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In the present study, the relative abundance and species diversity indices of family Tachinidae were evaluated based on continuous and regular sampling using Malaise traps in seven regions of Mazandaran province during 2011. A total of 280 specimens belonging to 48 species, 38 genera and 4 subfamilies of this family were collected and identified. Species of subfamily Tachininae are the most abundant in the studied areas, followed by Phasiinae. Subfamilies Exoristinae with 16 species and 15 genera and Tachininae with 14 species and 12 genera had the highest number of species and genera in this study. Among the 48 species collected in Mazandaran province, 26 species were single samples. Biodiversity indices showed a significantly difference between studied areas of Mazandran province (P≤ 0.05) based on Simpson and Shannon & Wiener diversity indices. Ghaznasera the elevated area with diverse vegetation, had the highest values of species richness and species diversity indices among the studied areas, followed by Tanghevaz region (forest vegetation). The lowest values of these indices and highest value of Pielou-J evenness, belonged to Jorband, including areas near the sea and rice fields. Also, a positive correlation between biodiversity indices and altitude of studied areas was observed.

Introduction: All plants in natural ecosystems seem to symbiose with fungal endophytes. This highly diverse group of fungi can have profound effects on plant communities by helping to tolerate abiotic and biological stresses, increasing biomass, and reducing water consumption or changing resource allocation.Materials and Methods: In this study, the spatio-temporal biodiversity of fungal endophytes of Fusarium sp. and Thielavia sp. isolated from six species of halophyte plants was examined. The spatio-temporal biodiversity of these two fungal endophytes in different tissues of halophyte plant species was assessed by PAST software using Simpson, Shannon, and Margalf richness indices. The ITS-specific primer was used for the molecular identification of fungi.Results: The results of the study showed that the highest frequency was related to the fungal endophyte Thielavia sp. 21.75% in the stem. Examination of the Simpson, Shannon, and Margalf richness indices showed that the highest fungal endophyte diversity for these indices were 0.498, 0.691, and 0.445 in the stem of Bienertia cycloptera, respectively. Also, the results of the Simpson and Shannon diversity index showed that the highest fungal endophyte diversity of 0.500 and 0.693 was observed in the plant species of Abu Musa Island, and for the Margalf richness index, the highest fungal endophytic diversity of 0.455 was observed in Sirik port.Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this study showed the high spatio-temporal diversity of the two fungal endophyte species in the six saline plant species studied. Based on this information, it can be concluded that the supply of endophytes from geographical areas in which plant species are highly diverse, can be effective in the success of the plant colonization program.

Introduction: All plants in natural ecosystems seem to symbiose with fungal endophytes . This highly diverse group of fungi can have profound effects on plant communities by helping to tolerate abiotic and biological stresses, increasing biomass, and reducing water consumption or changing resource allocation. Materials and Methods: In this study, the spatio-temporal biodiversity of fungal endophytes of Fusarium sp. and Thielavia sp. isolated from six species of halophyte plants was examined . The spatio-temporal biodiversity of these two fungal endophytes in different tissues of halophyte plant species was assessed by PAST software using Simpson, Shannon, and Margalf richness indices. The ITS-specific primer was used for the molecular identification of fungi. Results: The results of the study showed that the highest frequency was related to the fungal endophyte Thielavia sp. 21.75% in the stem. Examination of the Simpson, Shannon, and Margalf richness indices showed that the highest fungal endophyte diversity for these indices were 0.498, 0.691, and 0.445 in the stem of Bienertia cycloptera, respectively. Also, the results of the Simpson and Shannon diversity index showed that the highest fungal endophyte diversity of 0.500 and 0.693 was observed in the plant species of Abu Musa Island, and for the Margalf richness index, the highest fungal endophytic diversity of 0.455 was observed in Sirik port. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this study showed the high spatio-temporal diversity of the two fungal endophyte species in the six saline plant species studied . Based on this information, it can be concluded that the supply of endophytes from geographical areas in which plant species are highly diverse, can be effective in the success of the plant colonization program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species diversity means the number of existing species and their abundance in a geographical area, which increases with the number of existing species. Tachinidae is the second family of Diptera in terms of diversity, with about 8500 valid species worldwide, and nearly 1,600 in the Palaearctic region. This family is ecologically and economically important due to their parasitoid lifestyle on other insects. Tachinids attack a wide range of arthropod hosts. In the present study, the relative abundance and biodiversity indices of these flies were investigated based on continuous and regular sampling using Malaise traps in 7 sites of Gilan province during 2010. A total of 249 specimens belonging to 57 species, 45 genera and 4 subfamilies of this family were collected and identified. Species of the subfamily Exoristinae are most abundant in the study areas, followed by Tachininae. Biodiversity indices showed a significantly difference between studied areas of Gilan province (P≤ 0.05) based on Menhinick and Margalef richness indices, Shannon & Wiener diversity index and Simpson evenness. Orkom region with the predominant cover of deciduous trees and hazelnut orchards has the highest values of richness and diversity indices among the studied areas and the lowest values of these indices belong to the region Ashman Kamachal, which covered with rice fields. A positive correlation between biodiversity indices and altitude of studied areas was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]