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Background and Objective: Post-term pregnancies are pregnancies that last more than 42 full weeks (294 days) from the first day of the last menstrual period. With increasing gestational age, the rate of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality significantly increases. Among medical methods, misoprostol is widely used to prepare the cervix in post-term pregnancies. But today, due to the high side effects of misoprostol, especially the increasing need for cesarean section, some complementary medicine methods are used to prepare the cervix. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Misoprostol and Evening primrose oil capsule with Misoprostol on delivery method in post-term pregnancies. Material and Methods: This study was performed as a single-blind randomized clinical trial on 130 pregnant women with post-term pregnancy referring to the delivery ward of Besat Hospital in Sanandaj, Iran. The samples were selected by available sampling method and assigned to the intervention and control groups by random sampling method. In the intervention group, a 500 mg capsule of evening primrose oil was given vaginally and 25 micrograms of misoprostol were given sublingually, and in the control group, an ineffective capsule was given vaginally with 25 micrograms of misoprostol sublingually. Demographic data, clinical characteristics and delivery method were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21 and statistical tests such as Chi-square, t-test and ANOVA. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Findings showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic and midwifery characteristics and the two groups were homogeneous in this respect (P>0.05). But in the evening primrose oil and misoprostol group, the mean bishop score was significantly increased compared to the misoprostol group (P

Introduction: The effects of labor pain and hypoxia during delivery on the neonatal metabolic and endocrinological profile after birth, especially thyroid function hormones, are unknown. This study was performed with aim to determine the relationship between delivery method with thyroid function hormone levels and blood gases in the newborn cord at birth. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 240 singleton and term pregnant women with no history of thyroid problems in Shahid Akbarabadi Hospital in Tehran, Iran, in 2018-2019. Subjects were divided into three groups of 80 cases based on mode of delivery: natural delivery, emergency cesarean delivery and elective cesarean delivery. Immediately after birth, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and also blood gases including umbilical vein oxygen pressure (PO2), carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2), oxygen saturation (O2saturation) and pH of neonates' cord were measured and their relationship with mode of delivery was evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) and variance analysis test, covariance analysis, Kruskal Wallis, and Tukey Test. PResults: Mean TSH level in emergency cesarean section group was higher than normal delivery group (P = 0.001) and also higher than selective cesarean section group (P = 0.034). Mean of TSH level was significantly different between normal delivery and elective cesarean section (P = 0.001). Mean of pH and PO2 was higher in selective cesarean section group than normal delivery (p=0.024, p=0.001) and was also higher than emergency cesarean section group (P = 0.014, p=0.037). Also, mean serum level of cord PCO2 was significantly different between three groups (p=0.1) and was significantly lower in selective cesarean section group than other two groups (p=.001).Mean serum level of cord PCO2 was not significantly different between normal delivery group and selective cesarean group (p>0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed that labor pain and hypoxia during delivery may increase TSH levels.

Background and purpose: One of the major risk factors for the health of mother and child is cesarean section (CS) without medical reasons. This study aimed at addressing the causes associated with selecting delivery method in nulliparous women. Materials and methods: A descriptive comparative study was performed in which the research population included all nulliparous women attending a health center in Mazandaran province, Iran 2017. Census method was used and 272 women with normal vaginal delivery (NVD, n=132) and CS (n=140) were selected. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by gynecologists and Cronbach's alpha 0.76, respectively. Data analysis was done in SPSS V24. Results: Out of 140 CS delivery, 66 (46.5%) had no medical recommendations. The main causes were fear of vaginal pain and health and safety of the fetus. The chance of NVD improved by 1% increase in knowledge about the benefits of NVD (15%) and disadvantages of CS (12%) (P

Cancer is one of the most dangerous health problems of today modern societies which has an increasing rate especially in developing countries. There are many diverse ongoing treatment attempts trying to defeat cancer. Despite that, scientists have been unable to find a permanent cure for this disease. In many cases although there is a successful first response in patients, cancer cells are finally able to withstand therapeutic procedures and even use chemo-resistance to take advantage of treatments to facilitate tumor growth, resulting in cancer remission. Therefore, and mostly in recent two decades, scientists have been trying to choose their treatments just as smart to be able to conquer cancer. One of the best methods of this smart defense is to target weak points of neoplastic cells and use them for designing drugs. In this case it would be most probable for cancer cells not to have a chance to confront and cause chemo-resistance. Total endeavors to fulfill this goal are named “targeted cancer therapy”. This therapeutic approach is mostly consisted of two different procedures: 1- designing and using specific drugs to target cancer cells’ mutated genes; which will be defined by checking the genetic background of tumor cells for each specific cancer type. EGFR, RAS, VEGF and HIF-1α are among the pathways that have already been used as targets. 2- The other procedure could be methods that would carry drugs directly to unhealthy cells to prevent further side effects for normal cells of patients. It would be possible by designing specific antibodies to target antigens of neoplastic cells. Ribonucleic sequences (miRNAs and siRNAs) are also very promising as new drugs and nanoparticles have enabled us to increase drug concentration in tumors. The ultimate goal of these new experiments is to suggest specific drugs for each patient based on the nature of one's disease and genetic background, which will bring about "personalized medicine" era. Using valid new references, this review article first presents targets that are currently being used for this targeted therapy, their logic of choice and the drugs that have already been produced for clinical trials. Smart methods of drug delivery are also presented and discussed afterwards.

Background and purpose: One of the major risk factors for the health of mother and child is cesarean section (CS) without medical reasons. This study aimed at addressing the causes associated with selecting delivery method in nulliparous women. Materials and methods: A descriptive comparative study was performed in which the research population included all nulliparous women attending a health center in Mazandaran province, Iran 2017. Census method was used and 272 women with normal vaginal delivery (NVD, n=132) and CS (n=140) were selected. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by gynecologists and Cronbach's alpha 0.76, respectively. Data analysis was done in SPSS V24. Results: Out of 140 CS delivery, 66 (46.5%) had no medical recommendations. The main causes were fear of vaginal pain and health and safety of the fetus. The chance of NVD improved by 1% increase in knowledge about the benefits of NVD (15%) and disadvantages of CS (12%) (P<0.001). Also, 1% improvement in socioeconomic status rose the chance of choosing CS 2.45 times (P=0.023). Conclusion: According to current research, informing nulliparous women about the disadvantages of CS and the benefits of NVD is necessary. Therefore, educational interventions are recommended for women planning pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Aim: A growing number of women are requesting delivery by elective cesarean section without an accepted medical indication and this issue has been discussed in two past decades.The aim of this study was to determine cause's of cesarean selection in view of women who had undergone an elective cesarean in Beasat hospital of Sanandaj. Matrrial and Methods: This was a qualitative study and data were gathered through semi-structured interviews from 19 women who have had cesarean surgery on demand. Content analysis was used to analysis of data then major categories were identified. Results : The mean age of participants was 27 years, most were house wives (58%). Most were university graduates (68:4%).All the cesarean sections were performed before onset of labour.Majority (73.7%) were primiPara and all have obtained prenatal cares.The women's reasons for their request to have cesarean were: fear of natural birth because of labour pain and procedures, and personnel behaviour, avoiding fetal risks, unfavorable condition of vaginal delivery and educational environment of hospital advers effect of vaginal delivery on urogenital tract, physician recommendation and cesarean being easier. Conclusion: Necessity for careful review of the existing vaginal delivery circum stances and procedures and Attempting for improving it, development of a systematic educational program about childbirth process and procedures as a priority in prenatal care, further research performance on health outcomes for mothers and infants associated with planned cesarean without a medical or obstetrical indication, were of these research's conclusion.

Cancer is one of the most dangerous health problems of today modern societies which has an increasing rate especially in developing countries. There are many diverse ongoing treatment attempts trying to defeat cancer. Despite that, scientists have been unable to find a permanent cure for this disease. In many cases although there is a successful first response in patients, cancer cells are finally able to withstand therapeutic procedures and even use chemo-resistance to take advantage of treatments to facilitate tumor growth, resulting in cancer remission. Therefore, and mostly in recent two decades, scientists have been trying to choose their treatments just as smart to be able to conquer cancer. One of the best methods of this smart defense is to target weak points of neoplastic cells and use them for designing drugs. In this case it would be most probable for cancer cells not to have a chance to confront and cause chemo-resistance. Total endeavors to fulfill this goal are named “targeted cancer therapy”. This therapeutic approach is mostly consisted of two different procedures: 1- designing and using specific drugs to target cancer cells’ mutated genes; which will be defined by checking the genetic background of tumor cells for each specific cancer type. EGFR, RAS, VEGF and HIF-1α are among the pathways that have already been used as targets. 2- The other procedure could be methods that would carry drugs directly to unhealthy cells to prevent further side effects for normal cells of patients. It would be possible by designing specific antibodies to target antigens of neoplastic cells. Ribonucleic sequences (miRNAs and siRNAs) are also very promising as new drugs and nanoparticles have enabled us to increase drug concentration in tumors. The ultimate goal of these new experiments is to suggest specific drugs for each patient based on the nature of one's disease and genetic background, which will bring about "personalized medicine" era. Using valid new references, this review article first presents targets that are currently being used for this targeted therapy, their logic of choice and the drugs that have already been produced for clinical trials. Smart methods of drug delivery are also presented and discussed afterwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]