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Introduction: Divorce and its unfavorable behavioral consequences have numerous undesirable effects on children. For this reason, investigating the psychological factors affecting these consequences is of great importance. Aim: The present research was conducted aiming to compare processing speed, selective attention, planning, and alexithymia between children of divorce and normal children. Method: The current research was a descriptive and causal-comparative study. The statistical population consisted of all 8-12-year-old female and male students in the 14th and 15th districts of the city of Tehran in the academic year of 2023-2024. Of this population, 80 people were selected as children of divorce and 80 people as normal children by the convenience method and purposefully. Connors’ Neuropsychology Inventory (2004) and Bagby et al.’s (1994) Alexithymia Scale were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test by SPSS version 24 software. Results: According to the t-test results, all research variables, including processing speed, selective attention, planning, and alexithymia, were significantly different in the two groups of children of divorce and normal children (P<0.05). Accordingly, in the variables of processing speed, selective attention, and planning, the mean score of normal children was higher than that of children of divorce, but in the components of alexithymia, including difficulty in identifying emotions, difficulty in describing emotions, and objective thinking, the mean score of children of divorce was higher than that of normal children. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that parents’ divorce is considered a factor for the occurrence of problems in children’s processing speed, selective attention, planning, and alexithymia, so paying attention to children of divorce is of great importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to investigate the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in enhancing academic achievement, cognitive flexibility, and selective attention in students with specific learning disabilities. This applied study employed a semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest, a quantitative research method, and an experimental and control group. The population included all elementary school pupils who were referred to learning disability centers in Zanjan during the academic year 2021-2022. A total of 40 participants (22 boys and 18 girls) were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (each group, 20 participants). The selection was conducted through convenience sampling. The control group was placed on a waiting list, while the experimental group received 12 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation interventions. The Stroop and Wisconsin Card Sorting Tests were employed to capture data, which were subsequently analyzed using SPSS24 and repeated measures analysis. The findings showed that after cognitive rehabilitation, the level of selective attention, cognitive flexibility, and academic achievement of the participants increased significantly. Selective attention, cognitive flexibility, and academic achievement were significantly different between the experimental and control groups in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up (P

Objective: The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of positive self-talk training on selective attention and processing efficiency among girl students. Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest control group design. Forty senior high school girls were selected from Yasouj, Iran in the academic year 2021-2022. The participants were selected by multistage cluster sampling. The experimental group received positive self-talk intervention training for eight sessions (90 minutes a session). The Stroop test and the Information Processing Index were used to assess selective attention and processing efficiency, respectively. The pre-test was conducted one week before the training and the post-test was conducted one week after the training. Results: The results of MANCOVA analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between experimental and control group in selective attention and processing efficiency during post-test. Selective attention and processing efficiency of the experimental group increased after self-talk training. Positive self-talk training was effective in improving the selective attention and processing efficiency in the experimental group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder is a common disorder in childhood, characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors. Aim: This study examines the effectiveness of balance training on static balance and selective attention in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Method: This research was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The population was all 6-year-old children with ADHD referred to the center for child counseling in Gorgan in 2021-2022. Thirty people were selected by convenience sampling method and assigned to the experimental and control groups. In order to collect data, The stork balance test and Stroop color and word test were used. The statistical analysis was carried out using analysis of covariance in SPSS-24. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the post-test mean of the experimental and control groups; This means that balance training can improve Static balance (p

مقدمه: رشد همه ابعاد وجودی کودک از حرکت سرچشمه میگیرد. فراهمسازهای محیطی به عنوان یک عامل تحریککننده برای استفاده بیشتر از فرصتها مطرح هستند و باعث گسترش تغییرات رشدی میشوند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر پویایی محیطی بر ویژگیهای شناختی و هیجانی کودکان بود. روش شناسی: تحقیق حاضر از نوع نیمه تجربی با طرح پیش و پس آزمون بود. جامعهی آماری آن کودکان 7-14 ساله تبریز بودند که 54 نفر با روش نمونهگیری هدفمند انتخاب و به دو گروه فعال در مدرسه طبیعت)فضای باز(و شرکت کننده در کلاس ورزش بدمینتون)فضای سرپوشیده(تقسیم شدند. در ابتدا هر دو گروه به عنوان پیش آزمون، آزمون بوناردل را برای سنجش توجه انتخابی و پرسشنامه لذت فعالیت بدنی کودکان را تکمیل کردند. بعد از دوره فعالیت در فضاهای نام برده از کودکان هر دو گروه پس آزمون گرفته شد. دادهها با استفاده از روش آماری 4 مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. / در سطح معناداری 42 spss تحلیل واریانس دو طرفه مرکب و نرم افزار 22 نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که فعالیت در مدرسه طبیعت، بر توجه انتخابی و لذت فعالیت بدنی تأثیر مثبت بیشتری نسبت به فعالیت در کلاس بدمینتون داشت، بطوریکه در گروه فعال در مدرسه طبیعت، 35 % از تغییرات توجه انتخابی و 95 % از تغییرات لذت فعالیت بدنی مربوط به فعالیت در این محیط بود، درحالیکه در گروه فعال در کلاس بدمینتون، 52 % از تغییرات توجه انتخابی و 51 % از تغییرات لذت فعالیت بدنی مربوط به فعالیت کودکان در کلاس بدمینتون شناسایی شد. نتیجهگیری: براساس نظریه بوم شناختی تاثیرات متفاوت دو محیط بر ویژگیهای شناختی و ذهنی را میتوان به شرایط فراهمسازی محیط نسبت داد. محیط طبیعی، محیطی غنی از محرکهاست که بر رشد تأثیر چشمگیری دارد. بنابراین بهتر است در دوران کودکی، برای کودکان تجربه بیشتری از بازی در فضای طبیعی فراهم کرد. Background & Purpose: The development of all aspects of a child's existence originates from movement. Environmental providers are emerging as a stimulating factor for greater use of opportunities and promoting developmental changes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of environmental dynamics on children's cognitive and emotional characteristics. Methodology: The present study was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of this study was 7-10-year-old children in Tabriz, 30 of whom were selected through a purposive sampling method and divided into two groups of active-in-nature school (outdoor) and active-in-Badminton sports classroom (indoor space). At first, both groups completed the Boyardee test to measure selective attention and the Physical Activity Enjoyment questionnaire as pre-tests. After the activity period in the mentioned spaces, a post-test was taken from the children of both groups. The data were analyzed using the two-way mixed ANOVA and SPSS22 software at a significant level of 0.05. Results: The results showed that the activity in the nature school had a more positive effect on selective attention and enjoyment of physical activity than the activity in the Badminton class, so that in the active-in-nature school group, 63% of changes in the selective attention and 92% of changes in the physical activity enjoyment were identified to be related to the activity in this environment, while in the active-in-Badminton class group, 35% of the changes in selective attention and 31% of the changes in the physical activity enjoyment were identified to be related to the children's activity in the Badminton class. Conclusion: According to ecological theory, the different effects of two environments on cognitive and mental characteristics can be attributed to environmental conditions. The natural environment is an environment rich in stimuli that has significant impacts on growth. Therefore, it is better to provide children with more experience of playing in the natural environment during childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is to evaluate the effects of break activities (resting with eyes open, listening to music, playing active video game) on working memory and selective attention in female college students. The semi-experimental research was conducted with the repeated measures design. 36 female students from the city of Shoush Danial, who participated in classes in 2019–2020, were selected in a convenient and purposive way. Working memory and selective attention were assessed using N-Back2 (N-B2) and Stroop Word-Color Test (SWCT). In addition, Demographic Questionnaire (DQ), Mental Wondering Questionnaire (MWQ), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were used. Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS software at p≤0.05 level of significance. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the n-back test after break activities. Pairwise comparisons indicated that the n-back task after open-eye break was better than other breaks. In addition, the results showed that there was no significant difference in selective attention. The present results show that different breaks have a different effect only on working memory performance and not on selective attention. Accordingly, breaking with eyes open improves working memory performance.

Introduction: Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder is a common disorder in childhood, characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors. Aim: This study examines the effectiveness of balance training on static balance and selective attention in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Method: This research was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The population was all 6-year-old children with ADHD referred to the center for child counseling in Gorgan in 2021-2022. Thirty people were selected by convenience sampling method and assigned to the experimental and control groups. In order to collect data, The stork balance test and Stroop color and word test were used. The statistical analysis was carried out using analysis of covariance in SPSS-24. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the post-test mean of the experimental and control groups; This means that balance training can improve Static balance (p<0.001; F=19.45) and selective attention (p<0.001; F=28.63) in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Conclusion: The results showed that balance training is effective on selective attention and static balance in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, This exercise seems to be helpful in the rehabilitation program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Working memory (WM) is a limited-capacity processing resource, which includes storing information when processing information. However, children with dyslexia have difficulty remembering this limited amount. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to predict WM based on selective attention and phonological awareness of elementary school children with dyslexia.Materials and Methods: This study was a correlational study in which the samples consisted of 203 male students aged 8-12 years studying at schools in the fifth district of Tehran Metropolitan, Iran, who were selected using multi-stage random sampling method. Dyslexia checklist, Andre Rey's Spatial Visual Memory Test, Stroop test, and Phonological Awareness Survey were applied to collect information. In addition to descriptive statistical methods, simultaneous multiple regression analysis method was used.Results: The results showed that 36.5% of the variance of WM in the selective attention test can be explained, with the highest mean related to the cognitive control level. Moreover, 35.5% of the variance of visual WM can be explained in the phonological awareness test, with the highest average associated with the final phoneme removal. Conclusion: Selective attention and phonological awareness seem to play a significant role in predicting visual-spatial WM in boys with dyslexia.

Background: Learning new words, visual memory, and selective attention are among the factors that influence the academic achievement of elementary students. But the key question is: does white noise affect students' learning new words, visual memory, and selective attention? Aims: To investigate the effect of white noise on learning new words, active visual cue and selective attention in elementary school students. Method: The study was experimental with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population was all the elementary students of second year of Bavi city of Khuzestan province in the academic year of 1397-98. Group 50 (n = 50) were randomly assigned. Research tools include the New Words Researcher Test, Jean-Louis Celie's Visual Active Memory Test (2012), and Selective Attention Testing, Concentration and Attempt d2 (Bagheri, 2012). Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance method. Results: White noise had a significant effect on learning new words in elementary students (P0/05) and selective attention (P>0/470). Conclusions: White noise can be used to enhance the learning of new words in elementary school students.

Previous research have shown that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) enhances individuals’ cognitive performance. Executive function, particularly selective attention, is one of the fundamental parts of cognitive performances. Neuro-imaging studies indicated proved the role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in selective attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rTMS on healthy individuals’ performance executing stroop task. Thirty healthy subjects received one session of high-frequency rTMS on their left DLPFC. They were instructed to perform stroop task before and after stimulation. The results showed that response time to congruent stimuli decreased significantly in active group. No significant change was observed in incongruent trials. The findings verified the role of left DLPFC on top-down attentional control. It could be concluded that administering rTMS on individuals’ left DLPFC can result in positive effect on selective attention.

Abstract Background & aim: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) causes significant problems in academic, cognitive, social, emotional and developmental performance. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of memory exercises, rhythmic and combined movements on memory performance and selective attention in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design conducted in 2018, 24 girl students aged 7 to 12 with ADHD from Iman School from the sixth educational board district were enrolled in the experiment using available sampling method. The students were identified by Conner's questionnaire. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups: working memory, rhythmic movements and compounds (working memory and rhythmic). Results: Results indicated that the effects of working memory program on the selective attention was significant (p>0.05). The effects of combined training program on working memory were statistically significant but the effects of rhythmic movement on any of the factors were not significant. Also the differences between three groups were significant(p>0.05). The compound group showed better results in selective attention. There were no differences between groups in working memory test(p>0.05). Conclusion: The results revealed that in planning educational programs for these children, a combination of working memory and rhythmic training could be planned to improve their selective attention and working memory.

Objective (s): The present study aimed to determine the effect of surgery on attention functions in glioma brain patients. Methods: The statistical population of this study was all individuals aged 18 to 45 years old, referred to neurosurgery department of hospitals in Tehran, Iran in 2016 to 2018 for Glioma surgery. A total of 30 glioma brain patients entered into the study. Continuous attention by continuous performance tests, divided attention by trial making test and selective attention by Stroop test was measured. To evaluate the effect of surgery on research variables t-test, repeated measures and multivariate analyses. Results: The statistical analyses showed that surgery increased the mean scores of attentional functions (all three types of attentions) in patients (P

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of fine motor skills training on the the Selective attention and visual perception of Sabzevar primary school students with math disabilities in 2017. Semiexperimental pretest - posttest with control group was used for this study. 34 students with math disabilities of primary school were randomly selected and replaced in two groups (experimental group, 17 people and control group, 17 people). After conducting the pre-test, Stroop Color - Word test (1935) and Frostig Developmental test of Visual Perception (1963) were done. The experimental group received fine motor skills training during Fifteen 40 minutes sessions (Two sessions per week), and then the post-test was conducted. Data obtained were compared using covariance analysis. The results showed that fine motor skills training increases the selective attention and visual perception. Accordingly, fine motor skills training is an effective intervention program for helping primary school students with math disabilities.

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of yoga based on biorhythm theory on the balance and selective attention in the older women. Methods & Materials A total of 35 older women with mean (SD) age of 61.1(2.8) year were randomly assigned into three groups: yoga based on biorhythm (n=13); yoga (n=13); control (n=11). Static and dynamic balance tests and Vienna system test were applied to measure the study variables. COG test was used to measure the selective attention. One-way ANOVA test was used to analyze data followed by post-hoc Tukey test. Results The results suggested that both motor and cognitive performance, including balance and selective attention were improved significantly (P≤0.05). Conclusion Given the physical and mental weakness of elderly women, practicing yoga exercises are highly recommended in the elderly.

The aim of this study was to compare reading the mind in the eyes and executive functions (selective attention and working memory) in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and non-patients. Participants were included of 40 patients with MS and 40 non-patients that matched in ages, education and sex. Instruments including Reading mind in the eyes (Baron-Cohen and et., 2001), N back (Kirchner, 1958) and Stroop (Stroop, 1935) have been used to investigate reading the mind in the eyes, working memory and selective attention. MANOVA showed a significant difference between the patients and non-patients in the ‘reading the mind through the eyes’ test, the working memory components (the correct response and the mean of the response time) as well as the incongruent items as the components of selective attention. The comprehensive impact of MS disease on cognitive domains highlights the importance of addressing its cognitive aspects along with the development of effective therapeutic interventions.

Background and aims: Sound is one of the most effective exogenous factors affecting brain processing mechanisms, including attention that affecting human error and occupational accidents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sound frequency on noise annoiance, selective attention and human response time. Methods: This research is an interventional study that was conducted in 2017 on 60 students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Measurements and tests were performed at two positions of before and during exposure to noise at various frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz. To determine the sound with different frequencies, noise.exe software was used and to determine the accuracy of the intensity and frequency of sound, the TES 1358 TES sounding device was used. In the next step, cognitive performance tests including reaction time, accuracy and attention were measured by the test Stroop Complex. Data analysis was performed using spss. Results: The mean age of males was 21.12 with a standard deviation of 0.13 and the mean age of females was 19.19 years with a standard deviation of 0.5. The highest degree of noise is at a frequency of 4000 and 8000 Hz The results of ANOVA showed that there is a significant relationship between noise anniance with different frequencies. By increasing the frequency from 500 to 4000 Hz, the reaction time is reduced and from 4000 to 8000 Hz, the reaction time increases. There is no meaningful relationship between the reaction time and the various frequencies.in both male and female groups, exposure to sound at all frequencies increases the number of errors and the highest error rate is at 1000 Hz, there is a significant difference between the interference score and the interference time with different frequencies. Conclusion: Due to the significance relationship between frequency of sound and interference score and interference time of individuals, by changing these factors, the reaction time and the time for mental tests and the degree of error of individuals are changed. In job posts and sensitive occupational tasks requiring the use of cognitive functions such as precision and reaction time the frequency of the sound should be considered.

Due to the ever growing population of the elderly, improving their psychological characteristics such as depression, anxiety and selective attention seems to be necessary. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of eight-week aerobic rhythmic exercise along with music on depression, anxiety and selective attention in the elderly men in Ardebil, Iran. The current research was a quasi-experimental of pretest-posttest and control group design. Selected through convenience and voluntary sampling methods were Twenty eight participants with an average age of 67 (SD=5.59) who were assigned randomly into experimental (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. Study tools included Beck's Depression, Beck's anxiety and Strop’s selective attention questionnaires. It was experimental group for whom Aerobic training along with music were presented in eight one-hour sessions, 3 sessions a week. Data were analyzed through SPSS-22 using Covariance Analyze. Results indicated that all three variables including selective attention (P0.05). According to the findings, it can be concluded that Aerobic is expected to improve selective attention through creating harmony and combining movements and performance. Besides, the combination of Aerobic and music seems to be effective on decreasing depression and anxiety.

Objective Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is known as one of the most common neurological disorders that affect patients’ lives tremendously. These people experience various dysfunctions. One of the most common problems in patients with MS is a balance deficit, which limits the participation and increases the risk of falling. Recently various studies were focused on finding the causes of this imbalance. On the other hand, these patients experience cognitive problems, such as attention deficit and cognitive flexibility. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive flexibility and selective attention with balance in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Materials & Methods This study is a cross-sectional case study. The statistical population in this study was patients with MS who referred to Kashani Hospital and Alzahra Isfahan Hospital in 1395 for inclusion in the study, based on available sampling method. MS diagnosis was performed in these centers with the approval of at least one adult neurologist. Finally, 40 patients with MS were selected by convenient sampling. A written consent form was received from all the families and the patients with MS themselves for participation in the study. All patients were kept confidential in the study, and they were allowed to leave during the study if they refused. The inclusion criteria to participate in the study were: satisfaction of patients to participate in the plan, the individual received a diagnosis of relapsing-remitting MS from those who were referred to Al-Zahra and Kashani hospitals in Isfahan, aged 20 to 40 years, at least two attacks in last 24 months, a score of less than 5.5 in EDSS was associated with a moderate degree of MS due to the severity of the disability and the symptoms of the disease, having sufficient insight and the ability to collaborate in the study through the MMSE test. The exclusion criteria of the study were: dissatisfaction of the patients with the continuation of the study, presence and participation in similar investigations in the last three months that were performed intermittently on executive functions, the presence of visual and auditory impairment, recurrence and severity of MS, disability from moderate to severe, and any abnormalities such as seizure. After that test EDSS, Stroop color-word test, Wisconsin card sorting, and Berg Balance Scale were completed by patients with MS. The results of the tests of executive function and balance were analyzed using SPSS20 software for the presence or absence of the relationship between executive function is determined by the balance. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression and analysis of variance with repeated measures at the level of 0.05. Results The results of this study demonstrate a significant relationship between selective attention and balance problem (P

Objective Individuals performance at the workplace is affected by different adopted postures. Sitting postures are mostly used during office work. Improper sitting postures may cause muscle fatigue and discomfort in the spine and also result in mental workload. Poor posture may result in human errors and delay in information processing. Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between static sitting postures and cognitive factors such as reaction time to an auditory stimulus. Also, some recent studies have demonstrated the effect of static postures on cognitive performance. To our knowledge, none of the studies had considered the sitting and standing postures effects on cognitive performance simultaneously. The aim of this study was to evaluate cognitive performance during three different static working postures: standard sitting, standing, and self-selected sitting postures. Materials & Methods This semi-experimental design study was conducted on the twenty-nine healthy students (aged 20-30 years). The non-probability sampling method was selected. All participants provided their written informed consent. Participants with no musculoskeletal disorders, heart disease, spine surgery, and history of depression and stress were selected. Their depression status and level of stress were measured using Beck questionnaire. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. Subjects performed complex Stroop test and typing activity in an office-like laboratory setting at the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. Stroop test lasted about 9-12 minutes, and a typing task was also designed for approximately 5 minutes for all subjects. Three random postures were selected based on common postures used in the office. The effects of the postures (standard standing, standard sitting, and self-selected sitting posture) on dependent variables such as total test duration and reaction time to congruent and incongruent stimulus, number of typing words and number of typing error were assessed with Repeated Measures ANOVA. To examine the differences between groups, the paired t-test was used. Results The results demonstrated that reaction time measure and number of typing error (accuracy) were affected by postures (P=0.001). Post hoc analysis demonstrated that reaction time was significantly different between self-selected sitting posture and standard sitting posture (P=0.001), self-selected sitting posture and standard standing posture (P=0.043), standard sitting posture and standard standing posture (P=0.001). With considering the average amount of reaction time to congruent and incongruent cases, it was observed that there is less reaction time in the standardized sitting posture (M=628.67 ms) compared to the self-selected sitting posture (M=689.41 ms) and standard standing posture (M= 675.16 ms). Also, among the three postures studied a significant difference was observed in the number of typing error words (P=0.001). The number of typing error (accuracy) was lower in this posture compared to the two other postures (M=1.58). Conclusion This study demonstrates that cognitive performance is affected by working postures. This study demonstrates that standard sitting posture is the best posture. Therefore, it is recommended that sitting posture can help in increasing cognitive performance in the workplace.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the external focus of attention on the rotator cuff muscle activity for the timely hit forehand drive by table tennis players. Methods: Twelve professional table tennis players with mean age of 26.5 years voluntarily participated in this study. The electrical activities of the muscles of the shoulder girdle using M.A 300 machine and bipolar electrodes surface under two conditions .First with external focus of attention and then without such attention were recorded, first without any guidance blows forehand drive was carried out by subjects (without focus). Then such subject was asked to focus their attention on the area marked for the ball landing (external focus of attention). Muscle activities in both preparation and tapping phases were analyzed the three –dimensional (200 Hz, Vicon, with four camera series T) motion analysis system was used to obtain the data. Data was analyzed by running reported measures ANOVA at a significance level of p0.05) but the different between the intensity of muscle activity was meaningful. This suggests that there is a mutual influence between the two attention factors and muscles (p=0.03), that is, orientation can have a significant effect on the severity of muscle contraction. Intensities of muscle contraction in the preparation and tapping were different (p

Introduction: Working in hot and inappropriate climate condition is one of the most common problems of occupational health which can lead to heat induced diseases and even death. Heat stress may impair the cognitive processes involved in decision-making and converting simple tasks to complex ones. The aim of present study was to assess selective attention and reaction time among workers in a casting unit of a car manufacturing industry and to investigate the effects of heat stress on mentioned variables. . Material and Method: In this retrospective cohort study 70 workers from a hot industry were selected in two of exposed and control groups. First, demographic questionnaire was completed for each of the participants and noise and light were measured as the likely confounding factors. Stroop test 1, 2, and 3 were done before and during the work in order to determine the effects of heat on selective attention and reaction time. Besides,WBGT were measured at the ankle, waist, and head levels. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 18. Result.: WBGT measurements showed that the mean WBGT were 33 and 16.7 for the exposed and not exposed groups, respectively. Moreover, no significant relationships were observed between test duration, reaction time, and number of errors in Stroop tests 1 and 2 and the level of heat (P-value

Introduction: Stroke is a sudden onset of a neurological disorder that can be attributed to a focal vascular cause. Working memory defects are one of the most commonly occurring phenomena after brain damage. Working memory is the core of executive functions. Cognitive rehabilitation is a cognitive and neuropsychological intervention program designed to rehabilitate cognitive defects. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive rehabilitation on the divided attention, selective attention and executive function of adults with stroke. Method: 20 patients with stroke in this study were equally divided into experimental and control groups. All patients were examined by Wechsler's working memory test, divided and selective attention test, and Wisconsin Card sorting test. The experimental group trained 5 weeks and 5 days for 30-40 minutes with a computerized rehabilitation program. Results: Analysis of univariate covariance shows that cognitive rehabilitation has effect on selective attention, but does not affect the divided attention and executive function. The calculated F in the level of significance (P <0.05) was significant (22.23) and (0.6 and 97. 3) was not significant. Improvement in selective attention may occur as a result of changes in neural organization in response to injury. Conclusion: It seems that the lack of improvement in divided attention and the executive function is due to the lack of harmony and parallel exercise in different regions of the brain because of infective tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: In veterans with PTSD, combined with administration of the antipsychotic and anxiolytics are subjected to cognitive disorders such as loss of memory and attention. Attempts for ameliorate these disorders by employing different rehabilitation programmes have been undertaken. The aim of this present study was to compare the effectivenss of various rehabilitation protocols on memory and attention of veterans with PTSD. Subjects and Methods: In present semi-experimental study, forty three Iranian and Iraqi veterans of war were targetly selected and divided randomly in four groups including control, physical, cognitive and combinational rehabilitation protocols. The level of memory and score of attention interference were measured with Weksler questionnaire and Stroop software test respectively before and after interventions. Statistical analyses were measured by independent t-test, two-ways analysis of variance, and covariance. Results: There were significant differences between experimental and control groups in memory score (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences between experimental groups (P>0.05). As well as the significant differences were observed between research groups in score of attention interference. Deep survey showed that these differences were among cognitive and combined rehabilitation protocols with physical protocol. Conclusion:According to these results combinational rehabilitation (aerobic–cognitive training) can lead to a new way for significant improvement in memory performance and selective attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare selective attention deficit in elderly Alzheimer patients and healthy elderly individuals using the dual task. Therefore, 23 subjects (11 females and 12 males) age 62 to 81 years; 13 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 10 healthy elderly subjects (EHI) with normal cognitive function participated in this study. people with Alzheimer's disease. healthy people was selected through some neurologist identified Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ). After obtaining the average number of correct counting of months of the year in both simple and difficult cognitive task the overall error (E) or Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and variable error (VE) were calculated for the tracking task. Then each person performed 10 tasks simultaneously (under Dual-task) in both simple and difficult mode. Analysis of variance in cognitive tasks showed that there was a significant interaction between task difficulty and risk of AD (p< 0.05). In other words, drop in the average number of months counted from AD patients than in healthy elderly (EHI) was observed only in the difficult task (countdown months), indicating the mechanisms of memory loss in these patients. Also ANOVA results showed that level of difficulty on accuracy drop and consistency the tracking task at dual-task conditions was significant (p< 0.05), but AD disease effect not significant(p>0.05). In other words, at dual conditions of tracking task, accuracy and consistency of both groups was equally reduced, which was most prominent in difficult conditions. This decrease indicates increased interference at response level due to defects in the mechanisms of selective attention in dual cognitive and tracking tasks and both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]