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Background and Objectives Human lymphotropic virus type I mainly infects lymphocytes. For the detection of this virus, mainly nucleated cells are evaluated. Due to the short longevity of cells, sample collection is a challenge. The purpose of the study was to investigate the presence of HTLV-1 virus in genomic DNA released from cells in plasma and to determine its viral load in Western blotpositive blood donors Materials and Methods In this descriptive study, 30 HTLV-1 positive Western blot donors were evaluated. Using an extraction kit, genomic DNA was extracted from plasma and isolated PBMC using Ficol. A nested PCR test was used to confirm the presence of HTLV-1 virus. A real-time PCR quantitative test by Sybergreen method was used to determine the amount of virus load Results The average age of subjects was 42.9 ± 13.5 years; 93.3% of them were male and 6.6% female. LTR gene region was detected by nested PCR method in 80% of plasma and 100% of PBMC samples. The median viral loads in plasma and PBMC were 1.90 Copies/µL and 20 copies/106 PBMC, respectively. Conclusions To detect the HTLV-1 virus by molecular method, the HTLV-1 provirus DNA released from cells, in the plasma can be used when peripheral blood mononuclear cells are unavailable. It has also been observed that the virus load in the plasma of asymptomatic carriers is approximately 10 times lower than in PBMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Recurrent Implantation Failure are major limiting factors in the establishment of pregnancy. Recurrent Pregnancy loss is defined as the failure of two or more clinically recognized pregnancies. A considerable proportion of infertile couples undergoing IVF treatment experiencing recurrent implantation failure (RIF) fail repeatedly to implant following at least three IVF cycles. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can serve as reliable non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for pregnancy-related complications. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify miR-23a-3p expression level in the plasma of patients with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (iRPL) and recurrent implantation failure compared to healthy subjects to evaluate its potential diagnostic value in iRPL and RIF patients. Material & Methods: This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 120 plasma samples were obtained from 40 women with a history of at least two consecutive iRPL, 40 women with RIF, and 40 healthy women without a history of miscarriage to evaluate the expression level of the circulating miR-23a-3p by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique. All participants were recruited from Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) and Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz, Iran, September 2019-March 2020. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 22). Diagnostic efficiency of the circulating miRNAs was determined by Receiver Operatig Characteristic curve analysis using Graphpad Prism version 9.1.1. Findings: Our results showed that the miR-23a-3p expression level in plasma of iRPL patients was lower than those in healthy controls but without a statistically significant difference (P=0.113). We also found that miR-23a-3p plasma level in patients with RIF tended to be lower compared to healthy participants; however, it was not statistically significant (P=0.974). Discussion & Conclusion: The current study provides evidence indicating that downregulation of miR-23a-3p may be associated with iRPL and RIF. Therefore, further research is needed, such as using different geographic regions, large sample sizes, and other techniques (microarray). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a biological product containing a mixture of IgGs which is needed to protect special patients against various microbial pathogens. Due to worldwide decrease in the prevalence of viral hepatitis, the protective effect of immunoglobulins in treatment needs to be re-examined. For this reason the presence of, antiHAV, anti-HBs, Anti HBc, anti-HGV, anti-HDV and anti-HEV antibodies in the IVIG products of Iranian plasma have been investigated. Materials and Methods In this randomized descriptive cross-sectional study, the presence or absence of antibodies against hepatitis A, hepatitis E, hepatitis D, hepatitis G, antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antigen in 38 different lots of IVIG products from the Iranian recovered and source plasma was determined by ELISA method and anti-HAV and anti-HBs antibodies were titrated. Results Total anti-HAV in IVIGs was 38304 ± 17735 mIU/mL and this titer was significantly higher in IVIGs from recovered plasma compared with source plasma. Total anti-HBs titer in IVIGs was equal to 2487 ± 965 mIU/mL, and no significant difference was observed between the two types of recovered and source plasma. Anti-HBc, Anti-HEV and Anti-HGV were detected in all products, while no anti-HDV was found. Conclusions Despite the worldwide decrease in the prevalence of viral hepatitis and reports of a decrease in anti-HAV and anti-HBs titers in IVIG products, IVIG products prepared from Iranian plasma have acceptable anti-HAV and anti-HBs titers according to the European Pharmacopeia and are suitable for replacement therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which is caused by SARS-COV-2 has affected most parts of the world in a short period. Transfusion services are also affected during the emergence of a pandemic of this magnitude. Due to the widespread outbreak of SARS-COV-2, new guidelines have been adopted in blood transfusion centers. Considering the impact of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic on blood transfusion services, blood donation, blood safety, and the use of blood products as a treatment for COVID-19 are addressed in this article. Materials and Methods In this review, keywords were searched in Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus databases, and the sites of Nature Science, Elsevier, Cell, BMJ, Blood, Transfusion, and Lancet journals, and finally 99 articles were used. Results In this article, in addition to a brief review of patient blood management, blood safety, and donor safety during the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of blood products as a treatment is considered. Conclusions Hospitals and blood centers have created new policies and guidelines to protect donors and blood supplies including adding new questions to the donor questionnaire and adopting new deferrals for COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Although hyperimmune plasma (convalescent plasma) is proposed as a possible treatment, there are some contradictions in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Aortic aneurysm repair surgery (AAAs) is associated with massive bleeding that causes coagulation disorders during and after surgery. Considering that blood consumption in these patients has been studied in a few articles, we decided to investigate more. Materials and Methods In a cross-sectional study, patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms requiring surgical repair from January 2018 to August 2020 were evaluated at Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital. The blood component utilization was evaluated. Graph Pad prism 9.0.0 (121) software was used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05 was considered significant). Results Of 20 patients with aortic aneurysm repair, 16 (80%) were male and 4 (20%) were female. Seven cases (35%) of them received Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in addition to packed red blood cells (PRBCs). The mean of FFP utilization was 3.7 ± 1.5 units and in 13 patients (65%) only PRBcs were transfused. Platelets was not transfused in any of the patients. The relationship between red blood cells transfusion with the hemoglobin level before surgery and patient age was evaluated. Also, the relationship between INR before surgery and FFP transfusion was assessed, none of which was statistically significant. Conclusions Despite extensive aortic artery surgery and massive bleeding, in 65% of patients only packed red blood cells were transfused. In 35% of patients, in addition to PRBC, FFP was transfused, but no platelets was administered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives The plasma industry started during World War II with the need for Plasma Derived Medicinal Products (PDMP). About 30 major plasma products are now commercially available, the most important of which are albumin, coagulation factors and immunoglobulin. Demand for these products is still growing, and these products have become particularly important not only in the treatment of diseases but also in global trade. The article is a brief overview on the evolution of plasma industry over the past eighty years. Materials and Methods This review was done by searching for articles in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus databases, based on aspects of the evolution of the plasma industry, and the cost of producing plasma derivatives, from the beginning of this industry, from 1940 to 2021. Additionally, private sector entry and cost and benefit of viral deactivation processes in plasma industry was selected. Results The plasma industry has experienced tremendous progress over the years and faced many problems, and despite advances in biotechnology, this industry is a unique necessity in the health of human societies. The production of plasma-derived pharmaceutical products is a complex activity and involves several stages of operational units. Conclusions There are many challenges and opportunities in the future of plasma industry It seems that the emergence of new pathogens, the need for new PDMPs, and the potential to create new consumer markets, will be a challenge for plasma industry in the future. But the increasing demand can provide a good opportunity to change strategies and optimize consumption. The development of recombinant methods provides a good alternative to these products. In addition, the potential of using surplus plasma for local production provides an opportunity for developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of diseases, ranging from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nonalchololic fatty liver is the most prevalent hepatic disorder worldwide which can affect up to the one out of four adults. Little is known about the prevalence of nonalchololic fatty liver among regular donors of blood products. The current study shows the prevalence of nonalchololic fatty liver in regular plasma and blood donors with a discontinuous donor population. Materials and Methods In this case-control study, we non-randomly enrolled 400 volunteers of blood donors who met the blood donation criteria after signing the written informed consent. All patients underwent hepatobiliary ultrasonography to evaluate fatty liver. LFT (Liver Function Test) and demographic criteria had been submitted in data base. All data were described by central dispersion indices and analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square. Results No difference was seen regarding gender and mean age between groups (p-value of 0.441 and 0.635, respectively). According to univariate analysis there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the prevalence of fatty liver (p= 0.264) or its staging (p= 0.9). In addition, OR and RR were 1.17 and 1.11, respectively; both not being significant (p= 0.461). Conclusions The prevalence of NAFLD has no significant correlation with both regular blood donors and non-regular blood donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Fresh frozen plasma is the plasma that retains its unstable protein activity during the freezing process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality of FFP products during 1397- 1398. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional descriptive study, quality control results of FFP parameters of blood transfusion departments were collected in EXCEL 2019. The ratio of compliance was investigated using Med Calc Statistical Software and chi squared statistical method. Values of mean ± 1SD, parameters volume, FVIII, WBC, RBC and platelet counts and protein levels were compared by T-test method. Results In the year 1397, 18744 and in the year 1398, 18282 FFP units were evaluated in terms of quality. The percentage of compliance of FFP quality parameters was increased in 1398 compared to 1397. The differences in the percentage of compliance in FVIII, RBC count and protein parameters were significant (p ≤ 0.05). Mean FVIII increased significantly and the number of RBC, WBC, and platelets of FFP products in 1398 was significantly decreased compared to 1397 (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions This study showed that more than 99% of the FFP units evaluated during the years 1397-1398 were in accordance with the standards of the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization. Also, increase in the percentage of compliance with qualitative parameters in 1398, the increase in the average FVIII activity, and the significant decrease in the number of RBC, WBC and platelets of FFP products in 1398 compared to 1397 were indicative of improvement in the production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The majority of existing data concerning the leukocyte subsets distribution after daily consecutive exercise sessions are controversial because of the confounding effect of plasma shift into active muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the Effects of the two consecutive anaerobic exercise sessions on leukocyte subsets distribution, blood lactate level and anaerobic power in female athletes with controlling the confounding effect from plasma shift. Methods: This was an experimental study in which 30 subjects were randomized into experimental(EX) and control(Con) groups after body composition measurements and the Ex group experienced two anaerobic sessions (at 9.00 am and 15 pm),. Blood samples were taken before and after each session. Results: Both session elevated blood leukocytes and their subpopulations (monocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes) count as well as blood lactate levels (P<0.05). Following to the first session, the increasing trend in leukocyte and granulocytes count was continued, however; the monocytes count and blood lactate levels returned to baseline level, while lymphocytes count was reached to levels even lower than baseline values (P<0.05). The mean and min power in the second session were lower than the morning session (P<0.05). Conclusion: Although the effects of two consecutive sessions to induce leukocytosis and a consequent lymphocytopenia in elite female athletes was verified even after controlling of the confounding effect of plasma shift, however; because of the lack of similar evidences and some of methodologic limitations, more researches still remains to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Lack of blood components requests base on the clinical guidelines are one of the common problems of blood centers that lead to inappropriate distribution of blood products, increases in costs, and blood product wastage. The purpose of this study was to assess tariff setting impact of blood and blood components on the rate of request for blood components in the hospitals of the center of Western Azarbayjan province. Materials and Methods This study is a descriptive retrospective study. All hospitals in the city of Urmia were included. The number of requests and the distribution of blood, platelet and plasma products for the 2 years both prior and after the commencement of the tariff setting program were extracted. The return rate of blood components was also assessed during the same 2 years both prior and after the tariff setting program. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS22 Saftware. Results The findings showed a drop of 0.5% and 7.6% in RBC request rate at the first and second year of the tariff setting program, respectively. The decreasing rates for platelet requests were 3.9% and 10.6% at the first and second year of the tariff setting program, respectively. FFP request rate showed a decrease of 7% in the first year and an increase of 9.4% at the second year. Conclusions The findings show the efficacy of the implementation of tariff setting in the reduction of blood and blood products´ requests by the hospitals of Urmia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives In Iran, there is self-sufficiency for blood and blood components ensured by the widespread system of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO). To give a more comprehensive view, the status of blood collection, distribution, and the data on the discarded units in hospitals and blood centers in Iran from 2009 to 2015 were analyzed. Materials and Methods In this descriptive and retrospective study, all of the blood collection and blood processing centers over the country (totally 214 centers) collected the relevant data, registered them in the data base, and reported to the headquarters of IBTO. Results During the study period, the mean production percentage rates of RBC, FFP and PC were 94.8 ± 1.9, 83.4 ± 1.9, and 50.7 ± 4.4, respectively. The mean distribution percentage rates of RBC, FFP and PC were 95 ± 2.8, 41 ±5.1, and 79 ± 2.7, respectively. In addition, 11.1 ± 2.8%, 4.8 ± 0.8%, 1.4 ± 0.2% and 2.8 ± 0.2% of RBC, FFP and PC in order accounted for the returned units. Conclusions This study provides information about the status of blood collection, and components preparation and distribution in Iran. It seems that due to the improvement in blood component usage, the number of distributed and returned units has decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity. It is characterized by the activation and aggregation of the platelet, thrombus formation and myocardial infarction. During recent years, many epidemiological studies on risk factors of CAD have been performed which are fibrinogen, lipoprotein (a), and hemocystein as new CAD risk factors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate of plasminogen, fibrinogen and plasmin (PAP) levels in plasma including in patients of non-diabetic and smoker as the hemostatic parameters and their association with CAD to prevent progression of disease. Methods: In this study selected 120 subjects including 60 patients who underwent coronary angiography and 60 controls from blood donors of blood bank who had no history of CAD and liver disease and cancer. To determined Plasma levels plasminogen and PAP used ELISA Procedure (Bioassay technology laboratory kit) and plasma level of fibrinogen used Clauss method by kit of Mahsa yaran. Results: Plasma levels of plasminogen and plasmin anti plasmin (PAP) in patients with CAD were found to be significantly lower than control group (p<0.05 both of them). Moreover Plasma level of fibrinogen in patients were significantly higher than control group (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Elevated plasma levels of fibrinogen participate in atherogenesis leading to CAD. These finding suggested plasma level of fibrinogen can be useful as a diagnostic and monitoring marker in patients with CAD. Plasmin and plasminogen deficiency may participate in progressing CAD and thrombus formation and impaired fibrinolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Role of different parts of the brain in stress management, especially nucleus accumbens (NAc), is not well known. In this study the role of NAc in response to chronic stress in male mice were evaluated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, intra-accumbal uni- and bi-lateral cannulation was performed by stereotaxic instrument. Five minutes before stress induction, 2% lidocaine solution was administered to the animals intra-accumbally. Stress by Communication Box induced to the animals between 9-11 am for 4 consecutive days (8 groups of 6). Plasma corticosterone, food and water intake, animals' weight gain, and delay time in food intake were measured as stress metabolic signs. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance. Results: Stress increased plasma corticosterone and delayed the eating time (p<0.001) and had no significant impact on weight changes and water intake. Lidocaine administration could not completely inhibit the plasma corticosterone levels and delays to eating time, compared with the control group. NAc transient inactivation inhibited stress in animals' food intake (p<0.001) and weight (p<0.05), significantly. As well as, lidocaine administration either unilateral of right or left side or bilateral decreased water intake (p<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that NAc, as a brain structure, plays a role in mediation of chronic stress effects on metabolic functions. There are also some differences between the right and left sides of the NAc which may reflect a kind of side bias in the functions of the NAc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives During storage, functional activity of platelets is affected by platelet storage lesion (PSL). The over-expression of P-Selectin is one of the most important evidence of platelet activation, thereby monitoring P-Sel expression and shedding can be considered as an index for performance in platelet concentrates. Materials and Methods Ten PRP-platelet concentrates obtained from Tehran Regional Educational Blood Transfusion Center were subdivided into two groups of usual platelets and leuko-reduced platelets following pre-storage filtration. Flow-cytometery and ELISA were used to evaluate P-Sel expression and shedding, respectively. Data were analyzed by one way-Anova and Mann-Whitney U tests using Graphpad software. Results In filtered products, P-Sel expression on days 1, 3 and 5 after storage were 13.5 ± 1.8%, 15.2 ± 1.2% and 27.4 ± 2.5%, respectively. The results showed a significant increase of expression in day 5, compared to that in day 1 and 3. In non-filtered products, P-Sel expression on days 1, 3 and 5 were 7.4 ± 1.7%, 21 ± 2%, and 10 ± 2.2%, respectively. Increased expression in day 3 was followed by a significant decrease in day 5, that might be due to the loss of receptors via shedding and/or microparticulation during platelet post-activation. The levels of soluble P-Sel in filtered products were significantly less than unfiltered products in day 3. Conclusions Considering the expression and shedding of P-Sel, this study proposes that the leuko-reduction process favor less PSL effect during the storage of platelet products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Plasma is an important product for the preparation of coagulation factor concentrates. FVIII is one of the labile coagulation factors in plasma and its activity is used as a quality marker of plasma; therefore, it is important to optimize plasma production in order to avoid a reduction of FVIII activity. In this study, the effect of the delayed interval from plasma production to freezing on factor VIII activity in FFP in Iran was evaluated Materials and Methods Thirty whole blood units in pediatric bags were collected and their plasma aliquotes were separated. The plasma was then divided into three parts equally. The first, second, and third parts were frozen within 1 hour, 2 hours and 6 hours of separation, respectively. FVIII activity was then measured by the one-stage clotting assays Results The average rates of factor VIII activity in the first, second, and third groups were 1.78 ± 0.4 IU/mL, 1.72 ± 0.4 IU/mL, and 1.5 ± 0.3 IU/mL, respectively Conclusions To provide fresh frozen plasma, it is necessary to freeze plasma within 2 hours after whole blood separation. Although any increase in this time to 6 hours is associated with the significant decline in factor VIII activity compared to 1 and 2 hours, it remains within the acceptable level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Microfluidic systems are microstructures that could be used to improve the conventional cell culture protocols used in laboratories. The aim of this research was to design and construct the microfluidic system and evaluating its ability to produce IL-2 by jurkat cells. Material and methods: At first, the sketch of microfluidic canals was designed by Corel draw and was built on poly dimethyl siloxan using soft lithography. After embedding entry and exit pores, it was attached to glass slide via oxygen plasma technique. It was then connected to a pump containing RPMI1640 culture medium by 3 µL/hour speed. Afterwards, Jurkat cells were inoculated in the system. In the course of incubation, a continuous flow of culture medium and stimulants were encountered with cells in system canals. Simultaneously, the cells were cultured in flasks regarding proliferation and IL-2 production. The cultured cells were then compared with microfluidic system. Results: The rate of proliferation and IL-2 production by jurkat cells was about twice in microfluidic system compared with that of the conventional cell culturing method and the system did not show negative effect on cell viability. Conclusion: Microfluidic system can create a condition similar to the in-vivo for proliferation and production of cell culture products due to dynamic condition resulted from continuous flow of food and waste removal. Moreover, this system showed higher performance and consumed less culture medium and materials, so it could be used as an alternative method for conventional cell cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obestatin and leptin are two important hormones in energy homeostasis that have been discovered in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of intense aerobic exercise on plasma levels of obestatin, leptin, insulin and growth hormones in male obese Sprague Dawley Rats. Materials and Methods: in this exprimontal study 50 male rats, with the weight range of 20 ± 320 were taken from the Animal Laboratory of Medical Sciences in Shiraz University, and were divided into two training groups: experimental and control. The exercise program consisted of 8 weeks of intense aerobic exercise, 5 sessions per week. The exercise started at a speed of 5 meters per minute and with a slope of zero degree for 15 minutes and the intensity progressively reached up to the speed of 25 m/m and the slope of 15 degrees for 75 minutes in the last week and ended. Blood samples were taken 24 hours after the last training session and were sent to the laboratory to measure the levels of obestatin, leptin, insulin and growth hormones. SPSS software and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to assess the results. Results: There was a significant reduction in plasma levels of obestatin (P=0/02 ), leptin (P=0/02 ), and insulin (P=0/03 ), while the results showed that no meaningful difference was observed in the amount of growth hormone between the control group and intense training group (P= 0.07). Conclusion: The results of the present study have shown that after sports activities leading to weight loss, the reduction of anti-hunger hormones (obestatin and leptin) is expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in medical science have led to the development of complex surgeries that improve survival in patients with liver disease. Assessments of the indications and contraindications for surgery and risk factors are the most important steps prior to any surgery in this population. Particular attention is essential to assess for the presence of pre-surgical ascites, hepatic encephalopathy and renal dysfunction. The most important risk factors for that increase mortality include anemia, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, hypoalbuminemia, hypoxemia, concurrent infections, malnutrition, elevated Child Pugh and MELD scores,portal hypertension, prolonged prothrombin time and type of surgery. Advancements in anesthesiology have prevented surgical complications among patients with liver disease. Increased symptoms of liver failure and complications result in high mortality following surgery. This review article presents useful recommendations for safe surgery among patients with liver disease who are surgical candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Fibrinogen, coagulation factor 1, is a soluble plasma glycoprotein which converts thrombin to fibrin fibers in the coagulation cascade. Various polymorphisms located on beta chain gene, FGB, have been studied. The promoter - G455A (rs1800790) polymorphism had been shown to be significantly associated with fibrinogen plasma levels. In this study, the frequency of rs1800790 polymorphism has been assessed and the correlation was evaluated between this variant and fibrinogen plasma levels. Materials and Methods Whole blood samples were collected for DNA isolation. To perform rs1800790 genotyping, the region encompassing the HaeIII restriction site was amplified using specific primers. The plasma levels of fibrinogen were measured and the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results The levels of plasma fibrinogen has shown a significant correlation with FGBrs1800790 genotype (p-value = 0.021 ; CI = 0. 347- 3.253). Minor allele frequency was estimated to be 0.28 which was consistent with the predicted value. Conclusions The significant correlation between fibrinogen and FGBrs1800790 genotype emphasizes the importance of this variant in the modulation of fibrinogen plasma concentrations. Since FGBrs1800790 contributes to the gene expression and environmental risk factors, it is important to be noticed in the cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Velopharyngeal insufficiency causes hypernasal vocal quality and can also result in audible nasal air emission and difficulty in producing pressure consonants. The resulting speech is often socially unacceptable and can be difficult to understand. Platelet-rich plasma is an autologous derivative of whole blood. Today, the importance of clinical use of Platelet-rich plasma in the plastic surgery is considered. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of combined Platelet-rich plasma and fat injection in the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency. Methods: In this prospective clinicaltrial study, of 15 patients including 9 males and 6 females and aged 15-20 years with mild/ moderate velopharyngeal insufficiency who were injected with 5 mL of combined Platelet-rich plasma (1 mL) and fat (4 mL) in the front volume in the posterior pharyngeal wall in the pre-vertebral fascia under sedation. Speech samples were recorded by nasoendoscopy before the injection, and at 6 weeks and 6 months after the injection. Assessment of pathologic speech was done by speech therapist. Results: Velar displacement showed significantly increased at 6 weeks after the injection (P=0.049). Velopharyngeal gap disappeared in 60% of patients at 6 weeks after the injection (P=0.019). Lateral pharyngeal wall movement showed significantly increased in 73.3% of the patients at 6 months after the injection (P=0.04). After the treatment, aerodynamic assessment showed significantly decreased in nasal air escape during phonation and repeat the words (P<0.05). Assessment speech therapist showed significantly improve quality of phonation in these patients (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that, combined Platelet-rich plasma and fat injection lead to improve voice resonance and reduce nasal air escape in all treated cases. It can be a promising alternative to major procedures, such as velopharyngoplasties, for the treatment of mild/ moderate velopharyngeal insufficiency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: In recent years, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) consumption is prevalent among young people. It has adverse effects on central neural system and other organs. This study was done to determine the effect of MDMA on pituitary-gonadal hormonized axis in immature male rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 35 immature male Wistar rats with approximate weight of 90±10 gr, age range of 40-45 days were allocated in five (n=7) including experimental I, II, III, control, and shem groups. Animals in the experimental I, II, III have received 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg bw of MDMA intraperitoneally after 14 days, respectively. Animals have received saline normal in shem group while the controls did not receive any substance. The blood samples and testes have collected. The serum FSH, LH, and Testosterone concentrations and testes weight were determined. Data analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: Testosterone hormone concentration significantly increased in experimental groups (4 and 8 mg/kg bw) in comparison with control and shem groups (P<0.05). Concentrations of FSH and LH in the experimental groups (2 and 4 mg/kg bw) significantly reduced in comparison with shem and control groups (P<0.05). Testes weight significantly reduced in experimental groups (4 and 8 mg/kg bw) compared to control and shem groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed the MDMA has adverse effect on pituitary-gonadal axis and tests weight in immature male Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Multiple Sclerosis is one of the most common and disabling neurological disease. Recent studies reported the possible role of serum uric acid in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. This study was done to examine the role of serum uric acid in patients with multiple sclerosis. Materials and Methods: This case - control study was carried out on 70 multiple sclerosis patients as cases and 70 healthy subjects as controls in teaching hospital in Rafsanjan, Iran during 2010. The two groups were matched in age and gender. The serum uric acid level of subjects in case and control groups was measured by enzymatic colorimetric method. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17 and student t-test. Results: The mean serum uric acid level in cases and controls was 3.871±1.193 mg/dl and 4.171±1.39 mg/dl, respectively, this difference was not significant. Also, there was not significant relationship between serum uric acid level and gender in multiple sclerosis patients. Conclusion: This study indicated that the serum uric acid level is not changed in multiple sclerosis patients compared to controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Preeclampsia is a medical condition in pregnancy that is determined by hypertension and proteinuria. Among many predisposing factors in pathophysiology of preeclampsia, the role of lipid peroxides is recently emphasized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of preeclampsia with maternal plasma and umbilical cord lipid concentration. Materials and methods: A case-control study was done on pregnant women referring to Babol Yahyanejad Hospital, during 2008-2009. Case group included 31 term preeclamptic pregnant women and for control group 31 term normal pregnant women were recruited. All women were 20-30 years of age and were gravida 1 or 2. Total TG, cholesterol, HDL and LDL for plasma and umbilical cord were measured by enzymatic and calorimetric methods. Results: No significant differences were found between women with preeclampsia and normal subjects according to the mean level of triglyceride (291.1 ± 102.8 VS 309.4 ± 114.4), cholesterol (226.3 ± 48.8 VS 234.9 ± 40.6), LDL (119 ± 38.3 VS 123 ± 33.1), HDL (50.1 ± 10.6 VS 51.5 ± 8.1) and VLDL (59.2 ± 20.8 VS 61.5 ± 22.6). Level of lipids in umbilical cord showed abnormal triglyceride level in only one case in the control group. Moreover, the mean level of umbilical cord triglyceride (56.3 ± 32 VS 50.1 ± 54), umbilical cord cholesterol (70.9 ± 22.8 VS 64.4 ± 20.8), umbilical cord LDL (30.9 ± 12.7 VS 26.1 ± 10), umbilical cord HDL (28.7 ± 10.7 VS 30.7 ± 8.6) and umbilical cord VLDL (11.6 ± 6.8 VS 9.9 ± 10.7) were not significantly different between preeclampsia and normal groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Results showed that there was no association between lipid concentration of mothers and umbilical cord lipids with preeclampsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Changes in lifestyle in recent years have led to increase prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, longer life expectancy has resulted in higher numbers of demented patients including those with vascular dementia (VD). Since VD patients encounter many problems that decrease their quality of life, finding a marker for early detection of the disease is necessary. Measuring plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) might be helpful for early detection of VD. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, during 2011. We selected 2 groups of VD patients and ischemic stroke patients without dementia (ISwD). A group of healthy individuals was also included as the control group. Plasma levels of BNP were measured in all groups. Demographic data was also collected and recorded in a special checklist. Finally, data was analyzed by SPSS. Findings: Mean levels of BNP in the control, VD, and ISwD groups were 24.71 ± 13.2, 83.08 ± 9, and 51.57 ± 12.4 pg/ml, respectively. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant difference between the three groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, plasma level of BNP is a reliable marker for early detection and prediction of VD. This marker can also be used for identifying patients with history of cardiovascular diseases and stroke that are at the risk of VD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness improves and the risk of cardiovascular diseases decreases through regular exercise. However, the exact mechanism is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training on some plasma angiogenic factors in normal rats. Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups of control and trained (n = 10 each). The rats in the trained group undertook one training session per day, 3 days a week, for 4 weeks. Blood samples were taken and plasma glucose, lipid profile, nitric oxide (NO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and soluble form of VEGF receptor-1 (sFlt-1) concentrations were determined. Findings: Differences in plasma insulin, glucose, and NO were not significant between the trained and control groups (P > 0.05). Plasma VEGF concentrations were 142.73 ± 3.74 pg/ml and 144.5 ± 5.1 pg/ml in the control and trained rats (P > 0.05), i.e. resistance training did not significantly change plasma VEGF in trained rats. There were no significant differences in plasma sFlt-1 concentrations between the two groups (P > 0.05). Moreover, resistance training could not change VEGF/sFlt-1 ratio in the two groups of animals. Conclusion: Present data showed that resistance training could not be an effective approach to improve plasma angiogenic factors (NO, VEGF, VEGF receptor-1) at least in healthy rats. More research is needed to show the effects of resistance training on angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have often focused on plasma beta-endorphin (?-EP) and cortisol responses to either sub-maximal or maximal exercise. However, little research has been conducted on the effects of professional exercise sessions on ?-EP and cortisol secretion levels. The aim of this study was to assess changes in plasma ?-EP and cortisol levels in male sprint runners after one session of 200 meters run exercise training. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 14 healthy male elite runners (mean age: 21.38 ± 2.76 years, mean weight: 69.78 ± 6.76 kg, mean height: 182.21 ± 5.22 cm, and mean body mass index of 20.99 ± 1.62 kg/m2) purposefully and voluntarily participated in this study. After a two hour exercise session, the subjects ran 200 meters in 23 seconds with an intensity equivalent to 80-85% of maximum oxygen consumption. Venous blood samples were taken from the right arm of the subjects to measure levels of ?-EP and cortisol before exercise, immediately after specialized training, and 30 minutes after exercise. Serum blood samples were separated immediately in a refrigerated centrifuge at +4°C. They were then transferred to a -70°C refrigerator for future assessments. ?-EP and cortisol were measured using enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings: Levels of ?-EP among male sprint runners significantly differed between the three measurements (P ≤ 0.05). The paired comparison test showed a significant difference between the mean ?-EP level before training and in the recovery period (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, no significant differences in cortisol levels were observed (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that an acute exercise session caused significant increases only in levels of serum ?-EP hormones among sprint runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is essentially considered as hepatotropic, but virus sequences have also been found in other important extrahepatic sites, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This study was done to investigate the presence of mixed infection and the differences between hepatitis C virus genotypes in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and liver biopsy specimens in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Methods: One hundred and fifty two patients with established chronic hepatitis C infection attending Firouzgar Hospital, affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, from September 2008 to April 2010 were enrolled in the present study. After collecting plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cell, and liver biopsy specimens, RNA was extracted from the samples and hepatitis C virus genotyping was performed using INNO-LiPA™ HCV II kit. The hepatitis C virus genotyping was confirmed by sequencing the RT-nested PCR product of 5'-UTR fragments. Results: The mean age of the participants was 31.2±16.9 years. Multiple hepatitis C virus genotypes were detected in 4 (2.6%) out of 152 plasma samples, 10 (6.6%) out of 152 peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples, and 9 (18.8%) out of 48 liver biopsy specimens. Hepatitis C virus genotypes were different in the plasma, PBMC, and liver biopsy specimens of 21 (13.8%) patients. Conclusion: The present study shows that a significant proportion of patients with chronic hepatitis C infection are infected by multiple hepatitis C virus genotypes which may not be detectable in their plasma specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, consumption of whole-blood for the treatment of patients has decreased but use of biological plasma-derived medicines such as albumin, immunoglobulin and coagulation factors have increased instead. Paying attention to albumin molecular structure is important for its isolation from human plasma. Albumin is a single-chain protein consisting of about 585 amino acids and a molecular weight of 66500 Daltons. Albumin is a stable molecule and it is spherical in shape. There are different methods for human albumin preparation. Considering the large consumption of this biological drug in clinical settings, methods with fewer steps in production line are of big advantage in saving time and manufacturing more products. Methods: In this project, we prepared human albumin using hollow fiber cartridges in order to omit the rework on fraction V+VI. Human albumin is usually produced by the application of cold ethanol method, where albumin is obtained from fraction V by doing a rework on fraction V+VI to separate fraction V. Results: In the current work, human albumin was prepared from fraction V+VI by the help of hollow fiber cartridges. With a concentration of 20%, the obtained albumin had 96.5% of monomer and 3.5% of polymer and polymer aggregate. Conclusion: Comparing the obtained human albumin with a number of commercial human albumin samples by the use of SDS-page, the results were satisfactory regarding the 3.5 percent polymer and aggregate rate for the prepared albumin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) catalyses the conversion of thymidine into thymine. Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is an autosomal recessive disease which is caused by mutations in the nuclear gene encoding TP, bringing about severe impairment of TP-enzyme specific activity and accumulation of thymidine in plasma. The clinical manifestations of MNGIE are recognizable and homogenous, but not in the early stages of the disease. In patients who are suspected of having MNGIE, determination of TP-specific activity in leukocytes and thymidine levels in plasma are diagnostic. The methods that are usually used for the measurement of TP activity and plasma thymidine are not rapid or accurate enough and lack sensitivity. Methods: The specific activity of TP was measured by RP-HPLC in leukocytes of both the controls and the patients exhibiting clinical features suggestive of MNGIE. Moreover, plasma thymidine was assessed by the same method. Results: The patients had detectable plasma thymidine (>3 >mol/L) but it was undetectable in the healthy controls. The patients' TP-specific activity decreased to less than 5% relative to the controls (14±4 nmol/h/mg vs. 525±165 nmol/h/mg, P<0.05). A diagnostic algorithm for the definitive diagnosis of MNGIE is suggestible based on the results of this study which relies on the measurement of plasma thymidine, TP-specific activity in leukocytes, or both. Conclusion: In this study, we set up a sensitive and rapid assay for the evaluation of TP-specific activity by using RP-HPLC in Iran. In addition, we established reference values for TP-specific activity and plasma thymidine in the Iranian patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been reported as a new marker gene for several cancers. With respect to the significance function of this gene in diagnosis of cancers in the present study we compare the correlation between the plasma and serum MMP-9 levels and clinical features of breast cancer patients. Methods: In this case-control study, 120 breast cancer patients and 87 healthy controls were studded. MMP-9 level was quantitatively measured by zymography and specific kit. The results were compared with clinical features of patients. Finding: Plasma MMP-9 level was significantly elevated in breast cancer patients compared with the control subjects (P < 0.001). Also there was a correlation between the plasma MMP-9 level and lymph node metastasis (OR, 3.43; P = 0.019) and venous invasion (OR, 4.14; P = 0.033) of the patients. There was no correlation between the serum MMP-9 level and lymphatic metastasis or venous invasion. Conclusion: according to our findings the plasma MMP-9 level in comparison with the serum MMP- 9 level is a better determinant for early diagnosis, lymph node metastasis and venous invasion in patients with breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies of the association between post operative AF and Plasma level of NT- Pro BNP have reported conflicting findings. The aim of the present study was evaluation of the association between post coronary bypass graft- Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and Plasma level of NT- ProBNP as an independent risk factor of AF development in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. Methods: In a cohort study, 79 patients with sinus rhythm who admitted in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, Iran, during February 2009 and February 2010 for CABG are included the study and followed for developing post operative AF rhythm. Results: Post operative AF was found in 17.7% of patients. The peak time from the operation to the first AF episode was in second post op day [in ten patients (71.4%)]. The serum level of ProBNP in patients with AF was significantly higher (1624± 647 versus 221± 238 pg/ml, p< 0/0001). Increased age, Increased LA size and high plasma level of ProBNP were associated with increased risk for post op AF. After adjustment of risk factors, plasma level of ProBNP was the most important risk factor with odds ratio of 15.34 with CI 95% 1.77-132.95 and then LA diameter with odds ratio of 6.11 with CI 95% 0.99-37.42 was independently correlated with post op AF. Correlation between plasma level of ProBNP with age and LA size was seen too (LA size r = 0.0281, p= 0.012). Between age and ProBNP (r= 0.337, p= 0.002). The best cut off point for plasma ProBNP as a predictor of post op AF was 854 pg/ml. Conclusion: Increased level of preoperative ProBNP levels could be an independent predictor of post operative Atrial Fibrillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: A major aspect of the adaptive host response in periodontitis is the antibodies. Several risks and susceptibility factors for periodontitis, including smoking, age and composition of the subgingival microflora, have also been suggested to influence antibody production. The present study was conducted to investigate plasma levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies in periodontitis patients of Caucasian Iranian heritage referred to dental faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences in relation to disease severity and smoking. Materials and Methods: In this study, 36 patients with severe periodontitis, 39 with moderate periodontitis and 40 controls without periodontal destruction were enrolled. From the total of 80 patients, 21 were diagnosed with aggressive periodontitis and 54 with chronic periodontitis. IgG isotypes were analyzed in plasma samples. Results: Patients group in comparison with control group had shown higher level of Immuno globolins. There was no significant difference about the IgGl level in moderate and severe group and also in chronic and aggressive groups (p<0/001). But the level of IgG2 was shown the significant difference in the all study groups. Smoking was significantly reduced the level of IgGl and IgG2. Conclusion: The current study shows that non-smoker periodontitis patients have higher levels of IgG2 than smoker periodontitis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]