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Introduction: Lichens are symbiotic associations of a fungus with green alga or cyanobacteria. Their secondary metabolites are produced by the mycobiont, and accumulate as extracellular tiny crystals on the outer surfaces of the hyphae. Th metabolites have unique biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, anti-proliferative, anti- tumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. Materials and methods: Protoparmeliopsis muralis was collected from KaneGonbad mountains in Ilam province and identified by using chemical tests and survey of the anatomical characters. Then TLC and HPLC were carried. The excision wound (5cm long and 2mm deep) was created on skin. Then wounds were infected with Staphylococcus aureus by sterile swab. Rats were randomly placed into three groups: 1- control group, 2- treated group with 5 percent ointment of methanolic extract of P. muralis, and 3- treated group with 10 percent ointment of the extract. Finally an amount of wound healing were measured on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. Results: By using Thin layers Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography, the existence of psoromic acid, usnic acid, zeorin and fumarprotocetraric acids were confirmed. The result of the present study demonstrated that methanolic extract P. muralis considerably decreased the area of wound in the treatment group to the control group. Discussion and conclusion: Usnic acid is the major compound in the thallus, it seems that this substance is responsible for special anti-microbial effects and wound healing of this species. Methanolic extract of P. muralis accelerates S. aureus infected wound healing process and decreases the necessary duration of complete wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), a dangerous consequence of Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The early detection for infections of Staphylococcus aureus in burned children is very important, also the prevention for consequences of TSST-1. Fever is one of the most noticeable sign in burned children. On the other hand, fever is one of the important consequences of TSST-1 production. This study aimed to assess the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 level in the wound's specimens of two groups febrile and afebrile in the hospitalized burned children in Motahari hospital Tehran, Iran in the year 2013. Methods: In this case-control study, 90 children who admitted to the burn unit, divided in two groups of 45 patients: febrile (cases group) and afebrile (control group). All of burned children under went wound biopsy, and then all of wound's specimens were tested by PCR for specific primer of toxin producing genome. Finally all of data collected and statistically analyzed. This data include group febrile and afebrile, demographic characteristics, percentage of burned surface severity and result of PCR. Results: The positive result for PCR test, production of TSST-1 in febrile burned children (cases group) was 37.7% and in afebrile burned children (control group) was 11.1% that this different was statistically significant (P=0.003). The mean and standard deviation for percentage of burned surface (severity) in samples with positive result for PCR test was 30.9±16.93 and in samples with negative result for PCR test was 20.09±11.02 that this different was statistically significant (P=0.01). There was no difference between positive PCR result and negative PCR result of age and sex. Conclusion: Direct association was approved between the production of TSST-1 and the occurrence of fever in burned children. Increased surface severity of burns also related to the production of TSST-1. Further research is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasing frequency of Staphylococcus aureus infections and changes in antimicrobial resistance pattern have led to renewed interest in the use of lincosamide- streptogramin B (MLSB) antibiotics for treatment of infections. Since no study has focused on the molecular epidemiology of community -acquired staphylococcus aureus isolates in Iran, the aim of this study was to determine the molecular typing and prevalence of the macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramins B (MLSB) resistance in community associated s.aureus isolated from healthy students at Arak university of Medical sciences. Material and Methods: 568 healthy students from Arak university of Medical sciences were subjected to this study. All samples were subjected to S. aureus-specific isolation procedures. D test was performed to determine various phenotypes as well as spa typing done for molecular typing of these strains. Results: Of 568 the 84 community acquired Staphylococcus aureus, six (7%) were Methiclicin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and 78(93%) were Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (CAMSSA) of the 84 s.aureus strains, eight (9.5%) showed constitutive resistance with spa type t660, t701, t304, t5598, t012, t3204, t084 and t1944. Two strains (2.5%) demonstrated inducible resistance with spa type t9024, t077, two strains (2.5%) were D test negative with spa type t084 and t1149. 72(85.5%) strains. Illustrated susceptible Phenotype. Among CA-MRSA isolates, two strains had constitutive resistance and four remaining CA-MRSA had susceptible phenotype Conclusion: The result of this study indicates that in community associated s.aureus strains, constitutive MLSB resistance rate is higher than the rate of inducible resistance. Presence of inducible resistance to clindamycin in CA-MRSA strains, warrants that D test should be performed to detect this type of resistance. All isolates with inducible and constitutive resistance and D zone negative strains had different molecular typings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Staphylococcus aureus infection pervasively occurs in communities and hospitals and observing related guidelines is essential in preventing development of antibiotic resistance in Hospitals. In this study we tried to determine the prevalence of Methicillin and vancomycine resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA & VRSA) and find the most suitable diagnostic tool and treatment in affected patients. Methods: This study was performed on hospitalized patients in Sina Hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2009-2010. Eighty-five staphylococcus aureus samples were evaluated for resistance to oxacillin and vancomycine by both disc diffusion and E-test methods. Results: The study population included 46 male and 39 female patients. The mean age of the participants was 51.46±19.21 years. The MRSA frequency was 50%. 67 (78.8%) patients had hospital-acquired staphylococcus infection. The rate of hospital-acquired MRSA was 93%. Length of hospital stay, undergoing invasive methods, history of antibiotic use three months prior to hospitalization and its kind were recognized as MRSA risk factors. There were no reports of VRSA except one case of vancomycineintermediate S. aureus (VISA). The results of disk effusion and E-test methods were consistent. Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of methicillin resistance in hospital-acquired infections, it seems that oxacillin should not be used as the first-line option for empiric therapy against S. aureus till antibiogram results are available. Disc diffusion can also be reliably used instead of the more expensive E-test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne pathogen throughout the world. Enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 are important virulence factors and as pyrogenic toxin superantigens have profound effects on the ir host. Thus circulation of TSST1 producing S.aureus among people and food chain is a worrying issue. The present paper was conducted to study Prevalence of tst, entC, entA and entA/C genes in staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different foods. Methods: Over 1040 food samples have been analyzed differentially according to Iran national standard (number= 1194) for S.aureus identification. After DNA extraction, PCR reactions were carried out by reference strain as positive control, adequate primers. Results: At present study, prevalence of foodstuffs contaminated by S.aureus isolates was about 9.5% (100 strains). Of 25% of isolates producing entC, 28% (seven strains) had tst gene at the same time and of 8% of isolates producing entA, 12.5% (one strain) were positive for tst genes simultaneously. Altogether of 9% isolates producing combination of entC and entA, 44.4% (four strains) were also producer of tst gene. Conclusion: Prevalence of TSST1 producing strains in combination with enterotoxin genes is considerable especially with entC and A plus C. On the other hand, circulation of these isolates in humans, animals, foods and environment has hazardous effect for general public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]