional platform with which it is related. The cultural landscape is a geographical landscape in which culture and nature combine in touch with historical events, human activities, and performance of ritual rites based on the old beliefs of the locals of a region which has aesthetical values. In certain art societies and from the viewpoint of theoreticians, the concept of cultural landscape is a contained surface same as a plan or text in which the social and cultural concepts are taken into consideration in a society which holds interaction between human activities and natural habitat. In a larger sense, the entire surface is occupied by interaction techniques, beliefs, rituals, concepts and traditions of the people in a cultural perspective. Pir-e Morad shrine yard accompanied by the surrounding nature of Baneh city is a historical example of cultural landscape. The geographical characteristics of this landscape and its close connection with nature on the one hand, and being in the margin of the city on the other, have made it a milestone in the locals' life from religious and recreational point of view. As the beating heart of the religious-recreational complex, Pir-eMorad Shrine is the converging point of nature and modern urban landscape. In comparison to other shrines in Baneh City, Pir-e Morad has a special potential in terms of its yard limits, which is the product of its history. This has generated symbols which are both concrete (Pir-eMorad springs, old sycamore tree, etc.) and abstract (culture, history, etc.) The particular identity of this old cultural-religious center of Baneh City was not the basis of its spatial organization. Preservation of the identity, history, culture and religious characteristics of Pir-e Morad is a must for survival of its perspectives and landscape. The main objective of the present paper is to study the principles and concepts of cultural and natural landscape reflected in Iran's natural perspective with different ritual thoughts in pre-Islamic and Islamic periods. This paper studies Pir-e Morad shrine and its cultural-ritual practices and emphasizes this fact that the legacy of this cultural landscape has its origins in the ritual thoughts of this land. The connection with nature fulfills the physical and spiritual needs of visitors, and insures their stability and survival with the passage of time and their rising to prominence as a unified entity. A better understanding of these structures can help us in organizing cultural perspectives and harmonizing them with the global systems in order to make the most out of these natural-cultural sites [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]