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Background and Objectives: It is essential to identify the sources of seedling and adult plant resistance genes for gene pyramiding, genetic arrangement and introducing wheat cultivars with non-specific resistance or durable resistance. The complete homology of the D genome of Aegilops tauschii with the D genome of wheat, the clear botanical state, wide ecological compatibility, the presence of very high diversity in these traits and the ease of crossing with wheat have made Aegilops tauschii a very important source for gene transfer and wheat breeding. Until now, several genes of resistance to brown rust (leaf rust) were transferred from different species of Aegilops to high-yielding bread wheat cultivars whose resistance to brown rust was broken. Materials and Methods: In this research, 25 genotypes of Aegilops tauschii collected from its natural habitats from the Middle East, Central Asia (obtained from the Grain and Legume Seeds Collection of Ilam University) were used. This research was carried out in the Iraqi Agricultural Research Station in Gorgan, Iran in the cropping season of 2019-2019 in the form of a complete block design with three replications and under two disease stress and control conditions. In order to development and appearance of brown rust disease, the sensitive Bolani variety was cultivated around and between the crop rows. In addition, spore of the native races from Gorgan was sprayed over the studied genotypes under the stress condition. Inoculation with a ratio of one to five spores and Talc powder was applied at the two stages at sunset by dusting device. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference among different genotypes of Aegilops tauschii in terms of susceptibility and resistance to brown rust disease and yeild component traits. Statistical analyzes showed a significant correlation between the characteristics of infection intensity, infection type, the area under the curve of disease progression, and various characteristics of yield components. The results of cluster analysis by Ward's method based on Euclidean distance and average algorithm for the resistance and yield component traits were placed the genotypes into four different groups including resistant, semi-resistant, semi-sensitive, and sensitive. Also, based on the results of combined analysis, a significant difference was observed for the yield components including kernel weight, number of kernel per plant, length of spike, number of kernel per spike and number of tillers under two conditions. Conclusion: Aegilops tauschii, having different genes for resistance to various diseases, is considered as a valuable parent and a rich gene source for transferring resistant genes to high-yielding cultivars. The results of this research showed that from the resistant and semi-resistant groups, suitable parents can be selected for crossbreeding with bread wheat in order to transfer the resistance gene to leaf rust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), trichoderma fungi and humic acid on the yield and physiological characteristics of wheat (Var. Ofogh). Materials and Methods: This study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three factors and three replications at the research field of the Kashan during 2017-2018 growing season. The first factor was plant growth promoting rhizobacteria such as Azotobacter chroococcum + Azospirillum lipoferum + Pseudomonas putida (application and non-application), the second factor was two concentrations of trichoderma fungi (application and non-application) and three factor was humic acid soil application (0 and 200 kg. ha-1 ). Results: The Results showed that plant growth-promoting bacteria, trichoderma fungus and humic acid led to an increase in plant height, chlorophyll a and b, grain yield and yield components of wheat. Growth-promoting bacteria, trichoderma and humic acid led to an increase of 43.8, 21.7 and 6% in grain yield compared to the control, respectively. The combined use of growth-promoting bacteria, trichoderma fungus and humic acid led to an increase in grain yield, yield components and harvest index compared to single application and control.The highest grain yield was obtained with the combined application of growth-promoting bacteria and trichoderma fungus amounting to 7466.7 kg per hectare and the highest harvest index was obtained with the combined application of biological fertilizers at the rate of 32.3% Conclusion: In general, it is possible to obtain a significant grain yield increase in wheat with the combined application of plant growth-promoting bacteria, trichoderma and humic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Corn and wheat are the main sources of energy in poultry diets worldwide, although due to its availability, wheat can be a good substitute for corn in the diet of broilers and laying hens. However, the inclusion level of wheat is limited often because wheatbased diet contained higher levels ofsoluble non-starch polysaccharidesThe arabinoxylans are the main NSP in wheat that increasing the viscosity of the digesta and reducing nutrient digestibility of direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplements include Bacillus velezensis, Trichoderma, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which are used as biological control agents due to their high ability to suppress disease agents and inhibit the proliferation of intestinal pathogens. Materials and Methods: The total number of 240 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were randomly distributed between 40 cages, and the five experimental diets including (A) corn-soybean meal-based control diet, (B) wheat-based diet with no microbial additive, (C) wheat-based diet with 1x 109 cfu/kg Bacillus velezensis, (D) wheat-based diet with 1x 105 cfu/kg Trichoderma and (E) wheat-based diet with B. velezensis + Trichoderma were assigned to hens with 8 replicate cages per diet and 6 hens per each replicate. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the addition of B. velezensis + Trichoderma to the diet led to an improvement in the feed conversion ratio (FCR), and increased egg production (EP) and feed intake (FI; P<0.05)., Also, the pH of the contents of the jejunum, ileum and caecum was reduced in the treatments containing microorganisms(P<0.05). The DFMs enhanced the efficiency of nutrient adsorption and utilization, predominantly ascribable to the production of exogenous enzymes by the test probiotic. Prebiotics work as feed for the intestinal microflora and could stimulate the fermentation rate which increased the production of short chain fatty acids and reduced luminal pH. Hens fed microbe-added diets had higher plasma levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and high-density lipoprotein (P<0.05). The addition of B. velezensis + Trichoderma to the diet, modulated the ileal and caecal microflora composition by decreasing the numbers of Escherichia coli and increasing the numbers of Lactobacilli. Dietary supplemented by B. velezensis and Trichoderma could increase plasma Ca and P compared to other treatments, which can be interpreted as probiotics increase the rate of fermentation and reduce intestinal pH, leads to better absorption of Ca and P from the intestine. Improved intestinal morphology characteristics were observed in hens fed the microbe-added diets (P<0.05). These beneficial effects were directly associated with decrease in total microbes, E. coli and Salmonella and enhance lactic acid bacteria of cecal. Consistently, addition of B. subtilis manipulated the gut ecosystem toward beneficial bacteria and enhanced the development and health of gastrointestinal tract. The positive effects of DFMs on eggshell quality can be attributed to the enhancement of gut health and intestinal tract microflora environment. Also, modifying the gut microflora composition by promoting the growth of beneficial microflora (such as lactic acid bacteria) and inhibiting the growth of Salmonella, E. coli, and Clostridium perfringens is beneficial effects of DFMs. The present study confirmed B. velezensis and Trichoderma enhanced the colonization of the beneficial bacteria and reduced the colonization of enteric bacteria. Maintaining a healthy intestine by probiotics and prebiotics will improve the ability of birds to overcome the disease and enhance their performance. Highest count of aerobic bacteria, lactobacilli, anaerobic bacteria, and E. coli were associated with Trichoderma reesei. Conclusion: Based on the results of the current study, it can be concluded that adding B. velezensis + Trichoderma to the wheat-based diets improve performance of laying hens, decrease plasma levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL and the intestinal pH and number of E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land suitability is a crucial factor in land use planning and sustainable agricultural production. Evaluating land suitability helps optimize land use, promote sustainable land use, protect the environment, and ensure optimal use of natural resources. This study was conducted in the Abiek region of Qazvin province in northwest Iran, covering an area of 60,000 hectares. After collecting data from 300 soil profiles and determining land suitability classes for wheat cultivation with surface irrigation using the FAO classification system, digital elevation models, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellite images, and environmental variables extracted from the digital elevation model were used to create digital maps using both traditional and machine learning methods. The results showed that the machine learning method had a higher accuracy rate of 74% and a Kappa index of 68 compared to the traditional method with an accuracy rate of 62% and a Kappa index of 53. The most important environmental variables used in the machine learning model were those extracted from the digital elevation model and Landsat-8 satellite images. The largest area for wheat cultivation with surface irrigation was found in the relatively suitable class (S2), with 30,753 hectares in the random forest method and 21,028 hectares in the traditional method. In contrast, the smallest area belongs to the unsuitable class (N), with 3,052 hectares in the forest method. Additionally, random fields and 7185 hectares were identified in the traditional method. Also, 15,000 hectares of the study area are suitable for wheat cultivation without restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objective: Black rust is one of the important fungal diseases that widely affects the quantity and quality of wheat in many regions of the world. The damages caused by black rust disease can be more than other pathogens in wheat and its importance is such that millions of hectares of healthy fields with high production potential can be destroyed in less time. Destroy it completely in one month. Resistance is one of the genetic characteristics of the host that plant breeders use to produce cultivars. Lines that are recognized as resistant in a survey can be used as a source of resistance in another breeding program. Genetic resistance reduces or eliminates the consumption of chemical poisons, and as a result, it is considered as the most economical and healthiest method of combating plant diseases. Accordingly, in order to statistically investigate some physiological markers related to resistance to black rust disease, 24 bread wheat genotypes including 8 cultivars and 16 promising lines were studied. In this study, two varieties MV-17 (disease-resistant variety) and Morocco (disease-susceptible variety) were selected as controls in this study due to their different behavior in resistance to wheat black rust. Material and Methods: This experiment was carried out in 2019 in the greenhouse of the Research Institute of Plant Breeding and Seed Preparation under the conditions of infection and non-infection with the native race TKTTF of wheat black rust disease and in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications. Physiological traits including relative leaf water content (RWC), cell membrane stability (MP), electrical conductivity (EC), chlorophyll content (SPAD) and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured and recorded. Results: At the probability level of 1%, a significant difference between genotypes was observed and the interaction effect of disease x genotype was significant for all traits, which indicates the non-homogeneous difference of genotypes for the studied traits in two conditions of infection and non-infection. Also, for all measured traits, there was a significant difference between two different levels of disease infection, which shows the effect of the black rust pathogen on the relative content of leaves, membrane permeability, electrical conductivity, chlorophyll concentration, primary fluorescence, fluorescence It has maximum, variable fluorescence and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. The results showed that pathogen contamination increases the relative water content, chlorophyll concentration, membrane permeability, initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and decrease in electrical conductivity. Based on all studied physiological traits of genotypes MV-17, C-98-17, C-98-11, C-98-5, C-98-12, C-98-18, C-98-16, C-98-3 and CD-94-9 were identified as the genotypes that showed more resistance to the disease agent. There was a high correlation between initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, membrane permeability and electrical conductivity in response to stem rust. Based on Ward's cluster analysis and detection function analysis, the genotypes were divided into four separate groups in the conditions of infection and non-infection with black rust. They were placed in a group. While, in the condition of no disease contamination, 6, 9, 4 and 5 genotypes were clustered in four separate groups, respectively. Conclusion: This study showed the effect of East Azerbaijan stem rust TKTTF race on the physiological traits of winter cultivars and lines of wheat. This race caused changes in the studied physiological traits in both experimental conditions, from this output it can be concluded that the resistant lines are more resistant to the disease than the commercial variety and are recommended as selected lines in breeding programs should be used. It is worth mentioning that according to the results of the grouping of genotypes and also the placement of valuable genotypes in terms of relative water content traits, membrane permeability index, chlorophyll content, initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, and photochemical efficiency. Photosystem II and electrical conductivity in the first and second groups in the conditions of disease infection and non-infection, it was concluded that the results of cluster analysis had a good relationship with the results of variance analysis and comparing the average of the studied traits. The results showed that the physiological traits measured in response to black rust disease have diversity. Therefore, possible genotypes with resistance to this pathogen can be identified by using the changes of these traits. Also, considering the relationship between the results obtained from the evaluation of physiological and pathological traits, the possibility of using physiological traits as indicators related to resistance to wheat black rust disease was benefited. In other words, the physiological indicators used were able to detect the existence of diversity and response to resistance to black rust disease and they can be used as physiological indicators related to resistance to black rust disease of wheat. Examining different traits in different environmental conditions has shown that the way the genotypes act and respond to the pathogen changes with the change of environmental conditions. For this purpose, these studies should be carried out in several years and in different environments. It is also recommended to carry out the above test using agricultural traits at the stage of the sorghum plant as well as biochemical traits related to the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objective: Yield under stress conditions has never been an accurate criterion for selecting drought-tolerant genotypes, and the goal of preparing drought-tolerant cultivars has always been to create cultivars that relatively tolerate stress better compared to other genotypes and in the same agricultural conditions, they show less yield loss. In most studies, only the seed yield is considered for the field selection of crops, while some researchers believe that in order to be more efficient in breeding compatible and superior cultivars in arid and semi-arid regions, the indicators that are effective in identifying the stability of cultivars under drought stress conditions should be identified and used them as selection index in addition to seed yield, therefore, the relative uield status of genotypes in drought stress conditions and water conditions is a starting point for identifying and selecting genotypes for improvement in dry environments. In semi-arid regions where the distribution of rainfall is not proportional, the yield potential in stress conditions is not considered the best criterion for drought tolerance, but in addition to yield stability, the comparison of yield in stress and optimal conditions is a more suitable criterion for the reaction of genotypes to moisture stress. Due to the fact that most of the studies related to indicators in crop species and especially wheat are done only in one place and one year and finally in a specific environment and the results are generalized to all environments and the variable effects of year and place are not taken into account in the calculation of indicators. In this regard, this research was carried out to evaluate the genotypes of autumn wheat in terms of drought tolerance, to select the best drought tolerance indices and to identify drought stress tolerant cultivars in different regions of the country's cold climate. Material and Methods: In this research project, 20 genotypes under normal irrigation and water deficit conditions in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the research stations of Karaj, Mashhad, Miandoab and Arak, in the crop years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 were investigated. In order to investigate the drought tolerance of the genotypes, different tolerance and stress sensitivity indices were determined for the genotypes under investigation and the genotypes were grouped based on the sensitivity and tolerance to drought by each of these indices. Principal component analyzing was also used in order to summarize the data and draw a diagram based on the first two components and identify the desired indicators. Finally, biplot analysis was used to group genotypes and indices based on drought tolerance criteria. Results: Stress decreased the Yield of genotypes, but the amount of reduction was different in different genotypes. The average grain yield for all genotypes under normal irrigation conditions and drought stress at the end of the season was 7.002 and 5.215 tons per hectare, respectively, which showed that the stress conditions caused a decrease of about 25% in grain yield compared to normal irrigation conditions. The environmental and agricultural conditions of different regions and the studied years caused differences in the estimated indices so that the ranking of genotypes changed based on different indices in different years and regions therefore, it is better to carry out studies on stress tolerance indices in several places and several years so that the process of functional changes of different cultivars and genotypes is correctly determined and as a result, there is more confidence in the calculated tolerance and sensitivity indices. Genotypes G4, G2, G16 and G5 showed higher yield in both conditions. STI, MP, GMP, MSTI1, MSTI2, YI, HM, and RR had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield under normal and stress conditions, and therefore, they can be used for more favorable selection of drought tolerant genotypes. Principal component analysis showed that indicators can be grouped using the first two components. The first principal component explained 53.16% of the changes in the total data and had a positive and significant correlation with yield in normal and stress conditions as well as MP, STI, GMP, YI, MSTI1, MSTI2, HM and RDY indicators. Due to the high correlation of this component with yield under normal and stress conditions, this component was named as the yield potential component under normal and stress conditions. The second estimated component justified 42.33% of the total data changes and showed a positive and significant correlation with yield in normal conditions and SSI, TOL, ATI, SSPI and RR indices. It seems that this component is able to identify genotypes that have high yield under stress conditions. Biplot analysis showed that HM, MP, STI, MSTI1, MSTI2, GMP, RDY, YI, and SNPI indices had a positive and high correlation with performance under stress and normal conditions. So that the sharp angles between these indices showed their positive and very high correlation with each other. RDI and YSI indices had a negative correlation with performance in normal conditions and RR, SSI, TOL and SSPI indices had a negative correlation with performance in stressful conditions. Conclusion: In order to achieve varieties resistant to drought stress by using indices, in order to prevent the mutual effects of the environment in the genotype, the experiments should be carried out in many years and places so that the effects of the environment in the calculated indices can be reduced and more reasonable results can be obtained. Finally, G4, G2, G16, G5 and G17 genotypes can be selected as genotypes with high performance under normal and stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate CropSyst and estimate input parameters to predict the growth and yield of two wheat cultivars in northeast Khuzestan, Iran, an experiment was conducted based on the split plot in a randomized complete block design in three repetitions in a research farm in Ramhormoz. Factors included irrigation regime at two levels (full irrigation and stopping irrigation after flowering), cultivation date (six dates including October 20, November 5, November 20, December 5, December 20, and January 5), and two wheat cultivars (Chamran-2 and Sirvan). Cropsyst for different cultivars was calibrated with high accuracy. In this stage, the plant parameters of this model such as photoperiod and vernalization were determined. The highest amount of total dry matter and yield for Chamran-2 were obtained on the 5th and 20th of November and the lowest amount of total dry matter and yield was obtained on the 20th of October and 5th of January. The highest total dry matter and yield for Sirvan were observed on November 20 and December 5, and the lowest values of these two parameters were observed on October 20 and January 5. In fact, the highest yield and dry matter were observed in both cultivars between November 15 and December 15, whereas other cultivation dates decreased the yield. By stopping irrigation after flowering, the time for full ripening for Chamran-2 and Sirvan cultivars increased from 3 to 5 days, respectively. These changes affected their yield under the tension of humidity. Based on the results, the critical day length, the maximum day length, the number of basic vernalization days, the minimum growth rate in the absence of vernalization, and the saturation point of vernalization for Chamran-2 variety were 14, 8, 0, 0.9, and 24 respectively. The abovementioned parameter values for the Sirvan were 13.8, 7.8, 0, 0.93, and 25 respectively. The results obtained from the simulation of flowering and physiological ripening stages based on RMSE, d, CRM and EF showed that the Cropsyst model simulated the mentioned stages with good accuracy. The results of simulating the dry matter in above-ground parts for different cultivars indicated that CropSyst model could accurately simulate the parameter in various treatments of growth cultivation as well as irrigation from 95 percent to 98 percent. The model’s error based on the RMSE statistic for the dry matter in above-ground parts in Chamran-2 and Sirvan was 627 and 351 kg per hectare, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Phosphorus is an essential element for all living organisms, and it cannot be replaced by any other element. Phosphorus has however a limited resource, and it is estimated that the extracted phosphorus resources (Apatite) will last for another 50 to 100 years. One of the most widely used technologies for recycling phosphorus is the precipitation of phosphorus from sewage sludge and leachate. Phosphorus Recovery as struvite (NH4MgPO4.6H2O) from sewage sludge has attracted special attention due to its potential for use as an ecological and slow release fertilizer. Struvite is a white, grain-like solid, odor-free and sludge--free ingredient, composed of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate at equal molar concentrations. Therefore, this study is designed to examine the effect of struvite replacement with triple superphosphate fertilizer on some physiological parameters and phosphorus availability in wheat plants in calcareous soils deficient in phosphorus. Methods and Materials Soil with phosphorus deficiency was collected from 0-30 cm depth under arable lands of Hajjiabad-e Seyyedeh located in Ghorveh township, Kurdistan Province, Iran. The soil was air-dried and ground to pass through a 2-mm sieve, followed by laboratory analysis to determine its physico-chemical properties. The struvite used in the research was obtained by optimizing the three main factors of sulfuric acid concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, and time for the leaching process, and the three key factors of Mg:P ratio, N:P ratio and pH for the precipitation process by Response Surface Methodology. To achieve the aim of this study a factorial experiment was carried based on completely randomized design with 4 replications. The factors included the application of different proportions of struvite replaced with triple superphosphate (S0:P0, S0:P100, S25:P75, S50:P50, S75:P25 and S100:P0) and 3 levels of phosphorus (50, 100 and 150 kg TSP ha-1) and a total of 54 pots. The application rate for struvite was calculated based on total phosphorus (P2O5). Then 10 wheat seeds were planted in each pot at 2-cm depth which after plant emerging and greening, declined to 4 plants in each pot. The pots were randomly moved twice a week during the growth period to eliminate environmental effects. Irrigation and weeding operations were applied by hand. Plants were harvested 60 days after planting (beginning of flowering), washed with distilled water and dried with tissue paper. The samples were air-dried and then oven dried at 70°C to a constant weight in a forced airdriven oven. Phosphorus concentrations in plant extracts were measured by the molybdenum vanadate or yellow method and chlorophyll content (a, b and ab) and carotenoids using the Arnon method. The statistical results of the data were analyzed using SAS software and LSD test (at 5% level) was used for comparing the mean values. Results and Discussion Based on the obtained results, all the investigated treatments and their interactions were significant at p<0.01. However, the interaction effect of fresh weight shoots and height was significant at p<0.05. The comparison of the average data showed that the highest amount of fresh weight shoots (7.79 g pot-1), dry weight shoots (1.130 g pot-1) and height (29.66 cm) was obtained from the application of S75:P25 150 kgTSP ha-1. By use of struvite instead of triple superphosphate fertilizer, the phosphorus concentration and uptake of wheat increased at all three fertilizer levels, so that the highest phosphorus concentration (0.174%) was obtained from S75:P25 150 kg TSP ha-1. However, there was no statistically significant difference for S100:P0 (0.169%) treatment. The highest amount of phosphorus uptake in wheat with an average of 0.197 g pot-1 was obtained from the S75:P25 treatment (150 kg TSP ha-1), compared to the treatment of 100% struvite (S100:P0) and 100% triple superphosphate fertilizer (S0:P100) with the averages of 0.158 and 0.109 g pot-1, respectively, showing 19.79 and 44.67 percent increase. Also, the results showed that the treatment of 150 kg TSP ha-1 100% struvite (S100:P0) compared to 100% triple superphosphate fertilizer (S0:P100) increased the amounts of chlorophyll a, b, ab and carotenoids by 7.78, 3.82, 6.44 and 6.84 percent, respectively. Conclusion Despite struvite's low solubility, it is a highly soluble phosphorus fertilizer for plants . However, the reasons for this apparent contradiction and also the specific mechanisms of struvite dissolution are still unclear. Hence, further accurate measurements at different pH and EC conditions with different physical and chemical properties of soil studying phosphorus fractionation in soil will help to better understand the use of struvite. Therefore, it is recommended to optimize the timing and application rate of struvite in relation to the demand for different agricultural and garden crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Due to population growth and Iran's location in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, the need for water and food has increased and as a result, the pressure on water and soil resources will be more than before. On the other hand, the risk of drying up Lake Urmia, which causes environmental problems in the region, requires macro-water planning for the region and the use of optimal cultivation pattern to deal with water scarcity. Therefore, optimal use of water preserves water resources and increases the quality of products. Today more than ever, increasing the production of strategic crops such as wheat requires the proper use of water resources. The main source of food for the Iranian people is wheat and related products, and any action that increases the yield of wheat due to limited soil resources, especially water resources, is important and necessary at the same time. In recent years, significant advances have been made in modeling product growth and development using mechanical models. Plant growth models are increasingly used in the analysis of agricultural systems and simulate the plant's response to growth factors using mathematical equations. The AquaCrop model is one of the dynamic and user-friendly models developed by the FAO. The AquaCrop model receives information about farm, plant, soil, irrigation and climate, and ultimately predicts important parameters such as crop. Wheat yield simulation allows efficient management and better planning under various environmental inputs such as soil and water. To achieve higher accuracy and less model error, field parameters must be properly calibrated by the model to achieve proper performance. Also, calibration of the model, if not done correctly, causes a high error prediction by the model, which leads to incorrect management, water loss, plant drought and other cases. Therefore, using a model that has accurate and close prediction to the AquaCrop model and requires fewer input parameters is essential, which saves time, reduces costs and eliminates calibration errors. However, this model requires relatively large input parameters and is a time-consuming model in the presence of multiple scenarios. Methodology: In recent years, smart models have been able to show high accuracy and become reliable models. Therefore, in the present study, to solve this problem and develop a model with less input data, using the ANN, SVR and SVR-FFA intelligent models and creating 440 scenarios in 2 farms, the performance of the AquaCrop model was compared 99WestW2 farm which is located in Miandoab city and has a yield of 6.588 (ton ha-1) and WestW10 farm is located in Mahabad city and has a yield of 5.05 (ton ha-1). Findings: The results of the model are performed using 5 evaluation criteria of Correlation coefficient, Root mean square error, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, Wilmot's index of agreement and, Mean absolute percentage error. The results of this study showed that for both 99WestW2 and WestW10 farms, the SVR-FFA3 model could have the lowest error rate, so that for the yield index, the RMSE value for the mentioned farms was 0.033 and 0.069 (ton ha-1), respectively. The use of three models SVR, SVR-FFA, and ANN and their comparison with the AquaCrop model to predict wheat yield has been done for the first time in this study. The SVR model was able to show the highest accuracy after the SVR-FFA model. For 99WestW2 farm, it can reduce the error rate to 0.043 (ton ha-1) and for WestW10 farm to 0.077 (ton ha-1) and show good performance. The ANN model, after the SVR model, was able to show acceptable accuracy. The ANN model for 99WestW2 farm was able to reduce the error rate to 0.123 (ton ha-1) and for WestW10 farm to 0.094 (ton ha-1). Finally, the ANN model had a relatively higher error than the SVR-FFA and SVR models, respectively, and showed a relatively lower performance than the two models. Conclusion: Finally, the intelligent SVR-FFA, SVR and ANN models, despite having the least number of inputs, were able to predict yield values in the shortest time and with the highest accuracy. However, the results showed that the lower the model inputs, the weaker the model prediction. For further studies, it is suggested that the ANN model be combined using the firefly algorithm (MLP-FFA) to increase the accuracy of the ANN model and make more accurate predictions of wheat yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionPhosphorus is an essential element for all living organisms, and it cannot be replaced by any other element. Phosphorus has however a limited resource, and it is estimated that the extracted phosphorus resources (Apatite) will last for another 50 to 100 years. One of the most widely used technologies for recycling phosphorus is the precipitation of phosphorus from sewage sludge and leachate. Phosphorus Recovery as struvite (NH4MgPO4.6H2O) from sewage sludge has attracted special attention due to its potential for use as an ecological and slow release fertilizer. Struvite is a white, grain-like solid, odor-free and sludge–free ingredient, composed of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate at equal molar concentrations. Therefore, this study is designed to examine the effect of struvite replacement with triple superphosphate fertilizer on some physiological parameters and phosphorus availability in wheat plants in calcareous soils deficient in phosphorus. Methods and MaterialsSoil with phosphorus deficiency was collected from 0-30 cm depth under arable lands of Hajjiabad-e Seyyedeh located in Ghorveh township, Kurdistan Province, Iran. The soil was air-dried and ground to pass through a 2-mm sieve, followed by laboratory analysis to determine its physico-chemical properties. The struvite used in the research was obtained by optimizing the three main factors of sulfuric acid concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, and time for the leaching process, and the three key factors of Mg:P ratio, N:P ratio and pH for the precipitation process by Response Surface Methodology. To achieve the aim of this study a factorial experiment was carried based on completely randomized design with 4 replications. The factors included the application of different proportions of struvite replaced with triple superphosphate (S0:P100, S25:P75, S50:P50, S75:P25 and S100:P0) and 4 levels of phosphorus (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg TSP ha-1) and a total of 54 pots. The application rate for struvite was calculated based on total phosphorus (P2O5). Then 10 wheat seeds were planted in each pot at 2-cm depth which after plant emerging and greening, declined to 4 plants in each pot. The pots were randomly moved twice a week during the growth period to eliminate environmental effects. Irrigation and weeding operations were applied by hand. Plants were harvested 60 days after planting (beginning of flowering), washed with distilled water and dried with tissue paper. The samples were air-dried and then oven dried at 70˚C to a constant weight in a forced air-driven oven. Phosphorus concentrations in plant extracts were measured by the molybdenum vanadate or yellow method and chlorophyll content (a, b and ab) and carotenoids using the Arnon method. The statistical results of the data were analyzed using SAS software and LSD test (at 5% level) was used for comparing the mean values. Results and DiscussionBased on the obtained results, all the investigated treatments and their interactions were significant at p

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of pollution and concentration of heavy metals in agricultural soil, wheat and flour and to evaluate the consequent health risks in the residents of Bijar city in 2021. Materials and Methods: To determine the total content of heavy metals, after acid digestion, the dry soil samples were converted into powder and prepared according to the steps of acid digestion for reading by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Extraction from the samples was also done by acid digestion method. In the flour sample, direct acid digestion was done. For non-carcinogenic risk assessment studies, two routes including direct consumption (ingestion) and dermal absorption of heavy metals were considered. To calculate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, we considered heavy metals including cadmium, lead, zinc and arsenic. Results: The concentrations of heavy metals studied in the soil, wheat and flour samples of four regions were similar to one another and no significant differences were observed. The results of the risk assessment showed that the soil samples of all four studied areas were in class III (moderate risk) in regard to the carcinogenic risk of arsenic. Also, the soil samples of all four regions showed a low cancer risk in relation to cadmium. All other samples showed a low risk less than 10-6. In all of the samples of flour, wheat and soil from the four regions, we found no risk higher than 10-4 and, thus they were considered safe. Conclusion: The results of this study showed non-carcinogenic risk in relation to zinc, lead, arsenic, and cadmium based on the results of examined samples, but the concentration of some of these metals, such as arsenic, is close to the risk level for the vulnerable populations such as children, and appropriate measures should be taken to evaluate and reduce these heavy metals concentrations.

Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, is one of the economic pests of small grain cereals with worldwide distribution. In current research, susceptibility of D. noxia to a number of host plants including two cultivars of wheat (cv. Shiroodi and Gascogne ) and triticale (cv. Sanabad and Juanillo 92) were evaluated under greenhouse conditions (23 ± 5°C, 60 ± 10% RH and the photoperiod cycle of 16L:8D). The parameters of fertility life table were determined using age-stage two-sex life table theory. The highest developmental time belonged to cv. Sanabad population with a mean value of 11.6 ± 0.21 days and the lowest to cv. Shiroodi population with a mean value of 7.29 ± 0.19 days. The aphids reared on Shiroodi and Juanillo 92 cultivars with mean values of 47.45 ± 2.86 and 12.85 ± 3.13 represented the highest and lowest numbers of offspring, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase varied from 0.25 female/female/day in aphids reared on cv. Shiroodi to 0.11 ± 0.01 female/female/day in those reared on cv. Juanillo 92. Mean generation time for aphids ranged from 14.2 ± 0.07 days on cv. Shiroodi to 19.99 ± 0.07 days on cv. Juanillo 92. According to the results, Shiroodi and Juanillo 92 cultivars exerted the lowest and highest antibiosis effects on D. noxia population, respectively.

IntroductionWater limitation is one of the most important environmental factors in reducing the growth and yield of wheat due to producing reactive oxygen species and reducing membrane stability (El-Tayeb, 2006). Several strategies have been suggested in order to improve grain yield of wheat under water limitation condition, among them use of bio fertilizers and putrescine play a key role in yield improvement. PGPR and Mycorrhiza fungi have the potential to modulate and regulate the physiological and biochemical responses of plants against drought stress, and for this reason, they increase plant survival under environmental conditions (Marasco et al., 2012). Polyamines are another compound that play a significant protective role in plants when environmental stress occurs (Hadi et al., 2016). Foliar of putrescine is able to improve the resistance of plants in oxidative stress and by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, it increases the resistance of plants against oxidative stress (Groppa et al., 2001). A better understanding of physiological responses under water limitation condition may help in programs which the objective is to improve yield of wheat. During the course of these stresses, active solute accumulation of compatible solutes such as proline and the activities CAT, POD and PPO enzymes are claimed to be an effective stress tolerance mechanism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bio fertilizers and putrescine on some the physiological and biochemical responses (i.e., antioxidant enzyme activity, soluble sugars, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content) of wheat under water limitation.Materials and methodsA factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm, faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2018-2019. Factors experiment were included irrigation at three levels (full irrigation as control, irrigation withholding in 50% of heading stage and irrigation withholding in 50% booting stage as moderate and severe water limitation respectively) and bio fertilizers at four levels [no bio fertilizer, both application of Psedomunas Putida Strain 186 and Flavobacterim Spp, both application of Mycorrhiza with Psedomunas and Flavobacterim, application of Mycorrhiza], and putrescine foliar application in three levels (foliar application with water as control and foliar application 0.5 and 1 mM of putrescine). Psedomunas putida strain 186 and Flavobacterim spp were isolated from the rhizospheres of wheat by Research Institute of Soil and Water, Tehran, Iran. For inoculation seeds were coated with gum Arabic as an adhesive and rolled into the suspension of bacteria until uniformly coated. The strains and cell densities of microorganisms used as PGPR in this experiment were 1×107 colony forming units (CFU). Mycorrhiza fungi (Glomus intraradices) was purchased from the Zist Fanavar Turan institute. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) was measured by Sudhakar et al. (2001) method, soluble sugar content by Dubios et al. (1956) method, measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) by Stewart and Bewley, (1980) and method of Alexieva et al, (2001) was used to measure the hydrogen peroxide. Proline content was measured by Bates et al. (1973) method. Analysis of variance and mean comparisons were performed using SAS9.1 computer software packages. The main effects and interactions were tested using the least significant difference (LSD) test at the 0.05 probability level.Results and discussionApplication of both Mycorrhiza with Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium and putrescine foliar application under severe water limitation conditions (irrigation withholding in booting) increased the activity of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and catalase enzymes. The highest activity of these enzymes were obtained in irrigation withholding in booting stage with application of both Mycorrhiza with Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine and the lowest of values were obtained in full irrigation and no application of bio fertilizers and no putrescine foliar application. The highest rates of proline and soluble sugar were observed under irrigation withholding in heading with the both application of biofertilizers and putrescine and the lowest of them were observed in full irrigation, no application of biofertilizers and no foliar putrescine. Water limitation increased electrical conductivity (EC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, while application of bio fertilizers and putrescine under water limitation conditions decreased electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content. Application of Mycorrhiza with Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium and foliar of 1 mM putrescine under severe water limitation decreased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content about 51 and 31.72% respectively compared to no application biofertilizers and putrescine under same water limitation level. In general, water limitation (irrigation withholding in booting and heading) decreased grain yield compared to full irrigation. application Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium (23.1%) and both application of Mycorrhiza with Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium (16.6%) increased grain yield in comparison with no application of biofertilizers under conditions of irrigation withholding in booting. Foliar application 1 mM of putrescine increased grain yield about 8.5% in comparison with no application putrescine.ConclusionIt seems that application of bio fertilizers and putrescine can increase grain yield of wheat under water limitation conditions due to improving physiological and biochemical trait.

Introduction and Objective: It is necessary to develop new sustainable high-yielding cultivars in drought-prone areas. The yield of cultivars in different environments is different and their yield rating varies from one environment to another. Reduction of interaction effects and production stability in different environments is one of the goals of breeding program and introducing cultivars in different regions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotype ×environment interaction effect in different cold climate regions of Iran and to determine the superior genotypes and introduce the most stable wheat genotype in these conditions. Material and Methods: To investigate of the stability of 17 wheat genotypes along with Mihan, Heydari and Zarineh cultivars (check cultivars) under water deficit conditions, these genotypes were tested in a randomized complete block designwith three replications in the research stations of Karaj, Hamedan, Mashhad, Jalgarokh, Miandoab and Ardabil in the two crop years 2018 to 2019. In order to check the stability of genotypes, AMMI and GGE-biplot analysis were used. Results: AMMI analysis showed that the first ten main components were significant and in total explained nearly 97% of the changes in the genotype × environment interaction and the two main components, the first and the second, contributed 46% to the expression of the genotype × environment interaction. Based on SSiASV and SSiWAAS indices G2, G19 and G4 were identified as the best genotypes, respectively. The G3 was the most stable genotype. GGE-biplot analysis showed that G16, G1, G3 and G7 had the highest general stability compared to other genotypes. G16 can be considered as a desirable genotype that has high average yield and high yield stability. G12 and G9 genotypes were in the next ranks. On the other hand, the ideal environment was not observed, but the environments of Mashhad, Ardabil and Karaj in the first year can be introduced as the closest environments to the ideal environment for the selection of superior wheat genotypes in water deficit condition in the cold climate of the Iran. Conclusion: G3 was the most stable genotype, and then G16, G1 and G7 had the most general stability compared to other genotypes, so that G16 was identified as the desired genotype with high average yield and high yield stability. The environments of Mashhad, Ardabil and Karaj in the first year can also be used to select superior genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objective: Like other crops, wheat also faces several environmental limitations during its growth period, such as the lack of micronutrients. Zinc deficiency causes limitations in crop production, especially growth, and yield in calcareous soils. Considering the economic and agricultural importance of wheat in the world and Iran, it is necessary to pay attention to and identify genetic relationships, to know the level of genetic diversity, and estimate it in wheat germplasm by plant breeders. The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying genetic diversity and investigating stress tolerance indicators on phenological, physiological, and biochemical traits in desirable spring wheat cultivars under optimal conditions and zinc deficiency stress. Material and Methods: Sixty-four spring wheat cultivars under both optimal conditions and zinc deficiency stress, a simple lattice design was performed in 2019-2020 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University. In this research, phenological traits including the number of days to germination, number of days to booting, number of days to pollination, number of days to physiological maturity, grain filling period, and physiological and biochemical characteristics including canopy temperature, total chlorophyll, leaf area index, fresh weight and dry weight, relative water content, grain protein concentration, zinc concentration in shoot and grain yield were measured. Results: The results of the analysis of variance revealed a significant difference among the cultivars in both optimal conditions and zinc deficiency stress in most of the studied traits. positive and significant correlations of Ys and Yp with MP, GMP, STI, and HM indices showed that these indices are the most suitable indices for screening cultivars under zinc deficiency stress conditions. Conclusion: Generally, based on studied traits, tolerance indices, the results of principal components analysis, and cluster analysis, Aflak, Darya, Arvand, Roshan, Kavir, and Sirvand were selected as desirable cultivars and VEE/NAC, Tajan, Parsi, and Panjamo were identified as undesirable and susceptible cultivars. The selected tolerant and susceptible cultivars can be used for developing biparental populations, gene expression analysis, and breeding programs to produce cultivars with high yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat, as a crucial staple food, has gained heightened importance following the RussiaUkraine conflict and the escalating impacts of climate change. Its adaptability to various climates, ease of cultivation, and rich nutritional value make it indispensable. Iran, with its arid climate and saline arable lands, necessitates a focused study on innovative approaches for wheat cultivation. In this challenging environment, it's imperative to seek cost-effective methods to boost wheat production. Addressing salinity involves diverse techniques like leaching saline soils, improved irrigation management, cultivating salt-tolerant varieties, and utilizing biological fertilizers. Additionally, the application of effective microorganisms stands out as a promising biological method. By influencing the rhizosphere and leaf through biological and molecular priming, these microorganisms enhance the plant's resistance to salinity and drought, ultimately leading to increased growth and yield. Embracing such approaches is essential for sustainable wheat cultivation in these harsh conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In seed research, germination percentage data is the result of counting and has a binomial distribution. Therefore, seed researchers use data transformation, especially square root transformation, to stabilize the variance and normalize the data before performing analysis of variance and comparison of treatments. Despite the use of data transformation, this method has fundamental issues in the structure that misleads the test results. Therefore, it is important to introduce and replace a method that preserves the research assumptions and provides acceptable results for researchers without using data transformation. The use of generalized linear model is an alternative method for analyzing germination data with binomial distribution. In this research, the generalized linear model will be introduced first. Then, the efficiency of this method will be illustrated using simulated and actual germination data. Materials and Methods: In this research, first the simulated data was generated by the Monte Carlo method. Based on the simulated data, the significance level and the power of test of generalized linear model were computed. Then the actual data related to three experiments including the effect of acidity on germination of wheat varieties, the effect of water stress and salinity on germination of yellow sweet clover seeds, and the effect of alternating temperatures on germination of three lavender populations were used and the results of the generalized linear model were compared with the square root transformation method based on the data of three experiments. Results: The simulation results showed that the generalized linear model has a high efficiency to preserve the predetermined significance level and a high power in detecting significant differences in germination of the treatments. Moreover, the results of the comparison of the generalized linear model with the square root transformation method illustrated that the generalized linear model had a higher capability to detect significant differences between various treatments, especially in the treatments with unequal seeds in the Petri dish, and in the treatments in which the square root transformation method resulted in no significant difference among treatments, the generalized linear method showed a significant difference. Conclusions: Generally, the results of this research demonstrated that the generalized linear model can be used as an alternative method to square root transformation in studies on the germination percentage of seeds with binomial distribution, without having the problems of the square root transformation method. Moreover, this model outperforms the square root transformation in detecting significant differences in germination of treatments with fixed and different seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this research was to study the ratio of post- to preanthesis duration in wheat plant and to investigate its possible association with grain yield. Methods: This research was conducted under well-watered condition according to lattice design with two replications. The 81 Iranian wheat cultivars were studied at the research farm of Moghan college of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Duration of phenological events were expressed based on growing degree days (GDD). Results: Results showed that the amount of GDD for sowing-anthsis, sowing-maturity, and anthsis-maturity ranged from 1287-1584, 2076-2265, and 644-847 ⁰Cd, respectively. When averaged among cultivars, it was found that 65 and 35% of total GDD was accumulated from sowing to anthesis and from anthesis to maturity, respectively. In other words, ratio of post - to pre anthesis GDD was 0.54. The ratio of post- to pre anthesis GDD ranged from 0.43 to 0.63 among examined cultivars. When the ratio of postto pre-anthesis GDD was regressed against the grain yield, a quadratic curve was fitted. So that, the grain yield was increased with the increasing of postto pre anthesis GDD up to 0.57, remained constant between 0.57-0.61, but declined with further increasing of this parameter. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the balance between post- to preanthesis duration in wheat plant may result in increased grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The use of nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin is vital for long-term maintenance of urea fertilizer in the soil, preventing it from leaching. Therefore, this study tried to investigate the yield and physiological characteristics of different wheat cultivars under different levels of fertilization and tillage systems. Methods: The study was performed as a split-split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates in Karaj during two cropping seasons (2019-21). The experimental treatments included two tillage levels (no-tillage and conventional tillage) as the main plot and three fertilizer levels (urea, nitrapyrin + urea combination and control (main plot), and two cultivars (Rokshan and Pishgam)) as the secondary plot. Results: The results of the composite analysis showed that the highest yield of wheat grain was obtained in Rakhshan cultivar with 8331 kg/ha and the level of urea + nitrapyrin fertilizer was obtained in no-tillage, being 6.15% superior to the level of urea. Also, in both tillage systems, the highest amount of leaf area index and nitrogen productivity index was obtained in the same treatment. Thus, compared to the treatment of urea application, 6.1%, 2.7% in no-tillage and 0.8% and 1.3% in Cultivation was more common. Conclusion: In general, nitrapyrin improved wheat yield in both tillage levels. In addition to improving plant performance, the use of nitrapyrin can also be effective in reducing environmental hazards caused by the use of chemical fertilizers such as urea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Examining the influence of Zinc and Potassium mineral elements on enhancing drought tolerance in wheat crop. Methods: A split factorial experiment was executed utilizing a randomized complete block design, with three replications during the 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons in Hamedan. The main plot encompassed two conditions of normal irrigation and drought stress. Subplot treatments involved the application of potassium and zinc fertilizers at three levels of non-use (control), foliar spraying at the start of flowering, and foliar spraying post-pollination. Evaluated characteristics comprised leaf temperature, canopy green area percentage, relative leaf water content, kernel potassium and zinc content, and grain yield. Results: In the initial year, the highest observed relative leaf water content reached 85.71%, alongside elevated leaf temperature and canopy green area. Conversely, the second year yielded the highest seed yield at 6962.3 kg/ha. The interruption of irrigation pre-pollination led to a 34.5% reduction in seed yield, a 36.5% decrease in relative leaf water content, and a 54.8% decline in canopy green area compared to the normative irrigation treatment. Optimal foliar treatment resulted in the highest potassium and zinc content in seeds at 4314 and 27.73 ppm, respectively. Simultaneous application of potassium and zinc fertilizers at the onset of the flowering stage elevated grain yield by 4.5% and increased the relative water content of leaves by 5.8% compared to the control treatment under stress conditions. Conclusion: Concurrent application of potassium and zinc fertilizers during the flowering stage alleviated the detrimental effects of end-of-season drought stress in wheat plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Wheat plays a dominant role in global food security as it contributes almost 20% of the total dietary calories and proteins worldwide. Economic measures can promote the development of conservation agriculture (CA), and due to their correlation with socioeconomic sectors, CA measures can affect the whole socioeconomic system. Many studies have been conducted on the benefits of CA, but considering that economic factors are one of the important factors for accepting the principles of CA, however, many economic analyzes have not been conducted on the impact of CA on costs, especially in Iran. Knowledge of the profitability of agricultural management methods can be a suitable basis for making favorable decisions to move toward CA. Considering that financial profitability in the initial phase of CA (IP-CA) may be controversial, this study is aimed at estimating the cost of wheat production in two systems CT and IP-CA of Golestan province. Methodology Seven study sites Bandar Gaz, Kordkoy, Gorgan. Bandar Torkman, Agh Qala, Azad Shahr and, Galiksh, which have the largest area under cultivation and exploiting CA and CT (conventional tillage) were selected in Golestan province, north of Iran. In this study, the treatments included CA and CT, and it was possible to compare the treatments at the same time in 7 sites and 84 farmers who managed two CA and CT lands together and CA had been implemented in them for 3-6 years were selected and sites were in the initial phase of CA. Agricultural inputs, including the consumption of seeds, water, poisons, chemical fertilizers, labor, and agricultural machines, were considered as production costs. In this study, the profitability of each CA and CT system was investigated using cost and income information. Then, using the Translog Cost Function, the effect of CA technology on input demand and production costs was investigated . Findings The use of CA in the production of wheat has reduced the consumption of agricultural inputs other than poison; so, the largest decrease of 45.48% belongs to the labor force and the smallest decrease of 15.62% belongs to the seed. Greater production cost under CT respectively was due to higher labor force, use of agricultural machinery, and water cost. The amount of poison consumption was higher in CA than CT, except in Kordkoy sites. Generally, the cost of poisons under CT was the lowest than in CA. The highest weed control cost under CA could be associated with higher weed seed bank near the soil surface, and maximized germination potential of fresh weed seed due to residual burying. The use of CA has led to a reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers; So, the biggest decrease of 33.33% is assigned to Agh Qala site. Conservation agriculture has led to a decrease in the workforce in all cities. The average production of wheat crops in Golestan province in 2021 in CA was 8.45% higher compared to CT. The gross profit in CA and CT systems is calculated as approximately 122 and 94 million Rials per hectare respectively, which in CA is approximately 28 million Rials (30.50%) more than in CT. The average production cost of each kilogram of wheat in one hectare is 54,641 Rials under CT and 43,289 Rials under CA and in fact, the cost of producing one kilogram of wheat in CA decreased by almost 20% . Conclusion In this study, CA, on the one hand, as a result of reducing production costs, led to a reduction in production costs, and on the other hand, it increased income per hectare due to the higher production of wheat. IP-CA has been able to manage the use of agricultural institutions in a better way, which leads to a reduction in production costs and an increase in production IP-CA, in addition to saving wheat production costs, has indirect social benefits for farmers. Reducing the need for labor creates new economic opportunities for farmers, and saving time creates new businesses and generates non-agricultural income. If the economic benefits of CA, along with its numerous benefits such as reducing carbon dioxide, more water efficiency and, most importantly preserving the soil of this valuable trust, are all included in the calculations, it shows the very high value of CA for the economic and social future and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended Abstract Introduction and Objective: Fusarium head blight disease is one of the most important and destructive diseases of wheat in hot and humid climates, which, in addition to reducing yield, causes the accumulation of mycotoxins in the grain, which is dangerous for humans and animals. Passive resistance against Fusarium includes many morphological and phenological traits such as plant height, flowering time, heading time, number of spikes and spike density, which help to escape the disease or create a kind of resistance to Fusarium head rot disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the studied genotypes with respect to Fusarium head blight disease and to estimate the simple and canonical correlation between morphological traits and disease resistance traits. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate 92 improved and native genotypes of Iranian bread wheat against Fusarium head blight in two crop years (2019-2022), experiments were conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design in the farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Morphological traits measured included plant height (PH), spike length (SL), and number of seeds per spike (TSS), and agronomic traits measured included heading time (DTH) and flowering time (DTF). Disease traits were: disease incidence (INC), disease severity (SEV), Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK), FHBdx index and ISK. Results: For all disease-related traits and morphophenological traits, a significant difference (p

IntroductionDue to the increase in world population and the need for food using traditional agricultural methods does not meet the needs of society. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) predicts that by 2050, 60 percent more food production will be needed to feed the world's 9 billion population. This has concerned agroecologists to sustainable agriculture and encouraged them to do more research and design new sustainable agricultural systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine different mixed cropping systems of cereals and evaluation of different drought tolerance indices using a mixture of winter cereals, wheat, barley and triticale and their response to end-of-season water stress in hot and dry ecological conditions.Materials and methodsIn order to investigate the grain yield and drought tolerance indices of mixed culture of different cereal genotypes to water stress in hot and dry ecological conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates during 2017-2018 cropping year in College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University. In this experiment, the first factor was irrigation regime in two levels of normal irrigation and water stress and the second factor was ten cropping systems of genotypes (tall barley line EB-95-97, dwarf barley line EB-95-97, dwarf bread wheat line S-92-19, tall bread wheat cultivar Khalil and a cultivar of Triticale called Juanilo) which were grown as double and pure row culture. Double mixed crops included of: dwarf barley- tall barley (one row of dwarf barley + one row of tall barley), dwarf barley - triticale (one row of dwarf barley + one row of triticale), tall barley - triticale (one row of tall barley + one row of triticale), dwarf wheat - triticale (one row of dwarf wheat + one row of triticale) and tall wheat - triticale (one row of tall wheat + one row of triticale) in a 50:50 planting ratio and their pure cultivation.Results and discussionThe results of this experiment showed that the highest grain yield was obtained in tall wheat-triticale mixed culture with 9472 kg ha-1 under normal irrigation and the lowest grain yield was achieved in pure dwarf barley with 3934 kg ha-1 under water stress condition. The results of correlation analysis of drought indices showed that positive and significant correlations were observed between STI (r=0.858**), GMP (r=0.747*) and MP(r=0.801**) with grain yield under water stress conditions. Alos, positive correlation coefficients were observed between STI (r=0.884**), GMP (r=0.922*) and MP (r=0.932**) with grain yield under normal irrigation conditions. The highest SIIG index in this investigation was observed for dwarf barley-tall barley cropping system which had the minimum yield difference in normal and water stress conditions. 3D-graph of cropping systems using SIIG index indicated that cropping systems of pure tall wheat, pure dwarf wheat and tall barley+triticale mixture demonestraed the highest grain yield both in normal and water stress conditions.ConclusionTall wheat+Triticale mixed culture wheat cultivation system under normal irrigation conditions showed a 16% increase in yield compared to the tall wheat pure cultivation system, while it did not show a significant difference with the Triticale pure cultivation system. Some of the mixed cropping systems such as tall wheat + triticale mixed cropping systems produced higher yields that their pure cultivation systems. Alos, it was concluded that STI, GMP, MP and SIIG were the best drought stress indices to evaluate different cropping systems.

Ownership of lands, feudalism systems and division of agricultural products has a long history in Iran. Agricultural system from demission and division of lands till the three step of cultivating, keeping and harvesting then division of products as well as taking tax, needs a regular circle and recording instruments as well as product measuring in different districts. In this research in addition to exploring circle of landholding from early Islamic period to Qajar period, two threshing heap stamp, that used to make mark on wheat as well as barley heaps are investigated. In this article we use anthropological and library studies based on descriptive and analytical approach to investigate the region cultivation and tow threshing heap stamps. The aims of this study are to identify the function as well as identity of these two stamps in socioeconomic context and investigate the circle of agriculture at Komijan city and Esfandan village, also tried to determine the identity and essence the stamps that are used by whom and when. In this end, structure of the stamps as well as form, material, motive and phrase on them will be described.

Objective:Nowadays, environmental pollution and its consequences have become one of the most serious human concerns, and management of pollution caused by the entry of hazardous substances such as radionuclides, pesticides, and heavy metals into the environment is of particular importance. Advances in technology and nuclear knowledge have led to increasing of release and accumulation of nuclear waste and radionuclides in the environment. Mining, production and processing of nuclear fuels and military operations are the most important causes of nuclear waste production. Because of the possibility of transferring radionuclides to the food chain, soil contamination with these pollutants creates many hazards to human health. There are various physical and chemical methods to eliminate nuclear waste, but most of them are expensive and complex. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants and their associated microbes to clean up the polluted environment. This process is very simple, practical, economical and environmentally friendly. In this research, wheat and sunflower plants were used to remove uranium from soils of Saghand and Bandar Abbas mine's districts. Also, the effect of different concentrations of citric acid on the plants accessibility to this element was investigated.Methods: PH meter and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy were used to determine the pH and constituents of the soil. Also, liquid scintillation analysis was applied to determine the concentration and amount of uranium absorption.Results: In general, sunflower had better efficiency in absorption of uranium from soil of Saghand. In the case of uranium absorption from soil of Bandar Abbas, Wheat had better efficiency in the absence and low concentrations of citric acid, but with increasing acid concentration the accessibility of sunflower to the uranium in the soil increased.Conclusion: In comparison to wheat sunflower had a better performance in uranium uptake from Saghand soil before and after acid addition. In the case of uranium uptake from Bandar Abbas soil, wheat had better performance in the absence of citric acid and in its low concentrations, while with increasing acid concentration, the uranium uptake by sunflower increased.

IntroductionIn the pursuit of a resilient and progressive agricultural system, the incorporation of diverse fertilizers is deemed essential. This practice not only enhances product quality but also aids in cost reduction. However, over-reliance on a specific type of input can inadvertently lead to unintended repercussions. The unrestricted utilization of chemical fertilizers, for instance, can precipitate adverse outcomes such as imbalanced pH levels, the accumulation of heavy elements, soil structure deterioration, and environmental contamination. Conversely, organic fertilizers, while environmentally friendly, often release nutrients at a slower rate, potentially disrupting optimal plant growth. To attain a balanced and sustainable agricultural approach, the combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers is advocated. Moreover, harnessing the biological potential inherent in soil ecosystems, including beneficial microbial communities encompassing bacteria and fungi, emerges as a promising avenue in cultivating sustainable agriculture. Acknowledging the adverse impact of late-season heat stress on wheat production in Khuzestan and recognizing the significance of reducing chemical fertilizer usage while augmenting organic and biological fertilizers to foster ecological health, this experiment undertakes the exploration of the effects of a synergistic approach. Specifically, it delves into the combined utilization of nitrogen and compost fertilizers, complemented by the incorporation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. This endeavor aims to shed light on how this combined strategy operates within the context of terminal heat stress, assessing its influence on the physiological attributes and yield of the wheat cultivar Chamran 2.Materials and MethodsThis experiment was carried out as split-split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop year of 2021-2022 in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. The experimental factors include three planting dates: December 1st, December 20th, and December 10th in the main plots; Six levels of combined use of nitrogen fertilizer with compost fertilizer include control (without nitrogen and organic), 100% nitrogen, 75% nitrogen+ 25% compost, 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost, 25% nitrogen+ 75% compost and 100% compost in sub-plots and two levels of application and non-application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in sub-plots. Each sub-plot was 3 meters long and 2 meters wide (with an area of 6 square meters) and included 10 crop lines at a distance of 20 cm from each other. The distance between the main and secondary plots was considered to be half a meter and the distance between the blocks was two meters. After physiological maturity, the plants were harvested and the physiological traits and grain yield were measured.Results and DiscussionVariance analysis showed that the interaction effect of planting date, combined use of nitrogen with compost, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, on the traits of relative leaf water content, planting to flowering, and grain yield were significant at the 1% probability level. Also, the interaction effect of planting date and the combined use of nitrogen with compost on all traits except the length of the grain filling period and the length of sowing to physiological maturity was significant at the probability level of 1%. The mean comparison showed that the highest relative leaf water content, cell membrane thermostability, and canopy temperature depression were obtained from the treatment of 100% compost, and the highest traits of the length of sowing to flowering and length of sowing to physiological maturity were obtained in the use of 100% nitrogen. Also, the longest grain filling period, grain filling rate, and grain yield were obtained in the combined use of 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and the lowest value was obtained in the control of not using nitrogen and compost. In general, the delay in planting and the occurrence of terminal heat stress caused a decrease in grain yield, but on different planting dates, the combined use of 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost compared to the treatment of 100% nitrogen increased wheat grain yield.ConclusionAccording to the obtained results, in areas with terminal heat stress, the combined use of 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can be considered to increase the growth and yield of wheat.

IntroductionIn conventional combine harvesters, wheat chaff is typically removed from the end of the machine and deposited on the field surface. Depending on the wheat cultivar, cultivation method, and growing conditions, the amount of chaff produced can range from 0.8 to 1.5 times the amount of grain harvested per hectare (Tavakoli, 2012). On average, this translates to an annual production of approximately 14 million tons of chaff, which is valued at around $240000000 based on regional prices in 2018-2019 ($1000 per kilogram). If collected, these chaff residues could be used as animal feed for livestock. Additionally, the long stems protruding from the back of conventional combine harvesters can interfere with subsequent cultivation efforts. Chaff combine harvesters have a similar structure to conventional machines, but feature a modified end that includes a tank and blower for collecting and depositing crushed chaff. Apart from the threshing unit, all other components of the harvester remain unchanged.Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted in 2019 in dryland wheat fields to determine the performance of Chaff combine harvesters in Kurdistan province. The study used 15 combine harvesters, including John Deere models equipped with chaff threshers from Shiraz, Bookan, and Hamedan, as well as the Hamedan Barzegar specific chaff collector combine. These combines were evaluated and compared based on natural losses, head and chaff storage losses, field capacity, purity percentage, and yield in field conditions in Kurdistan province. The total number of combines evaluated was 15, using a completely randomized design. Among these, 33% belonged to Shiraz company (5 samples), 33% to Bookan (5 samples), 20% to Hamedan (3 samples), and 14% to Hamedan Barzegar (2 samples). Sampling included measurement of natural losses, header losses, threshing tank losses (losses of the threshing unit, separating unit, and cleaning unit), and quality losses (broken grains and impurities) in the combine tank.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the average yield, natural loss, and combine loss were 1,698.14 kg.ha-1, 2.39%, and 4.92%, respectively. In terms of the loss rates in different parts of the combine, 43.49% was related to the chaff storage of the combine, and 56.50% was related to the combine head.The natural loss rate in this province was 2.39%. The total combine loss was 5.18%, with 40.44% of that related to chaff storage and the rest related to the combine head. The results also showed a significant difference between the treatments in terms of field capacity, chaff storage loss, and purity percentage at a probability level of 5%.The total loss of the Hamedan Barzegar combine was 6.67%, which was higher than the other combines. The chaff storage loss of the Shiraz, Bookan, Hamedan, and Hamedan Barzegar combines were 0.87%, 2.64%, 0.78%, and 4.28%, respectively, showing a significant difference at a 5% level. There was also a significant difference between the treatments in terms of total grain loss.Based on these results, it is recommended to use the Hamedan, Bookan, Shiraz, and Hamedan Barzegar combines, with total losses of 4.33%, 4.33%, 4.52%, and 6.56%, respectively.ConclusionThe average purity of harvested grains was 96.62%, and there was no significant difference between the combine harvesters in this regard.There was a significant difference between the combines in terms of field capacity at a probability level of 5%. The field capacity of the Bookan, Hamedan Barzegar, Hamedan, and Shiraz combine harvesters were 0.83, 0.87, 0.83, and 0.73 hectares per hour, respectively.In Kurdistan province, the average grain combine loss in dryland wheat harvesting with chaff combine harvesters was 4.92%, which is higher than in other provinces.The loss in the chaff tank of the Shiraz, Bookan, Hamedan, and Hamedan Barzegar combine harvesters was 0.87%, 2.64%, 0.78%, and 4.28%, respectively. Regardless of head losses, the loss in the Hamedan combine was less than other combine harvesters.The total losses of the Hamedan Barzegar, Bookan, Shiraz, and Hamedan combine harvesters were 6.56%, 4.32%, 4.52%, and 4.30%, respectively, with the Hamedan Barzegar and Hamedan combine harvesters having the highest and lowest losses, respectively.Based on the results obtained from this study, using the Hamedan combine is recommended in the dryland conditions of Kurdistan due to its low losses, high purity, and field capacity.AcknowledgementThanks to the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Kurdistan Province, specifically the deputy of the Plant Production and Mechanized Technologies Department, for their assistance and cooperation in the implementation of the project.

Introduction Wheat is considered the most important grain and one of the vital food products in Iran. After nitrogen, phosphorus is the most important nutrient required by plants and holds a high priority for the growth, yield and quality of plants. However, due to the introduction of phosphorus in various reactions in the soil, a small amount of consumed phosphorus fertilizer is removed by the plant and the rest of it is left in a non-absorbable form in the soil. The efficiency of using phosphorus fertilizers and the availability of this nutrient is considered as a limiting factor for the production of agricultural products in calcareous soils with alkaline reaction of Iran. Since graphene and its oxidized form, with large amounts of active oxygen groups and high specific surface area, have been proposed by many studies as non-toxic and biocompatible materials in the production of compounds with improved efficiency of using nutrient, therefore to increase the efficiency of phosphorus consumption in soil, in this study, phosphorus was loaded on graphene oxide (GO-P). The present study aims to assess the influence of this compound as a source of phosphorus and its mixing with triple superphosphate fertilizer (GO-P-TSP) compared to triple superphosphate soluble fertilizer (TSP) on the amount of water retention of fertilizers in soil and phosphorus concentration in aerial parts of wheat plant. Methods and Materials Graphene oxide was prepared based on the modified Hamers method. Then graphene oxide was adjusted to certain pH and iron sulfate as a source of iron ions was added to the graphene oxide suspension with vigorous stirring. The mixture was stirred for one hour and then centrifuged for 30 minutes. Then the supernatant was removed and the residue of the compound was dry frozen. In the next step, pH was adjusted with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Then a certain weight of potassium dihydrogen phosphate salt (KH2PO4) was added to the above suspension. The mixture was stirred for one hour and centrifuged for 30 minutes. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed and the remains of the phosphorus composition based on graphene oxide were dry frozen. Loading tests were performed in three replicates. pH, EC, bulk density, total concentration of phosphorus and iron and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (EDS) analysis were measured in the sample of phosphorus composition based on graphene oxide. Then three fertilizer formulations were selected, which included (1) triple superphosphate fertilizer, (2) synthesized phosphorus fertilizer based on graphene oxide, and (3) mixing graphene oxide-phosphorus compound with triple superphosphate fertilizer in a ratio of 50:50% phosphorus. To investigate the water retention behavior of fertilizers in the soil, dried samples of the three studied fertilizer formulations was added into a sandy soil completely and weighed. At the same time, dried sandy soil without fertilizer was placed in another beaker as a control. Then each beaker was added distilled water and weighed. The beakers were weighed once every three days at room temperature until they reached constant mass. The water-retention behavior of the soil was calculated. In order to investigate the effect of three fertilizer formulations on phosphorus availability, soil with low amount of phosphorus was selected and physical and chemical properties of the soil sample were measured at a depth of 0-30 cm. A greenhouse experiment on wheat planting was conducted using a randomized complete design with 3 replications. The treatments included three fertilizer formulations at three fertilization levels (10, 15, and 20 mg kg-1) with 3 replications. The control treatment was performed without phosphorus fertilizer. Plants were harvested 72 days after planting, washed with distilled water and dry with tissue paper. The samples were air-dried and then oven dried at 70˚C to a constant weight in a forced air-driven oven. After harvesting, the weight of fresh and dry matter and phosphorus concentration in the soil and aerial parts of the plant were measured. Statistical data were analysed using SAS software (9.4) and the mean values were compared using LSD tests (at 1 and 5% level). Results and Discussion The composition of phosphorus based on graphene oxide (GO-P) in powder form had 35.5% of total P2O5, 31.1% of soluble in water P2O5, 19.6 of total iron and 15.28% of total potassium. The result of EDS analysis confirmed the loading of phosphorus on graphene oxide. The pH of the phosphorus composition based on graphene oxide was 5.8, approximately 2.5 units higher than triple superphosphate fertilizer. The bulk density of the compound (GO-P) was significantly lower than triple superphosphate fertilizer. The EC of the compound (GO-P) was similar to the EC of the triple superphosphate fertilizer. Soil water retention with synthesized phosphorus fertilizer based on graphene oxide (GO-P) was higher than soil (control) and other compounds added to soil. Experimental results showed that the addition of prepared fertilizer formulas (GO-P and GO-P-TSP) increased water retention in the soil for a longer period of time, while in the soil without adding fertilizer and triple superphosphate treatment, respectively, from 10 and 11 days, the absorbed water completely evaporated. Therefore, the combination of soil with GO-P and GO-P-TSP compared to the soil without fertilizer and the combination of soil with triple super phosphate (TSP) fertilizer had better water retention behavior. The greenhouse experiment results of wheat planting showed that all treatments were significant (P

IntroductionWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has become very important as a valuable strategic product with high energy level. The importance of investigating environmental stresses and their role in predicting and evaluating the growth and crops yield is essential. A wide range of plant response to stress is extended to morphological, physiological and biochemical responses. Considering the rapid advancement in computer model development, plant growth models have emerged as a valuable tool to predict changes in production yield. These growth simulation models effectively incorporate the intricate influences of various factors, such as climate, soil characteristics, and management practices on crop yield. By doing so, they offer a cost-effective and time-efficient alternative to traditional field research methods. Material and MethodsThis research was conducted in the research farm of Varamin province, which has a silty loam soil texture. The latitude and longitude of the region are 35º 32ʹ N and 51º 64ʹ E, respectively. Its height above sea level is 21 meters. According to Demarten classification, Varamin has a temperate humid climate. The long-term mean temperature of Varamin is 11.18 ° C and the total long-term rainfall is 780 mm. In this study, in order to simulate irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan growth under drought stress, an experimental based on completely randomized blocks (CRBD) including: non-stress as control (NS), water stress at booting stage (WSB), water stress at flowering stage (WSF), water stress at milking stage (WSM) and water stress at doughing stage (WSD) with three replications during growth season 2019-2020 was carried out in Varamin, Iran. Crop growth simulation was done using SSM-wheat model. This model simulates growth and yield on a daily basis as a function of weather conditions, soil characteristics and crop management (cultivar, planting date, plant density, irrigation regime). Results and DiscussionBased on the results, the simulation of the phenological stages of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan under water stress condition using SSM-wheat model showed that there was no difference between observed and simulated values. Summary, the values of day to termination of seed growth (TSG) were observed under non- stress, stress in the booting stage, flowering, milking and doughing of the grains, 222, 219, 219, 221, 221 days, respectively andsimulation values with 224, 221, 220, 221, respectively. However, with their simulation values, there were slight differences with 224, 221, 220, 221, respectively. Acceptable values of RMSE (11.7 g.m-2) and CV (3.5) indexes showed the high ability of the SSM model in simulating the grain yield of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan under water stress conditions. Grain yield values were observed in non-stress conditions of 5783, water stress in booting, flowering, milking and doughing of the grain stages in 5423, 5160, 5006 and 5100 kg. h-1, respectively. While the simulated values were 5630, 5220, 4920, 4680 and 4880 kg. h-1, respectively. Based on the findings, observed and simulated values of leaf area index (LAI) were observed under water stress condition in the booting, flowering, milking and doughing of the grain stages (4.3 and 4.47), (4.33) and 4.46), (4.4 and 4.57) and (4.4 and 4.58) cm-2, respectively. Evaluation of the 1000-grain weight of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan under the water stress showed that the SSM model was highly accurate. RMSE (4.6 g.m-2) and CV (1.8) values indicate the ability of the SSM model to simulate the 1000-grain weight of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan. Also, the simulated values of the harvest index were 34.7 % in non-stress conditions, which decreased by 6 % compared to the observed value. Harvest index values were observed under water stress conditions in the in the booting, flowering, milking and doughing of the grain stages in 30.2, 29.3, 29.9 and 29.5 %, respectively. Compared to its observed values, it was reduced by 3, 3.5, 5, and 5.5 %, respectively. ConclusionBased on the findings, the slight difference between the observed and simulated values demonstrates the SSM model's capability to accurately capture water stress impacts on the phenological stages, grain yield, and yield components of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan during critical growth stages, including booting, flowering, milking, and doughing. The results indicate that the SSM model is effective in simulating wheat growth under water stress conditions, showcasing its potential as a valuable tool for modeling irrigated wheat growth. The model's ability to account for water stress and its effects on various growth parameters makes it a reliable and efficient tool for predicting crop performance in water-limited environments.

IntroductionEcosystem services are usually divided into four categories: (a) provision services, (b) regulating services, (C) cultural services and (d) supporting services. Ecosystem services are managed in agroecosystems primarily for food production. But, agricultural ecosystems provide provision, regulating and cultural services for human society. These services respond strongly to human socio-economic needs. Quantifying the various services and functions of agroecosystems is one of the most important effective strategies in order to increase attention pay to these services. Therefore, the purpose of this study was evaluation and quantification of ecosystem services in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) agroecosystems of Dasht-e-Naz, Sari.Materials and MethodsThis experiment was performed as an unbalanced completely design in wheat agroecosystems of Dasht-e-Naz, Sari (Mazandaran province), during 2019-2020. In this study, 9 wheat plots with 4 cultivars including Tirgan, Ehsan, Collector and N-92-9 were surveyed and monitored. In this study, some ecosystem services such as insect and weed biodiversity (using Shannon-Weiner, Simpson, Margalf, Uniformity and Menhinick indices), soil microbial respiration, carbon sequestration, organic matter, abundance of earthworms, grain yield, protein content oxygen production, and soil protection (by the stability of aggregates) were evaluated and quantified. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm before wheat planting in November 2019 and after harvest in June 2020 for assessment of rate of microbial respiration, organic matter and carbon sequestration. Also, oxygen production was estimated based on net primary production. Sampling of yield and plant biodiversity was harvested based on W pattern and with quadrate 0.5 × 0.5 m2. All samples were moved to the crop research laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and the plant flora was determined by genus and species names.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that crop management and performance of intensive agricultural system were effective on providing many services of ecosystems in wheat fields of Dasht-e-Naz, Sari. These services are influenced by several factors such as cultivar type, crop rotation, tillage, etc. The results showed that the effect of different cultivars was significant on grain yield and protein percentage. The highest percentage of grain protein as a provision service was obtained from Ehsan cultivar (12.15%) and the lowest content was obtained about 11.42% from N-92-9 cultivar. The highest wheat grain yield and oxygen production were calculated from plots under Collector cultivar. In additional, the highest amount of carbon sequestration (2.33 ton/ha) and microbial respiration rate in before planting and after harvest (76.46 and 38.52 mg CO2 per kg of soil per day, respectively) belonged to plot 15. Also, it was determined that plot 15 was better than other plots from soil protection service view based on the diameter mean weight index (MWD) and the geometric mean diameter index (GMD). In this research, three beneficial insects (biodiversity assessment) were observed such as Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus and Aphidius matricariae, and Chrysoperla carnea. The highest values of Shannon-Weiner and uniformity indices of weeds were as 2.63 and 0.82 in plots 23 and 15, respectively. Furthermore, Shannon-Weiner and uniformity indices of insect communities were obtained as 2.07 and 0.94 from plot 22, respectively.Conclusion Generally, carbon sequestration, organic matter, microbial respiration, earthworm abundance, aggregate stability index, average weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter index (GMD) were better in plots 14 and 15 under wheat cultivation than other plots. The results of this study showed that crop management and implementation of intensive agricultural system were effective in providing many ecosystem services in wheat fields in Dasht-e Naz region of Sari. So that, these services were affected by several factors such as cultivar, crop rotation and tillage methods.AcknowledgmentThe authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and Dr. Hamid Sakinin for his help.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), as one of the most important cultivated crops in the world and Iran, is constantly threatened by many diseases, including Fusarium contamination. Due to the unique characteristics of nanoparticles, copper oxide nanoparticles show high antibacterial and antifungal properties. The purpose of this research was to comparatively investigate the antifungal effects of copper oxide nanoparticles and its bulk form on the suppression of Fusarium calmorum in wheat. For this purpose, a pot experiment was done with four levels (10, 250, 500, and 1000 mg L-1) of nanoparticles and bulk form of copper oxide treatments in wheat (Roshan cultivar). The results showed that the maximum inhibition of root pathogenicity was observed in a high concentration of nanoparticles as compared to bulk form. The 250 and 500 mg L-1 concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles caused the highest stem and root length and the highest dry weight of the aerial part and root, respectively. Treatment with 10 and 250 mg L-1 nanoparticles also increased the content of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, chlorophyll stability index, membrane stability coefficient, and relative leaf water content. While the content of chlorophyll b, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and proline increased with the increasing concentration of both nanoparticle and bulk forms. The results of this research showed that the low and medium concentrations of nanoparticles were more successful in inhibiting the aforementioned fungus than the bulk form.

Background and Objectives Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) holds crucial significance as a primary global food source, providing approximately 18% of required calories and 19% of essential protein for human consumption. The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum, poses a substantial threat to wheat crops worldwide, including in Iran, causing significant annual damage. Traditional methods for identifying induced resistance in host plants involve pest pre-infestation and the assessment of demographic parameters. Considering the adverse environmental and health implications of excessive pesticide use in wheat fields, the exploration of "induced resistance" as a biorational method has gained notable attention in recent years within the wheat-integrated pest management domain. This study's main objectives included examining induced responses in three distinct wheat varieties to S. graminum and determining the optimal pre-infestation period to activate this defensive reaction in the host varieties. Materials and Methods Seeds from three wheat varieties (Kohdasht, Morvarid, and Aseman) were planted in growth chamber conditions (temperature: 25±2°C, relative humidity: 60±5%, and a photoperiod of 14:10 L: D). Upon reaching the two-leaf stage, five one-day-old female apterus aphids were introduced to each plant, allowing them to feed for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days (considered as the experimental pre-infestation treatment duration). After the designated pre-infestation period, aphids were removed from the wheat plants, and the plants remained aphid-free for 48 hours. Following this interval, an age-specific two-sex life table of aphids was separately constructed for each wheat variety and pre-infestation duration. Using a cohort of 30 one-day-old first-instar nymphs, the biological and demographic parameters of aphids were measured and compared using the paired bootstrap test. Results The Aseman variety exhibited heightened resistance to S. graminum in comparison to Morvarid and Kohdasht varieties, as evidenced by the demographic parameter values. Notably, Aseman's extended nymphal developmental time and mean generation time (T), coupled with decreased longevity and fecundity, resulted in a significantly lower intrinsic rate of increase (rm) at 0.245 1/day, in contrast to Morvarid and Kohdasht varieties (0.348 and 0.358 1/day, respectively). Across all varieties, pre-infestation by aphids led to reductions in biological and demographic parameters, with the effective pre-infestation duration varying based on the variety and specific parameters studied. The nymphal developmental time increased, while fecundity and intrinsic rm significantly decreased as the pre-infestation duration progressed from 0 to 8 days. In Aseman, Morvarid, and Kohdasht varieties, rm decreased from 0.245 to 0.187, 0.348 to 0.275, and 0.385 to 0.335 1/day, respectively, with an increase in pre-infestation duration from 0 to 8 days. In the relatively more resistant Aseman variety, significant changes in nymphal developmental time and intrinsic rm occurred after a 2-day pre-infestation period, while aphid fecundity changed significantly after a 6-day pre-infestation duration. Morvarid exhibited significant changes in nymphal developmental time, female fecundity, and intrinsic rate of increase after 6, 4, and 2-day pre-infestation durations, respectively. Across all three varieties, the intrinsic rm, identified as a crucial demographic parameter, experienced significant changes after a 2-day pre-infestation period. Discussion Diverse demographic responses were observed for S. graminum across the studied wheat varieties, with the Aseman variety exhibiting heightened relative resistance to wheat green aphid. Pre-infestation of wheat plants with aphids induced resistance in all three varieties, resulting in a reduction in the biological and demographic potential of green aphid. Due to their favorable induction reactions to S. graminum, it is recommended to cultivate Kohdasht (resistant to pathogenic fungi, suitable for dry and semi-arid drylands) and Morvarid (resistant to pathogenic fungi, suitable for humid and plain areas) varieties. This approach can contribute to diminishing the aphid population and enhancing wheat production in these specified regions. The research outcomes offer valuable insights into identifying sources of resistance, understanding mechanisms, and facilitating the implementation of integrated aphid management strategies in wheat fields across Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction In conventional combine harvesters, wheat chaff is typically removed from the end of the machine and deposited on the field surface. Depending on the wheat cultivar, cultivation method, and growing conditions, the amount of chaff produced can range from 0.8 to 1.5 times the amount of grain harvested per hectare (Tavakoli, 2012). On average, this translates to an annual production of approximately 14 million tons of chaff, which is valued at around $240000000 based on regional prices in 2018-2019 ($1000 per kilogram). If collected, these chaff residues could be used as animal feed for livestock. Additionally, the long stems protruding from the back of conventional combine harvesters can interfere with subsequent cultivation efforts. Chaff combine harvesters have a similar structure to conventional machines, but feature a modified end that includes a tank and blower for collecting and depositing crushed chaff. Apart from the threshing unit, all other components of the harvester remain unchanged. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in 2019 in dryland wheat fields to determine the performance of Chaff combine harvesters in Kurdistan province. The study used 15 combine harvesters, including John Deere models equipped with chaff threshers from Shiraz, Bookan, and Hamedan, as well as the Hamedan Barzegar specific chaff collector combine. These combines were evaluated and compared based on natural losses, head and chaff storage losses, field capacity, purity percentage, and yield in field conditions in Kurdistan province. The total number of combines evaluated was 15, using a completely randomized design. Among these, 33% belonged to Shiraz company (5 samples), 33% to Bookan (5 samples), 20% to Hamedan (3 samples), and 14% to Hamedan Barzegar (2 samples). Sampling included measurement of natural losses, header losses, threshing tank losses (losses of the threshing unit, separating unit, and cleaning unit), and quality losses (broken grains and impurities) in the combine tank. Results and Discussion The results showed that the average yield, natural loss, and combine loss were 1,698.14 kg.ha-1, 2.39%, and 4.92%, respectively. In terms of the loss rates in different parts of the combine, 43.49% was related to the chaff storage of the combine, and 56.50% was related to the combine head. The natural loss rate in this province was 2.39%. The total combine loss was 5.18%, with 40.44% of that related to chaff storage and the rest related to the combine head. The results also showed a significant difference between the treatments in terms of field capacity, chaff storage loss, and purity percentage at a probability level of 5%. The total loss of the Hamedan Barzegar combine was 6.67%, which was higher than the other combines. The chaff storage loss of the Shiraz, Bookan, Hamedan, and Hamedan Barzegar combines were 0.87%, 2.64%, 0.78., and 4.28%, respectively, showing a significant difference at a 5% level. There was also a significant difference between the treatments in terms of total grain loss. Based on these results, it is recommended to use the Hamedan, Bookan, Shiraz, and Hamedan Barzegar combines, with total losses of 4.33%, 4.33%, 4.52%, and 6.56%, respectively. Conclusion 1. The average purity of harvested grains was 96.62%, and there was no significant difference between the combine harvesters in this regard. 2. There was a significant difference between the combines in terms of field capacity at a probability level of 5%. The field capacity of the Bookan, Hamedan Barzegar, Hamedan, and Shiraz combine harvesters were 0.83, 0.87, 0.83, and 0.73 hectares per hour, respectively. 3. In Kurdistan province, the average grain combine loss in dryland wheat harvesting with chaff combine harvesters was 4.92%, which is higher than in other provinces. 4. The loss in the chaff tank of the Shiraz, Bookan, Hamedan, and Hamedan Barzegar combine harvesters was 0.87%, 2.64%, 0.78%, and 4.28%, respectively. Regardless of head losses, the loss in the Hamedan combine was less than other combine harvesters. 5. The total losses of the Hamedan Barzegar, Bookan, Shiraz, and Hamedan combine harvesters were 6.56%, 4.32%, 4.52%, and 4.30%, respectively, with the Hamedan Barzegar and Hamedan combine harvesters having the highest and lowest losses, respectively. Based on the results obtained from this study, using the Hamedan combine is recommended in the dryland conditions of Kurdistan due to its low losses, high purity, and field capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Wheat is the most important source of carbohydrates in a majority of countries. It provides more nourishment for people than any other food source. Limited rainfall and drought stress occur frequently during the grain filling stage of wheat in many areas. Accumulation of photoasimilates in the stem of wheat and remobilization of theses storages could be considered as important adaptive traits to environmental stresses and are important in breeding cultivars with improved grain yield. Materials and Methods: Previous published researches on carbohydrates accumulation and remobilization in wheat were studied. The results of these articles were summarized systematically and then critically analyzed. Approaches for future works in terms of carbon accumulation and remobilization were also presented. Results and Discussion: Water-soluble carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and fructans) accumulate in the stem of wheat plants. The accumulation of reserves in the different internodes started near the end of extension growth. That is to say, the accumulation of reserves in the lower internodes takes place over long periods of time compared to the upper internodes. Accumulation of stem reserves, depend on environmental conditions and cultivars, continues until 10-25 days after anthesis when maximal amounts are reached. Wheat cultivars with optimum stem length and stem specific weight (stem dry weight per unit stem length) have higher potential for stem storages. Under optimal conditions, where photosynthesis takes place over long periods of time, storage of assimilates is high. In contrast, stress conditions such as drought reduce the amount of accumulated carbohydrates. Typically, remobilizations of stem reserves are started at the second half of linear grain growth when the current photosynthesis is declined. Physiological bases for remobilization initiation have not been understood well. It is probable that sucrose level as well as abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in the stem are involved in this process. The amount of remobilization in each cultivar is determined by stem reserves and remobilization efficiency. The later factor is affected, in turn, by grain number and grain weight (sink strength). That is to say, cultivars with higher stem storage do not necessarily show higher carbohydrates remobilization. Abiotic stresses (such as drought, salinity and heat stress) have pronounced effects on the amount and initiation of carbohydrate remobilization. However, wheat cultivars respond to such conditions differently. Researches on 81 Iranian wheat cultivars showed that drought stress increased stem dry matter remobilization from 2 to 45% whereas this trait was decreased from 1 to 72 percent in the remaining cultivars. Interestingly, the response of each stem segment (internode) to imposed stress conditions may be different with respect to remobilization amount. The flow of carbon (carbohydrates) to the grain from stored stem materials has been classified to pre- (All the carbon in the grain which is derived from photosynthesis prior to anthesis) and post-anthesis (All the carbon in the grain which is derived from photosynthesis after anthesis) remobilization. The contribution of stem dry matter to grain growth is not consistent and varies depends on the cultivar, environmental conditions, and grain weight changes. Clear association is not found between grain yield and remobilization. No clear relation was found between stem reserve mobilization and year of cultivar release. Conclusion: Weather conditions have pronounced effects on carbohydrates accumulation and its subsequent remobilization in wheat stem. Therefore, when breeding for these traits are considered, special attention should be paid to the environmental conditions. Typically, the lower internodes of wheat stem have higher potential for carbohydrates accumulation and remobilization when compared with the upper internodes (peduncle and penultimate). Clear relations were not found between grain yield and remobilization. This suggests that manipulating of this trait (remobilization) in wheat breeding program is a challenging task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tan spot disease caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is a destructive disease in wheat production areas around the world. The disease has a high prevalence and distribution in the Golestan, Mazandaran, and northern regions of Ardabil province. Due to the lack of suitable resistant varieties in Iran, the damage caused by the disease is high. In this study, the evaluation of 50 wheat lines resistance belonging to the 9HLBSN treasury of the International Maize and Wheat Research Center (CIMMYT) was investigated using race1 of the pathogen. By inducing the fungal isolates to produce abundant conidia, the infection was established in the wheat seedlings through inoculation of the suspension of fungal conidia. The results of this study demonstrated that lines number 1, 17, 18, 22, 25, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 44, 45, and 47 had a susceptible reaction, and other lines which included 70% of investigated lines, were resistant. In addition, the mean disease index in different lines was calculated and compared. In terms of the mean disease index on the evaluated lines, 13 groups were obtained, which had 8, 8, 8, 4, 3, 5, 12, 23, 24, 28, 28, 26, and 22 members, respectively. Considering the susceptibility of most of the country's commercial cultivars to this disease, the resistant lines obtained in this study are good sources of resistance to be used in the breeding programs of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed the investigating the structure of energy production and the global warming potential of wheat production in Mehran and Dehloran regions. Information about the consumption of inputs and outputs was collected through questionnaires and interviews with local farmers. The results of the research showed that the total energy consumptions in these areas were equal to 6715.3and 68988.4 MJ/ha, and the energy outputs were calculated as 81820 and 94390 MJ/ha, respectively. Economic analysis showed that the profit-to-cost ratios in Mehran and Dehloran regions were equal to 1.42 and 1.58, and the economic productivity of productions were 3.17 and 3.52 kg /Rial, respectively. Based on the Cobb-Douglas function, the coefficients of determination (R2) in Mehran and Dehloran regions were 0.93 and 0.96 respectively. The amount of total emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and methane from wheat cultivation in Mehran was 1328.73, 8228.67 and 33.35 kg/ha, respectively, and in Dehloran was equal to 1431.26, 8503.67 and 36.08 kg/ha, respectively. The global warming potential value of production in Mehran region was at about 9590.75 and in Dehloran region equaled to 9971.01 kg equivalent of carbon dioxide per hectare.

ObjectiveWheat is the most important cereal crops; it is a stable diet for more than one third of the world population. DNA markers play the most important role in diversity due to the relative ease in their generation and elimination of the influence of environment. The objective of this research were study of genetic diversity of bread wheat cultivars using RAPD markers and efficiency of these markers in grouping and distinguishing wheat cultivars based DNA fingerprint. Materials and methodsIn this study 42 wheat cultivar was evaluated with using 20 RAPD markers. The amplified fragment profiles were visually scored for presence (1) and absence (0) of bands and entered in a binary matrix. ResultsThe results showed that, RAPD primers detected 132 fragments and 88 of them (66/67%) were polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments varied in size from

IntroductionIn arid and semi-arid regions, drought stress as the main factor and salinity stress as a secondary factor reduces plant growth and yield. Water limitation can damage pigments and plastids, reduce chlorophyll a, b, rate and grain filling period. One of the important strategies for increasing carbon dioxide concentration in plants is using chemicals such as methanol that can increase the concentration of CO2 in a plant and improves photosynthesis rate and growth under water deficit conditions. Methanol is considered as quasi-essential for plant growth and development, and alleviates toxic effects caused by various environmental stresses in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of methanol on the agro –physiological traits (i.e., chlorophyll content and grain filling period) and yield of wheat under water limitation conditionMaterial and method A factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, during 2015-2016. Factors experiment were included irrigation levels (full irrigation as control, irrigation withholding in 50% of booting and heading stages as severe and moderate water limitation respectively, according with 43 and 55 BBCH code) and methanol foliar application at four levels (foliar application with water as control and foliar application 10, 20 and 30% volume of methanol). Foliar application with methanol was done in two stage of period growth (Stem elongation and Flag leaf development).Results and discussionResults showed that the maximum contribution of dry matter remobilization from air parts (20.52%) and contribution of stem reserves in grain yield (16.42%) were obtained with irrigation withholding at booting stage and no foliar application. The maximum grain filling period and effective grain filling period (33.62 and 29.33 days respectively) were obtained in full irrigation and foliar application of 30% volume of methanol and its minimum was obtained at no foliar application under irrigation withholding in booting stage. Also, results showed that there were an increase about 46.98%, 194.17%, 37.54%, 69.82% and 15.96% in grain yield, leaf area index, chlorophyll index, current photosynthesis and contribution of current photosynthesis in grain yield respectively in full irrigation and foliar application of 30% volume of methanol in comparison with no foliar application of methanol under irrigation withholding in booting stage. Based on the results this study, foliar application of 30% volume of methanol can be applied as a proper method to increase grain yield under water limitation conditions.

Introduction: Wheat, like other plants, uses antioxidant enzymes to deal with the high production of free oxygen radicals. Antioxidant enzymes are proteins or polypeptides that are activated in cooperation with cellular substances or mineral elements and are responsible for detoxifying reactive oxygen species in organisms. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant enzyme responding to plants' abiotic stresses. This study was performed to identify significant regulatory elements within the promoter regions of superoxide dismutase genes in the wheat genome.Materials and methods: To investigate the regulation of gene expression and the effective factors in regulating superoxide dismutase enzyme using bioinformatics methods, the promoter region of Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD and Fe-SOD genes was investigated. The reason for selecting these genes is their ability to scavenge the free radicals of oxygen in plants. Also, their gene expression pattern are crucial under stressful conditions. In order to perform the promotor analysis of these genes, first, the sequence of the genes encoding this enzyme from wheat was downloaded using the NCBI site. After receiving the desired gene sequence, all three sequences of this gene were searched to find different versions of the SOD gene in the wheat genome against the genomic sequence of this plant that has been identified and reported on this site so far. Each received promoter sequence was analyzed and their regulatory elements were identified. Fifteen genes encoding superoxide dismutase were identified and annotated in different chromosomes of A and D genomes of wheat. Then, the promoter regions of these genes, including 1500 bp upstream sequences, were separated to identify the corresponding regulatory elements. The promoter sequences were analyzed to detect the statistically significant over-represented regulatory elements.Results: The results showed that various regulatory elements involved in different biochemical pathways might influence wheat's transcription of superoxide dismutase genes. G-Box, I-box, MBS, TGA-element, A-box, ABRE, and ARE, are regulatory elements annotated by individual and grouping promoter analysis. In this study, genes encoding superoxide dismutase were mainly identified on different chromosomes of wheat's A and D genomes. This indicates that these genes were probably transferred from the parents of wheat that had these two main genomes to wheat.Conclusion: Finally, the analysis showed that the important regulatory elements identified in this pathway could include ABRE, ARE, CCAAT-box, G-Box, Skn-1_motif, and circadian, which respectively have a role in the pathway of response to abscisic acid, and response to other reactions such as aerobics reactions, the binding site of elements related to genes encoding MYB transcription factor, response to light conditions, endosperm expression pathway and the pathway of regulation of periodic light responses. Most of the regulatory elements of these genes are involved in light reactions and environmental stresses, which protect the plant against their injury effects.

Introduction: Today, wheat is grown on more land area than any other commercial crop and continues to be the most important food grain source for humans. Rejaw cultivar is adaptable to the conditions of rainfed cultivation and supplementary irrigation in the cold regions of Iran. Of course, it can play an essential role in increasing and sustaining the yield of rainfed wheat. Regarding the quality of the resulting flour, Rejaw has a high quality, increasing the bread quality and reducing bread waste. Two-dimensional electrophoresis is a combination of isoelectric focusing (IEF) in the first dimension and SDS-PAGE in the second dimension, which allows the separation of proteins based on electrical charge and molecular weight. Materials and methods: In this study, Rejaw wheat variety was used to investigate the changes of protein spots in two different ranges of linear pH 4 to 7 and nonlinear pH 3 to 10. For this purpose, bread wheat seed sample of Rejaw cultivar obtained from the Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (Sararoud branch), Kermanshah, Iran, was grown in a greenhouse under normal conditions in a pot; during the experiment, the lighting period was 14 hours, and natural lighting and fluorescent lamps were used to adjust this light. The daily temperature was about 20 degrees Celsius and the night temperature was about 10 to 12 degrees Celsius. Finally, leaf samples were used in protein extraction to perform two-dimensional electrophoresis, and their total protein was extracted. The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of Payam-Noor University and the protein department laboratory of the Medical Biology Research Center of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Results: The results showed the changes of the expressed proteins in two different pH 4 to 7 linear and 3 to 10 non-linear. Although the resolution of the image and the separation of the protein spots at pH 3 to 10 were nonlinear due to the wider pH range, the movement of the proteins in two-dimensional electrophoresis showed that these molecules, in addition to the pI difference, have a solvable behavior. Attention in the conditions of SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional electrophoresis, which is not seen in the usual SDS-PAGE method. In other words, in two-dimensional electrophoresis, proteins are separated based on electric charge and molecular weight but in one-dimensional electrophoresis, they are separated based on molecular weight. For this reason, a set of proteins may have the same molecular weight. Conclusion: However, this degree of protein diversity and relatively heterogeneous electrophoretic behavior of the proteins obtained from the leaves of Rejaw cultivar, which was apparently only shown in this study with two-dimensional electrophoresis, is remarkable and requires more studies in other related species. The results obtained from the two-dimensional electrophoresis study in this study can open the way for proteomic studies in the future.

Background and Objectives: A significant portion of arable land in Iran is used for wheat cultivation annually. However, a considerable amount of these lands are saline or exposed to salinity due to irrigation with water containing some levels of salts. On the other hand, in most of these lands, wheat and barley are cultivated under rainfed conditions. About 500,000 hectares in Golestan province are affected by varying degrees of salt stress, and there is limited rainfall in the area. Therefore, the occurrence of drought stress in crop cultivation is inevitable. Therefore, the study of all factors that could affect the growth and yield of crops is required. So that, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of different cultivation patterns on the growth and yield of Wheat. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in a field near Moradberdi village in Siminshar, Golestan province. The average seasonal rainfall for the years 2019 and 2020 was 402mm and 362mm, respectively. The amount of seasonal rainfall was 317 mm. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design with five treatments for sowing patterns: 1. Flat cultivation with a row spacing of 12.5 cm (control); 2. Flat cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm; 3. Ridge-furrow cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm, sowing on the ridge; 4. Ridge)furrow cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm, sowing in the furrow; and 5. Ridge-furrow cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm, sowing in each furrow and on the ridge. The experiment was replicated three replications. The length of each block was 6 m, and there were 7 rows cultivated in each block. The seeds were planted by hand on November 16, 2019. It cultivated 180 kg/ha of Qaboos Wheat cultivar with an average weight of 44g per 1000 seeds. The traits that were measured included LAI (Leaf Area Index), plant height, stems per plant, spikes per plant, spike length, kernels per spike, 1000 kernel weight, straw yield, total biomass, grain yield, and HI (Harvest Index). The data analysis was conducted using SAS statistical software (version 9.4), and the means data were compared based on the LSD test. Results: The results showed that sowing patterns in saline soil (approximately 12 ds/m at planting time) and rainfed conditions (about 315 mm of rainfall during the growth and development season), could significantly affect important traits such as LAI, plant height, spikes per plant, kernels per spike, 1000 kernel weight, straw yield, total biomass, grain yield (kg/ha), and harvest index. It was found that cultivating wheat using the flat pattern and 25cm row spacing increased the Leaf Area Index (LAI), number of spikes per plant, number of kernels per spike, 1000 kernel weight, straw yield, total biomass, grain yield (kg/ha), and harvest index (HI). On the other hand, higher plant length and HI were observed for the 3 sowing pattern (ridge-furrow cultivation, row spacing of 25 cm, sowing on ridge top). Also, the 3 sowing pattern did not have a significantly different effect compared to the 2 sowing pattern on spike length, kernel per spike, and grain yield. Conclusion: Totally, It appears that wheat cultivation in rainfed and saline soil (approximately 12 ds/m at planting time) with a rainfall of about 315 mm during wheat growth and development stages, using sowing patterns of flat cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm and ridge-furrow cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm, sowing on the ridge, increases wheat growth and grain yield compared to flat sowing with a row spacing of 12.5 cm (control), ridge-furrow cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm, sowing in the furrow, and ridge-furrow cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm, sowing in each furrow and on the ridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Durum wheat is the only tetraploid plant that has high commercial value. Drought is the most important abiotic stress that significantly affects the growth, physiology and reproduction of plants. Accelerating the selection procedure to improve yield of new genotypes of wheat is necessary. Performance is a complex trait that is influenced by many factors, and usually due to its low heritability, direct selection for performance is not very effective, so it is better to use indirect selection to improve yield. By using some statistical methods, it is possible to obtain the relative contribution of each yield components in the seed yield. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate recombinant inbred lines of durum wheat with their parents (Shotordandan and Dena) the experiment was conducted in the form of alpha lattice design in two replications for two cropping years (2016-2017 and 2017-2018) in the research farm of Islamic Azad University Ahwaz branch in two conditions of full irrigation and no irrigation after the pollination stage. In this research, morphophysiological and phenological traits were measured. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients between traits and factor analysis of relationships among traits were investigated and genotypes were grouped using cluster analysis by Wards method using standard data and Euclidean distance using SPSS ver 20 software. Results: Based on the results of combined analysis, the interaction effect of genotype × year was significant only for spike length trait. The results of phenotypic and genotypic correlations in full irrigation and stress conditions showed that the grain yield in all conditions had a positive and significant correlation with spikes plant-1 and biological yield. Based on the results of factor analysis in the conditions of full irrigation and drought stress at the end of the season, six and five factors were identified, respectively, and these factors explained 89.3 and 79.7 percent of the changes in the data. The results of cluster analysis put the evaluated recombinant pure lines in four clusters under full irrigation conditions and five clusters under stress conditions. Conclusion: In general, genotypes 38, 11, 2, 8, 49, 34, 50, 41, 9, 63, 47, 59, 57, 1, 4, 35, and the parent of Shotordandan were introduced as better genotypes in terms studied traits. Selection based on grain yield is not enough due to low heritability, especially in drought stress conditions, so traits that have a high and significant correlation with grain yield in drought stress conditions can be used in breeding programs. The results of this research showed that there is a high diversity in relation to all the evaluated traits in the studied lines, which indicates the high breeding value of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat stress during grain filling period can lead to the reduction of grain yield of wheat. Therefore, in order to evaluate the probable mitigative effect of nitrogen and zinc application of heat stress on physiological properties, grain yield and protein content of wheat (Chamran cultivar), a split-split plot experiment based on RCBD in four replications was carried out in an experimental field of Khuzestan Agriculture and Natural Resources University, Ahvaz, Iran during autumn of 2018-19 growing season. Experimental factors were three planting date (22 November, 11 December and 31 December) as main plot, four nitrogen levels (0 as a control, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1 N from urea 46%) as subplot and zinc levels (0 as a control, 10 and 20 kg ha-1 from zinc sulfate) in subplots. The results showed that the delay in planting significantly (P≤0.01) reduced grain protein, leaf chlorophyll index, cell membrane stability index, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index. Nitrogen application reduced the effects of heat stress on wheat grain yield so that by consuming 75, 150 and 225 kg N ha-1 in cultivation, wheat grain yield was improved by 43%, 59% and 64% for 11 December cultivation date and 50%, 70% and 55% for 31 December cultivation date, respectively, compared to control fertilizer. Zinc application also reduced the effects of heat stress on wheat grain yield, where at late and very late cultivation dates, with the application of 10 and 20 kg ha-1 zinc, wheat grain yield was improved by 5%, 6%, 35% and 40%, respectively. Consumption of zinc also reduced the effects of heat stress on wheat grain yield by increasing grain weight and caused a 24% increase in grain weight. Wheat harvest index decreased by about 18% due to heat stress. Meanwhile, application of nitrogen and zinc at 150 and 10 kg ha-1, respectively, showed the greatest effect in reducing the adverse effects of terminal heat stress on the agronomical and physiological properties of wheat. In general, in case of delayed cultivation, the use of zinc (at least 10 kg ha-1 ) and nitrogen (at least 150 kg ha-1 ) can reduce the harmful effects of terminal heat stress in Ahvaz climate and improve physiological (chlorophyll content and cell membrane stability), agronomic and protein content of bread wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative performance of spring bread wheat cultivars under different planting dates, an experiment was conducted in Gonbad Agricultural Research Station, Gonbad, Golestan province, Iran, during two cropping seasons (2020-2022) as split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Seven planting dates (1 November, 11 November, 21 November, 1 December, 11 December, 21 December and 31 December) were placed in main plots and four bread wheat genotypes (Araz, Arman, Taktaz and N-93-9) were placed in subplots. The delayed planting led to a significant decrease in the length of the phenological stages and the grain filling period. The highest grain yield was obtained from the planting at 11 November (5813 kg ha-1 ), which was not significantly different from grain yield in 21 November (5788 kg ha-1 ) and 31 November (5641 kg ha-1 ) planting dates. In most of the agronomic traits, the delayed planting dates (21 December and 31 December) had significantly lower values than planting in 11 November, 21 November and 1 December. Mean comparison for interaction effect of planting date×cultivar showed that planting Arman cultivar in 11 November, Araz cultivar in 11 November, 21 November and 1 December, Arman cultivar in the 21 November and Taktaz cultivar in the 21 November led to the highest grain yield. In the three delayed planting dates (11 December, 21 December and 31 December), the grain yield of Taktaz and Araz cultivars was higher than other genotypes. Mean comparisons on the traits related to bread-making quality showed that the two delayed planting dates (21 December and 31 December) had higher values in terms of protein and wet gluten content, compared to the two early planting dates (1 November and 11 November). Taktaz cultivar had the highest bread-making quality, particularly because it indicated the highest protein and wet gluten content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of remote sensing (RS) in irrigation scheduling has been accepted in the world due to the collection of data on a large scale and the determination of water stress indicators with greater speed and less cost. Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) and Water Deficit Index (WDI) are components of the most recognized water stress indices. Despite the accuracy and precision of the CWSI index that has been proven in plant irrigation scheduling, the lack of complete density of vegetation, especially in the early stages of growth, is one of the most important defects of using this method in crop irrigation scheduling. While estimating the water deficit index using remote sensing technology does not have these limitations. An experiment was performed in the crop year 98-99 in the city of Karaj to check the accuracy of this index. The amount of WDI and CWSI in a wheat field with optimized irrigation management was determined and compared and evaluated using statistical parameters. The results showed that the coefficient of explanation between these two indicators in the months of April, May, and June is 0.77, 0.85, and 0.71, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has become very important as a valuable strategic product with high energy level. The importance of investigating environmental stresses and their role in predicting and evaluating the growth and crops yield is essential. A wide range of plant response to stress is extended to morphological, physiological and biochemical responses. Considering the rapid advancement in computer model development, plant growth models have emerged as a valuable tool to predict changes in production yield. These growth simulation models effectively incorporate the intricate influences of various factors, such as climate, soil characteristics, and management practices on crop yield. By doing so, they offer a cost-effective and time-efficient alternative to traditional field research methods. Material and Methods This research was conducted in the research farm of Varamin province, which has a silty loam soil texture. The latitude and longitude of the region are 35º 32ʹ N and 51º 64ʹ E, respectively. Its height above sea level is 21 meters. According to Demarten classification, Varamin has a temperate humid climate. The long-term mean temperature of Varamin is 11.18 ° C and the total long-term rainfall is 780 mm. In this study, in order to simulate irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan growth under drought stress, an experimental based on completely randomized blocks (CRBD) including: non-stress as control (NS), water stress at booting stage (WSB), water stress at flowering stage (WSF), water stress at milking stage (WSM) and water stress at doughing stage (WSD) with three replications during growth season 2019-2020 was carried out in Varamin, Iran. Crop growth simulation was done using SSM)wheat model. This model simulates growth and yield on a daily basis as a function of weather conditions, soil characteristics and crop management (cultivar, planting date, plant density, irrigation regime). Results and Discussion Based on the results, the simulation of the phenological stages of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan under water stress condition using SSM-wheat model showed that there was no difference between observed and simulated values. Summary, the values of day to termination of seed growth (TSG) were observed under non- stress, stress in the booting stage, flowering, milking and doughing of the grains, 222, 219, 219, 221, 221 days, respectively andsimulation values with 224, 221, 220, 221, respectively. However, with their simulation values, there were slight differences with 224, 221, 220, 221, respectively. Acceptable values of RMSE (11.7 g.m-2 ) and CV (3.5) indexes showed the high ability of the SSM model in simulating the grain yield of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan under water stress conditions. Grain yield values were observed in non-stress conditions of 5783, water stress in booting, flowering, milking and doughing of the grain stages in 5423, 5160, 5006 and 5100 kg. h-1, respectively. While the simulated values were 5630, 5220, 4920, 4680 and 4880 kg. h-1, respectively. Based on the findings, observed and simulated values of leaf area index (LAI) were observed under water stress condition in the booting, flowering, milking and doughing of the grain stages (4.3 and 4.47), (4.33) and 4.46), (4.4 and 4.57) and (4.4 and 4.58) cm-2, respectively. Evaluation of the 1000-grain weight of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan under the water stress showed that the SSM model was highly accurate. RMSE (4.6 g.m-2 ) and CV (1.8) values indicate the ability of the SSM model to simulate the 1000-grain weight of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan. Also, the simulated values of the harvest index were 34.7 % in non-stress conditions, which decreased by 6 % compared to the observed value. Harvest index values were observed under water stress conditions in the in the booting, flowering, milking and doughing of the grain stages in 30.2, 29.3, 29.9 and 29.5 %, respectively. Compared to its observed values, it was reduced by 3, 3.5, 5, and 5.5 %, respectively. Conclusion Based on the findings, the slight difference between the observed and simulated values demonstrates the SSM model's capability to accurately capture water stress impacts on the phenological stages, grain yield, and yield components of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan during critical growth stages, including booting, flowering, milking, and doughing. The results indicate that the SSM model is effective in simulating wheat growth under water stress conditions, showcasing its potential as a valuable tool for modeling irrigated wheat growth. The model's ability to account for water stress and its effects on various growth parameters makes it a reliable and efficient tool for predicting crop performance in water-limited environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germination is one of the most critical, sensitive, and main phenological stages in the life cycle of a plant and a key process in plant growth. To investigate the effects of seed priming on different germination characteristics of different wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), a factorial experiment is conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in the research greenhouse of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamadan Province in 2022. The treatments include priming of seeds with fertilizers 1. Biozar, 2. Seafull amino zinc, 3. Sabzine, 4. Royesh, 5. Ecobooster, and 6. Control (no fertilizer application) and different wheat cultivars include Pishgam, Zarineh, Heydari, Sadra, Hashtrood, and Baran. The results show that seed priming have increased the coleoptile length, root and stem length, root and stem weight, percentage, speed of germination, vigor index, and activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes in wheat seedlings in comparison with the control. The highest enzyme activities of catalase (0.129 Unit/ml) and peroxidase (88.58 Unit/ml) are obtained in seedlings obtained from seeds priming with Seafull amino zinc, being 65.8% and 32% more than the control, respectively. Considering that seed priming is a simple and cost-effective method and at the same time it is simple and does not require complex technical knowledge, it can be easily implemented by farmers. Therefore, this method is recommended to improve germination and seedling growth and increase the quality and strength of wheat seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn (Zea mays) is from the cereal category and the large wheat family; it is the third crop after wheat and rice cultivated areas worldwide. This research aims to investigate the detection and identification of the pathogenic bacterium Pantoea dispersa in Iran using biochemical and molecular identification methods and the host range of this bacterial species. For this purpose, in two consecutive years, sampling was done from the corn fields of different provinces of Iran, which have symptoms such as leaf spots and wilting. Standard plant bacteriology methods were used to isolate bacteria with the mentioned symptoms, and isolates were identified using biochemical characteristics and primers related to housekeeping genes. In the investigation of pathogenicity and host range of 20 bacterial isolates obtained from different corn fields, six isolates were identified as P. dispersa. This is the first report of the presence of the bacterium in Iran. In examining the host range of the mentioned isolates millet and sourghum are introduced as new hosts of this species in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some mites species feed on cereal seeds and cause significant economic damage by reduction their quantitative and qualitative value. In 2006, to identify grain seed mites in Golestan province, sample were taken from 8 warehouses in 5 cities, located in 5 cities including Gorgan, Mino-Dasht, Bandar Turkmen, Gonbad and Agh-Qala. In total, 192 samples and sub-samples of wheat, barley and corn seeds were collected. In this sampling, 21 species from 17 genera and 10 families were identified, of which 13 species belonged to the Astigmatina group in the Sarcoptiformes order, 7 species belonged to the Prostigmata suborder and Trombidiformes order, and one species belonged to the Mesostigmata order. Lepidoglyphus destructor(Schrank),Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Shrank) and Acarus siro L. with 42.2%, 15.4% and 12% abundance respectively, have the most relative abundance among the pest mites. Among the predatory mites, Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans (13.4%) was the most abundant. About 66.6% of all samples were infected with mites. The frequency of mites in wheat, corn and barley seeds were respectively, 61.4%, 20.8% and 17.7%. The highest number of mites was observed in Agh-Qala Talaii warehouses (40%). The average number of mites per kilogram of sampling materials was 10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the phenological stages and yield of wheat cultivars in response to the change of planting date and application of paclobutrazol, a field experiment was conducted in two years, 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, in Izeh city located in the northeast of Khuzestan, Southwest Iran. The experiment had three replications in a split factorial randomized complete block design. The main factor included planting date (November 16, December 11, and January 5) and the sub factors in the factorial form included cultivars (Karim, Mehrgan, and Chamran2) and the application of paclobutrazol (0, 60, 120 mg/L). In both years, the highest seeds/m2 (18847) belonged to Chmaran2 genotype when sown on 16 November and received 60 mg/L paclobutrazol. When the genotypes were sown in the delayed planting date of January 5, application of 60 and 120 mg/L paclobutrazol led to an increase in seed yield compared to the 0 paclobutrazol. With the application of 60 mg/L paclobutrazol, the seed yield of Chamran2 genotype was higher on the planting dates of November 16 (6941 kg/ha) and December 11 (6779 kg/ha), compared to other paclobutrazol levels. Chamran2 and Karim genotypes indicated the greatest and smallest number of days and growing degree days, respectively, in different stages of growth and development. However, these genotypes did not show significant difference in terms of biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index. When plants were sown on January 5, the length of the plant growth period from the planting to physiological maturity was reduced by 34 days compared to when sown on November 16. Overall, the effect of paclobutrazol on seed yield was positive, and the consumption of 120 mg/L paclobutrazol moderated the negative effects of the delayed planting of the examined wheat genotypes.