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IntroductionRecently, the development of artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction has highlighted the increasing importance of language challenges in information retrieval. The crucial role of language in disseminating, accessing, and retrieving information cannot be studied independently of syntax and semantics. Explaining and describing research in this field from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives, and understanding researchers' trends, is an important step in comprehending the significance of syntax and semantics in communication structures within modern information search and retrieval environments. Consequently, in this descriptive and analytical study, we conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses of studies in the field of syntax and semantics in information retrieval. Literature ReviewIn recent years, there has been a lot of interdisciplinary research focusing on investigating the impact of language on the interaction between users and the web environment. These studies have discussed the language from various perspectives and have explored information retrieval across different types of information media, including web databases, search engines, commercial websites, and libraries. Tapsai (2019), Norouzi and Hamavandi (2018), Hammo (2009), Lazarinis (2008), Ofoghi, Yearwood & Ghosh (2006) have focused on different languages such as Persian, English, Arabic, and Greek. The findings show that the syntax and morphology, as well as the semantics of searched terms and phrases, have a significant impact on the retrieval of results. In addition, search tools tend to rely more on the general form of words instead of focusing on the real needs of users in order to improve the search process.Due to the huge amount of information on the World Wide Web and the challenges related to information retrieval, researchers and software developers have turned to the Semantic Web to keep up with the changes. The Semantic Web has provided a large amount of structured and machine-understandable information on a wide range of topics (Guha, McCool & Miller, 2003). Semantic models perform well in identifying and recognizing synonyms, similar words, and semantic frameworks. Therefore, one of the most important challenges in the field of information storage and retrieval is to bridge the gap between the language used by information seekers and information providers (Rezaee Sharifabadi et al., 2010).The current study aims to systematically review previous research findings on syntax and semantics in information storage and retrieval across different contexts. Each context represents different dimensions of knowledge representation systems, from traditional to semantics. Upon reviewing the research, it was found that no systematic review has been conducted with a focus on syntax and semantics in the field of information retrieval. MethodologyIn this qualitative research using Aveyard’s systematic review method, we aim to address the following questions:What is the statistical status of studies in the field of syntax and semantics in storing and retrieving information?What are the main subject areas that researchers have focused on in studies related to syntax and semantics in storing and retrieving information?What research methods and approaches have researchers employed in this field?What are the research gaps and areas that require further study in this field?To gather relevant sources from information databases, we selected search keywords based on the research questions. Then, we used search strategies and various operators to combine the keywords and phrases, ensuring a comprehensive and effective search in Persian databases such as Magiran, Irandoc, SID, NoorMagz, ISC, and Civilica, as well as databases including Scopus, Emerald, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. There was no time limitation for the search. We recorded accepted sources such as articles and theses that were relevant and valid. By removing irrelevant and duplicate sources, we selected 12 Persian sources and 42 English sources. After categorizing, the studies were analyzed according to the type of source, research method, and tool. The results of the analysis of the studies were presented in the form of tables and graphs. ResultsThe selected studies were categorized into three groups (their characteristics were described in detail): information retrieval, information organization, and information search based on the analysis of keywords and subjects raised in the sources. The results of the study revealed that among the 54 reviewed studies, Iranian researchers had conducted the most research in the field of syntax and semantics in information retrieval, with 12 studies. The United States followed with 5 studies, and China and Vietnam tied for third place with 4 studies each. The majority of the studies focused on syntax and semantics in information retrieval. DiscussionAnalysis of 54 selected studies has shown that these studies were conducted over a period of 26 years. The oldest study was included in the review back to 1997, while the most recent one is from 2022. This shows the dynamic nature of the field under investigation and demonstrates how it is constantly changing and being influenced by the advancement of web technologies. Furthermore, a thematic analysis of the research, based on the studies' keywords, reveals that "Ontology," as a tool of the semantic web, is closely linked to the semantic and syntax aspects of language in information retrieval.Moreover, in a total of 54 studies, the majority were experimental (19), followed by applied (15) and analytical (9). Additionally, there were 6 studies that combined applied and analytical methods. Content analysis and comparative analysis each had 2 instances, while case studies were the least frequent with only 1 case. These studies have utilized tools such as ontology, search engines, and techniques including natural language processing, annotation, tagging, and indexing.The discussion about exploring syntax and semantics in relation to information retrieval across different languages is believed to make a significant contribution to the development of future research literature in this field. This is because users’ native language plays a central role in forming search terms for information retrieval, based on subjective meanings, context, and content. Considering this point can effectively enhance information retrieval systems. ConclusionAlthough many studies have addressed various aspects of syntax and semantics in information retrieval, more research is needed to investigate syntax and semantics in information organization. It is also important to delve into and analyze their theoretical aspects in information retrieval, especially through interdisciplinary studies.Moreover, the interconnectedness of various areas of study demonstrates the close relationship between syntax and semantics and linguistic issues in nearly every field that involves organizing, storing, and retrieving information. These areas include the study of syntax and semantics in relation to environmental sensors, indexing, identification and summarization of texts, plagiarism detection, natural language processing, repositories, improvement of query users and data retrieval in repositories and search engines, metadata enrichment, and image retrieval. The results of this research, such as its main themes, identified methods and approaches, and research gaps, can offer valuable insights for future studies.

Purpose: Information literacy involves a range of skills such as recognizing information needs, understanding information production and value, and using information to generate new knowledge ethically. It is essential for individuals to locate, evaluate, and utilize information effectively to become lifelong learners. This research aims to investigate how education influences the information literacy abilities of out-of-school children in accessing digital libraries and databases.Methodology: This study utilized a Semi-experimental research design and survey method. Initial theoretical studies were conducted, and five information literacy standards were compared to develop a new pattern. The population consisted of 195 dropouts from two schools - Moshtaq in Kerman and Arslan Boys in Rafsanjan. The sample size of 120 individuals was selected using a simple random method, with 100 students completing the questionnaire. Survey data was analyzed before and after information literacy training over one semester using a checklist with five components and 15 indicators. Reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha, which yielded a value of 0.851.Findings: The study revealed that digital libraries and databases were available to a favorable extent, with a 2.935 percent availability rate. Prior to training, students showed a 2.125 percent proficiency in locating information in digital resources, which improved to 2.45 percent post-training. Additionally, students demonstrated an average skill level of 2.38 in utilizing full-text databases within digital libraries. Conclusion: The research underscored the importance of education in enhancing information literacy skills, particularly in the areas of information retrieval and selection, database usage, and critical evaluation of online sources. Recommendations included teaching students how to identify reliable information sources, conduct effective information searches, and utilize various search operators for refining search results.Value: The novelty of the research lies in its examination of the Impact of Education on Information Literacy Skills of Dropout Students in Utilizing Digital Libraries and Databases through a Semi-experimental research design.

Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of developing and validating the scale of applicability of semantic relations in information retrieval.Methodology: To carry out this research, the mixed method with the exploratory design of the tool development model has been used. The statistical population of the research in the quantitative part was all the librarians of the central libraries of the medical sciences universities of the country with a statistical population of 280 people, 163 people were selected based on Cochran's formula by available sampling method. In the quantitative part, the sample size included 15 librarians and information specialists working in the libraries of the medical sciences universities of the country, who were selected as a sample in a targeted non-probability way. In order to collect data, a semi-structured interview was used in the qualitative part and a researcher-made questionnaire was used in the quantitative part. Validity and reliability of the research tool were examined and confirmed in both qualitative and quantitative sections. To analyze the data in the qualitative part, the grounded theory method was used, and in the quantitative part, the confirmatory factor analysis method was used. Findings: The results of the qualitative and quantitative part of the research showed that the tool developed for the applicability of semantic relations in information retrieval consists of five components with 30 items. The components obtained from this research include machine ambiguities, existence of semantic ambiguities, formulation of strategy in Information retrieval systems, semantic search systems and the use of quality processes were the part that, according to the results of factor analysis, the highest factor load was related to the strategy formulation component in information retrieval systems, which was compiled in 6 items. And it has the highest relationship with the component of strategy formulation in information retrieval systems, the existence of effective support systems with a factor load of 0.82. The highest combined reliability coefficient was related to the component of semantic ambiguity and the lowest combined reliability coefficient was related to the component of strategy formulation in information retrieval systems. It can be stated that the items determined in the component of the existence of semantic ambiguity have more group appropriateness in their structure than other items. Also, the results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the developed research tool has a very favorable fit.Conclusion: The questionnaire designed in this study can be used as a suitable tool to measure the applicability of semantic relationships in information retrieval in libraries.

Information retrieval systems are an essential part of many smart systems. The applications of this research field include search engines such as Google and Bing, question-answering systems, modern databases, etc. An information retrieval system tries to retrieve documents related to a question/query. The retrieval is done from a large collection of documents, and the size of this collection can be from a few thousand documents to millions of documents. In recent years, a lot of research has been done to develop information retrieval systems using language models. However, in this research field, no research has been done for the Persian language. One of its main reasons is the lack of a suitable Persian dataset for training language models. In this research, first, a Persian dataset for information retrieval is presented. After that, methods for enriching this data set are investigated. This enrichment is done by defining multi-level relationships between a document and a question. In this regard, the new dataset can show the relationship between question and document in four levels (unrelated, related, highly related, completely related) instead of two levels (completely unrelated, completely related). The name of the generated dataset is PersianMLIR. Experiments show that by using multi-level relationships, the performance of the system improves for both Persian and English languages, where the improvement is 1.87% for the Persian language. The results conclude that enriching information retrieval datasets by increasing the number of relations between query and document lead to improving the performance of information retrieval systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portfolio theory is one of the theories in the financial field presented by Harry Markowitz. This theory states that investors should diversify their stock portfolio to reduce investment risk. This research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the applications of portfolio theory in information and knowledge retrieval. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative research. In the current research, the main concepts of modern portfolio theory were extracted using the method of content analysis and text analysis. In the next step, based on the method of evaluation and comparison, the functions of modern portfolio theory in information retrieval and the field of information science and epistemology were identified and determined. Finally, 12 experts in the fields of knowledge management, information and knowledge retrieval, indexing, cataloging, information systems and librarians were selected as an expert panel. Then, during 7 sessions and by conducting interviews, using questionnaires and holding individual and group meetings, the functions of modern portfolio theory were extracted. The results of the research showed that the modern theory of portfolio is effective in the process of information retrieval and can have an impact on 5 groups of creators, indexers, information system users, information system and librarians and have a positive effect on improving the retrieval process. The results of the research showed that the portfolio theory has an impact on the influential groups in the recovery process and can play a role in improving the performance of information recovery system. One of the most important applications of portfolio theory is its use in ranking retrieved documents, increasing the connection between retrieved documents, reducing false fallout, increasing the percentage of information recovery, creating the possibility of semantic search, increasing comprehensiveness and categorizing information based on subject areas. The current research can be the beginning of investigating other applications of the portfolio theory in information retrieval and makes it possible to carry out more detailed investigations in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of developing and validating the scale of applicability of semantic relations in information retrieval. Methodology: To carry out this research, the mixed method with the exploratory design of the tool development model has been used. The statistical population of the research in the quantitative part was all the librarians of the central libraries of the medical sciences universities of the country with a statistical population of 280 people, 163 people were selected based on Cochran's formula by available sampling method. In the quantitative part, the sample size included 15 librarians and information specialists working in the libraries of the medical sciences universities of the country, who were selected as a sample in a targeted non-probability way. In order to collect data, a semi-structured interview was used in the qualitative part and a researchermade questionnaire was used in the quantitative part. Validity and reliability of the research tool were examined and confirmed in both qualitative and quantitative sections. To analyze the data in the qualitative part, the grounded theory method was used, and in the quantitative part, the confirmatory factor analysis method was used. Findings: The results of the qualitative and quantitative part of the research showed that the tool developed for the applicability of semantic relations in information retrieval consists of five components with 30 items. The components obtained from this research include machine ambiguities, existence of semantic ambiguities, formulation of strategy in Information retrieval systems, semantic search systems and the use of quality processes were the part that, according to the results of factor analysis, the highest factor load was related to the strategy formulation component in information retrieval systems, which was compiled in 6 items. And it has the highest relationship with the component of strategy formulation in information retrieval systems, the existence of effective support systems with a factor load of 0.82. The highest combined reliability coefficient was related to the component of semantic ambiguity and the lowest combined reliability coefficient was related to the component of strategy formulation in information retrieval systems. It can be stated that the items determined in the component of the existence of semantic ambiguity have more group appropriateness in their structure than other items. Also, the results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the developed research tool has a very favorable fit. Conclusion: The questionnaire designed in this study can be used as a suitable tool to measure the applicability of semantic relationships in information retrieval in libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In recent decades, web search engines have become one of the most prominent and essential tools for accessing information in today's interconnected world. With the increasing volume of information available on the web, the demand for locating and accessing relevant and meaningful information has also risen. Traditional search engines typically retrieve results based on keyword matching and the number of similar entries in the texts. This method often leads to undesirable and irrelevant results. These problems are even more pronounced in Persian and Arabic due to the complex grammar of these languages, which is not machine-readable. The aim of this research is to review and present solutions for semantic search and retrieval of Persian and Arabic texts. Method: This research is a content analysis study, and the library method was used to collect data. To collect information and access the required resources, various sources were used, including scientific articles, books, theses, and reports. For collecting Persian articles, sources, and for collecting English articles, sources with publication dates from 2020 onwards were used. The content analysis method was utilized to analyze the collected data. By employing data analysis and interpretation methods, the results of previous studies were reviewed and evaluated alongside the new findings of the research. This evaluation involved identifying the issues and constraints of current semantic search engines and offering suggestions for enhancement. Findings: In Persian and Arabic text semantic search and information retrieval research, methods based on text semantic analysis and processing using pre-trained language models, clustering algorithms like K-Means, and knowledge resources such as knowledge graphs are employed. Additionally, the dataset, the utilization of models and algorithms, and the method of semantic search and retrieval between words all influence the system's performance and accuracy. According to the findings of numerous studies, there is a wide range of methods and algorithms available for text semantic search and retrieval, each of which can produce different results. These findings demonstrate that each of the methods used has the ability to retrieve the semantic meaning of texts and varies in terms of search accuracy capabilities. An examination of the research findings reveals that some methods outperform others. These methods demonstrate strong semantic search capabilities by employing various techniques and algorithms such as topic analysis, neural networks, vector representations, and more. On the other hand, the appropriate method should be chosen based on the nature of the problem and the characteristics of the data. Each problem and dataset may have its own unique requirements. Selecting the best method and adjusting its parameters is critical for optimal performance. Conclusion: Each of the presented methods offers unique solutions for the issues and linguistic characteristics of the two languages, Persian and Arabic. Additionally, various methods utilizepre-trained language models like BERT, clustering algorithms such as K-Means, and knowledge resource-based retrieval systems like knowledge graphs. The presented solutions also utilize specific datasets and resources for training and evaluation. The differences in the dataset and how these models and algorithms are used and configured are critical. Some methods perform information retrieval based on meaning and semantic relationships between words, while others use keyword and root-based methods. This variation in the search and retrieval method can impact the system's performance and accuracy. Each method has a different performance and accuracy in retrieving information, which is attributed to the varied ways in which models, algorithms, and data sources are utilized.

Introduction: The goal of evidence-based medicine is helping clinical professionals to obtain relevant and valid information to make appropriate clinical decisions. Therefore, to meet the information needs of health professionals, information retrieval systems should facilitate access relevant and also methodologically valid.Research method: The current research uses the quasi-experimental method of one group pre-test - post-test in order to achieve the research goals. The research community was made up all the clinical trial articles available in the Cochrane database until the end of 2018.Findings: The results of the present study showed that among the research variables, the words of the reviewers' comments along with the abstract had the greatest impact on the ranking. These results showed that the Cochrane reviewers' comments can be a suitable tool for use in ranking systems based on relevance and validity. Also, the results of this research showed that it is possible to rank the methodological validity and combine it with relevance by using the internal and external elements of the articles.Conclusion: This research distinguished the types of words used in the text of scientific articles and its effect on improving the ranking based on relevance and methodological validity. In retrieval systems based on natural language, more emphasis has been placed on the totality of the text and less attention has been paid to the contribution of vocabulary types in explaining the relevance of articles. The findings of this research highlighted, once again, the difference of vocabulary types in explaining relevance and methodological validity and revealed the necessity of determining the target vocabulary set in all types of searches.

Keyword extraction is a key step in document indexing. Keywords are semantic and content-based descriptors of a document, which can be used in document retrieval and representation. In databases containing scientific documents, such as Ganj in Irannian Research Institue for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc), it is even more critical to assign meaningful keywords for documents, since the documents are from different academic disciplines and contain technical terms.As the number of scientific documents grows exponentially, having an automatic and intelligent keyword extraction technique is getting more critical. There are various keyword extraction techniques that are either based on statistical features of the text or machine learning approaches, and sometimes a combination of both. In this research, we propose a new keyword extraction method for Persian scientific documents based on recommender systems and case-based reasoning. The proposed method is designed based on case-based reasoning in which the main assumption is that similar documents share similar keywords. There are two main steps in the proposed approach: first, similar documents to a given new document are retrieved based on TFIDF and word2vec model, second, the candidate keywords are extracted from retrieved documents and ranked based on a new scoring scheme, and a set of keyword are selected from the candidate keywords based on their score. The proposed method is tested and avaluated on a set of documents of Ganj database in three different subject areas (Art, Humanities and Engineering), based on precision, recall and expert panel

The goal of evidence-based medicine is helping clinical professionals to obtain relevant and valid information to make appropriate clinical decisions. To meet the information needs of health professionals, information retrieval systems should facilitate access relevant and also methodologically valid. In this research quasi-experimental method of one group pre-test-post-test is used in order to achieve the research goals. The research community was made up of all the clinical trial articles available in the Cochrane database until the end of 2018. The results of the present study showed that among the research variables, the words of the reviewers’ comments along with the abstract had the greatest impact on the ranking. These results showed that the Cochrane reviewers’ comments can be a suitable tool for use in ranking systems based on relevance and validity. Also, the results of this research showed that it is possible to rank the methodological validity and combine it with relevance by using the internal and external elements of the articles. This research distinguished the types of words used in the text of scientific articles and its effect on improving the ranking based on relevance and methodological validity. In retrieval systems based on natural language, more emphasis has been placed on the totality of the text and less attention has been paid to the contribution of vocabulary types in explaining the relevance of articles. The findings of this research highlighted, once again, the difference of vocabulary types in explaining relevance and methodological validity and revealed the necessity of determining the target vocabulary set in all types of searches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keyword extraction is a key step in document indexing. Keywords are semantic and content-based descriptors of a document, which can be used in document retrieval and representation. In databases containing scientific documents, such as Ganj in Irannian Research Institue for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc), it is even more critical to assign meaningful keywords for documents, since the documents are from different academic disciplines and contain technical terms. As the number of scientific documents grows exponentially, having an automatic and intelligent keyword extraction technique is getting more critical. There are various keyword extraction techniques that are either based on statistical features of the text or machine learning approaches, and sometimes a combination of both. In this research, we propose a new keyword extraction method for Persian scientific documents based on recommender systems and case-based reasoning. The proposed method is designed based on case-based reasoning in which the main assumption is that similar documents share similar keywords. There are two main steps in the proposed approach: first, similar documents to a given new document are retrieved based on TFIDF and word2vec model, and second, the candidate keywords are extracted from retrieved documents and ranked based on a new scoring scheme, and a set of keywords are selected from the candidate keywords based on their score. The proposed method is tested and evaluated on a set of documents of Ganj database in three different subject areas (Art, Humanities and Engineering), based on precision, recall and expert panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe field of providing information and the method of publishing information has permanently been subject to modification and alteration, and as we know, with the introduction of computer technology in the field of librarianship and the change in the way of providing services, the imperative task of information dissemination has been reserved for librarians (Kanjilan,2011).Due to the nature of their job, librarians must be interested to changes and change their services and the way they provide services at the same time and in agreement with the changes, so that they can respond to the information needs of the residents(Mohammadi Fard,2015).Nowadays, with the development of new information technologies and the challenges of information societies, the traditional role of public libraries has changed and functions such as teaching and creating computer skills have become more projecting. Thus, librarians of public libraries should initially, be prepared with these skills. A librarian who is not computer literate will never be a good guide for library users. The inability of individuals to access information and their limited knowledge in using computers can hinder their success in retrieving information. Hence, enhancing computer literacy is particularly essential for these individuals. Education can play a crucial role in improving their computer skills (Abtahi,2017). One form of instruction is electronic training, also referred to as e-learning or virtual learning. This type of learning involves online courses provided through a virtual education system, enabling electronic learning processes(Ghalian & Zalpour,2018). The objective of this study was to examine the impact of electronic information retrieval training on the information retrieval abilities of librarians.Literature ReviewKia, Moazzami, and Kia Lashaki (2021) in a study entitled: “Examining the influence of virtual skills training during the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of Chalous Scientific-Applied University graduates” concluded that virtual skill training has a positive and significant effect on the performance of graduates in the Corona era, and the regression equation was also presented to predict the effect of the predictor variable on the criterion variable. Mohaghegh, Raiesi Dehkordi, Alibeik, Ghashghaee and Janbozorgi (2017) showed that consistent with the employees' attitude towards participating in in-service virtual training courses, their satisfaction along the course and the productivity of the topics discussed in these courses, from the point of view of librarians, the effectiveness and quality of in-service virtual training courses are at the favorite level.Al-Fraihat, Masa'deh and Sinclair (2020) showed there are four structures influencing the use of e-learning, the quality of the educational system, the quality of the support system, the quality of the learner and the perceived usefulness, which together account for 1.34% of the variance. Finally, 64.7% of the variance of e-learning benefits is explained by supposed usefulness, alleged satisfaction, and use. Maurice (2017) showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between virtual training and employee empowerment, and employees who did not participate in in-service training are less empowered than those who participated in these courses.MethodologyThe current research was of the type of applied research and the method of conducting the research was of an experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with control and experimental groups. The statistical population of this research included all the librarians of the public libraries of Mazandaran province in 1401 in the number of 285 people (taken from the statistics center of the general administration of the public library of Mazandaran province). After the homogenization of the statistical population geographically (Mazandaran province was divided into three parts, east, central and west) and from each part according to the inclusion criteria such as willingness to participate in training sessions at certain hours, being librarians of public libraries in Mazandaran province, having a bachelor's degree, having an age between 25 and 40 years, working experience of more than 5 years in a library, obtaining a score below 39 from the questionnaire and exit criteria including not working in public libraries in Mazandaran province, having a bachelor's degree and obtaining a score above 39 from Questionnaire, first, 30 people were selected by purposive sampling method and they were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people, experimental and control. The experimental group received information retrieval skills training in 9 sessions (each session lasting 2 hours) electronically and remotely. But the control group did not use any training. In order to measure the information retrieval skills of librarians, due to the lack of a standard scale, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. Also, its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89 in a test run.DiscussionThe findings displayed that the average skill of information retrieval in the experimental group (47.07) in the post-test is higher than the average in the control group (26.86). which indicates that, electronic information retrieval training has an effect on the skills of librarians in information retrieval. In the explanation of the research findings, it can be stated that electronic training allows people to obtain scientific information in less time and at a cheaper cost and it increases its generality and also causes rapid learning of skills in various dimensions. The internet is an easy way in the new age to get up-to-date and new articles and information for learning and empowerment. In other words, the availability of the Internet makes it possible to obtain new information in less time, and in the context of librarians' use of new methods and patterns in information retrieval, it surges their skill in information retrieval.ConclusionThe results of the research showed that electronic information retrieval training has a positive and significant effect on the skills of librarians in information retrieval, and electronic information retrieval training can be one of the effective options in increasing the capabilities and skills of librarians.

IntroductionOne of the most important challenges of context-based information systems with emphasis on cognitive structures is the formulation of receiving and displaying knowledge of cognitive actors empirically in the process of information retrieval interaction. The aim of the present study was to identify the variables of the dimensions of information retrieval context in the interaction process using the framework of the information system and retrieval. of Ingwersen and Jarvelin.Literature RieviewHuman-information interaction is a multidisciplinary problem-oriented research field that studies the interaction between humans and information (with its different forms and purposes). In other words, instead of examining the interaction between humans and technology, which is the field of human-computer interaction and human-machine interaction, or examining the interaction between humans and information agents (i.e., the field of librarianship), it examines the interaction between information and people (Jones & et al, 2006).MethodThe present study is of fundamental and developmental type and has been carried out by Colaizzi phenomenological method (1978) in 7 stages. Data collection tool was using In-depth semi-structured interview with 7 experts in the field of information retrieval to identify variables in the interaction process of information retrieval context. Validity is a tool for collecting and content validity data using the experience of experts and reliability is based on the criteria of Lincoln and Goba (1988) based on Credibility, reliability, verifiability. Description and analysis of information has been compared and validated using the results of systematic review and experiences of experts in the field of information retrieval.ResultsThe identification of the following variables in the context dimensions of information retrieval in the interaction process has led to the stabilization of search, retrieval and access terms that cognitive actors can consider as information retrieval system designers. The variables of comprehensiveness include: identifying the level and nature of information; Knowledge of the problem; Level of knowledge; prior knowledge; mental models; Identifying temporal and linguistic factors to convey meaning and concept; sociological and psychological factors; action effects; Mental presuppositions, taking into account the skill of formulating search terms, can lead to an increase in the efficiency of the retrieval system for overlapping and matching information in the subject coverage of information and documents, the type of metadata standards, the way information is organized. The variables of the obstacle dimension include: the ability to communicate between the information needs and the retrieved document with an objective attitude (information retrieval systems with an emphasis on relevance) and a subjective attitude (use of the system with an emphasis on user characteristics, tasks and environment); attention to the possibilities of the system in the way of organizing information and knowledge; integrated access to information and knowledge; And eliminating human error in the search leads to discarding irrelevant evidence. The variables of the effectiveness dimension include: applicability and accessibility of information according to ethnic and linguistic characteristics, in other words, leveled accesses; meeting mental needs; filling the knowledge and cognitive gap; the extent of using knowledge and experience and transferring it; According to the functions of the information retrieval system, it can help in expanding knowledge and in identifying and correcting the errors of users in accessing information and knowledge, and it leads to the appropriateness of the results in achieving the goals and providing satisfaction with the information services in the system. The variables of the information quality dimension include: the qualitative aspects of the information in terms of influencing the mental structures related to the need; stability of information in its repeatability; the ability to compare and evaluate sources in the ability to cite and reason information; participation in the creation of new knowledge; Finding resources based on the user's knowledge level; It is related to the user experience and leads to an increase in the qualitative level of user recognition and having the desired structure of the information system. The variables of the quality dimension of the time management process include: extraction of resources based on relevance; Meeting the need for information based on information seeking (targeted search); Displaying the steps and process and components of the information system leads to the quality of search processes from the point of view of the user interface.DiscussionAs a result, by searching for the meanings and essences of cognitive actors over time according to experience, in order to reach a common understanding in identifying, discovering and creating a deeper understanding, it led to the description and analysis of the cognitive structures of the information and retrieval system framework of Ingwersen and Jarvelin and finally It provides design and access to information in a networked and systematic way.ConclusionThe approach of cognitive actors in the design of information retrieval system and the role of database designers, user interface designers, information retrieval model designers and search engines are of particular importance in the context of information retrieval. This approach with mental presuppositions with an emphasis on identifying the level and nature of information needs to be recognized and the effects of action over time from the perspective of the user interface. Creating an objective and subjective relationship with interactive and static attitudes reduces human errors in intelligent search and expands knowledge and repairs the knowledge gap, especially by having the desired structure of the information system automatically and by comparing and evaluating resources. The qualitative aspects of the information and process of these steps will be visible and accessible.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the intellectual structure of knowledge in information retrieval based on Co-Word Analysis. Nowadays, the field of information retrieval has primarily shifted from information science to computer science. In information science, information retrieval refers to the interaction between individuals, and the information retrieval system refers to making judgments related to the results obtained from the selection of search strategies. While in computer science, information retrieval is the extraction of relevant information that meets user needs from a large amount of unstructured information stored in a computer. Co-Word analysis is a method of content analysis that is obtained through the co-occurrence of words or concepts in texts and sources, and through which the main concepts of a scientific field or field, and through this knowledge, conceptual patterns and events, scientific structure, conceptual network, hierarchical relations of concepts, and conceptual categories of that field can be discovered, drawn, and managed. Co-word analysis is a tool for discovering hidden patterns and emerging conceptual events. Methodology: As an applied bibliometrics study, the research uses coword analysis and clustering techniques. The research data consists of information retrieval of 13490 articles which were indexed in the Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (LISTA) database during 1967-2018. RavarpreMAP, bibExcel, SPSS, and VOSviewer were used for analysis. Findings: The results showed that during 1967-2018, the trend of publishing articles in the first two decades was steady. However, in the following two decades, there was a pattern of fluctuation, with occasional declines and rises. The Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology published 687 articles and has made the greatest contribution to research publication in this field. The publications in Information Processing & Management and Journal of the American Society for Information Science are ranked second and third, with 667 and 637 articles, respectively. The most frequently mentioned keyword in the text is "information storage and retrieval system," which appears 3652 times. Other frequently mentioned topics include the World Wide Web, information resource management, information science, information services, search engines, websites, and the search for electronic information resources. These topics ranked second to tenth in terms of frequency and attention. Additionally, there is a strong co-occurrence between the following pairs: website - World Wide Web, Internet - World Wide Web, and information resource management - information storage and retrieval system. The use of hierarchical clustering by the Ward method resulted in the creation of 13 subject clusters, including computer network and multimedia systems; academic library and access to information; database and information retrieval; search strategy; data mining cluster and database; online library catalog; tutorials and web versions 1, 2, and 3; catalog and subject heading; Madeline; ontology and machine learning; library and information technology services; information organization and knowledge management; and artificial intelligence and medical informatics. Conclusion: The results showed that recent developments in information storage and retrieval systems, as well as users' need for quick access to up-to-date and sufficient information, have led to changes in the subject areas of information retrieval. These changes include the transformation of traditional libraries into virtual, digital, and automated libraries, the evolution of the one-dimensional web to the interactive web or Web2, and the management of electronic resources, databases, digital libraries, ontology, data mining, social networks, machine learning, natural language processing, knowledge management, and artificial intelligence. Information retrieval is now widely used in various fields such as medicine, social networking, image recovery, music, and more. The field of information retrieval is a multidisciplinary field and has extensive connections with other fields. The results of cluster analysis, illustration, and examination of high-frequency topics clearly demonstrate this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: The combination of ontology-based retrieval systems leads to the semantic retrieval of words. The aim of this study was to review ontology articles in information retrieval using scientometric techniques. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted using the documentary method and word cluster analysis. The research population comprised 2595 articles indexed in two databases, Scopus and Web of Science, from 2001 to 2023. The data were analyzed using Excel, BibExcel, SPSS 26 and UCINET. VOSviewer was used to draw research maps. Findings: The growth of articles in ontology and information retrieval was low and the annual growth rate averaged 0.11%.Stanford and California universities were the most prolific organizations, contributing to 6 articles, and the field of computer science was the most prolific with 43% of the articles written. The word clustering led to the formation of 4 thematic clusters: semantic retrieval of information, non-human ontology, classification of systems, and role of technology. In addition, there was a positive correlation between science production and centralities (degree centrality 0.323, closeness centrality 0.278, and betweenness centrality 0.447). Conclusion: The evolution of the words used in the articles has shown that although the growth of article production in this field has increased from the beginning, the development of ontology technologies in information retrieval started with a weak semantic system called information classification, and after the various stages of development, it now uses machine learning to understand user requirements and process information with the help of artificial intelligence.

Social media is a popular data source in the research community. It provides different opportunities to design practical applications to favor humanity and society. A significant amount of people consumes social media content. Thus, sometimes content promoters and influencers publish misleading and toxic content. Therefore, this paper proposes an unhealthy content filtering system using the information retrieval model SOIR to identify and remove poisonous content from social media. The Semantic query Optimization-based Information Retrieval (SOIR) uses Fuzzy C Means (FCM) clustering to produce a particular data structure. To incorporate a query generation technique for the generation of multiple queries to increase the probability of correct outcomes. The SOIR model is modified in this work to utilize the model with the social media toxic content filtering model. The model uses linguistic and semantically information to craft new feature sets. The Part of Speech (POS) tagging is used to construct the linguistic feature. Finally, the pattern-matching algorithm is designed to classify the tweets as toxic or nontoxic. Based on lexical and semantic analysis of similar semantic queries (Tweets), it is identified with the class labels of the tweets. Twitter text posts are used to create training and test samples in this context. Here, a total of 2002 tweets are used for the experiment. The experimental study has been carried out with the different I.R. models (K-NN, Cosine) based on precision, recall, and F1-Score demonstrating the superiority of the proposed classification model

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify and model digital literacy effectiveness on human resource empowerment in general departments of Sports and Youth with an interpretive structural modeling approach. Methods: The current research was a field research in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of the method of data collection. Considering the main goal, the research method was qualitative method (theme analysis). Two methods of open and central coding were used in the analysis of the conducted interviews and 30 open codes were identified in the form of 6 central codes. The statistical population in this research includes university professors who are knowledgeable about information technology, media and technology researchers in the field of sports management, and directors of the General Directorate of Sports, and selected youths of the country who had relevant education in management fields. Using the purposeful sampling method and the theoretical saturation technique, key informants (12 people) were selected to identify the framework of the human resources empowerment model based on digital literacy in the general administrations of sports and youth, and semi-structured interviews with them (Focal groups) was carried out. Results: Research has shown that the factors of understanding the need for information, learning how to use information and finding information have high influence and low dependence; factors of information classification, use of information and evaluation of information have low influence and high dependence. Conclusion: Therefore, the proposed digital literacy framework for human resource empowerment in the General Directorate of Sports and Youth is a good guide to increase staff empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the research is to compare the performance of Information Retrieval of semantic and keyword search engines based on phrase search (simple & complex).Methodology: The present applied and semi-experimental research community includes all active search engines on the web. Research samples were selected based on stratified random sampling and purposive sampling. The data collection tool of two researcher-made checklists includes ten simple and complex phrase queries.Findings: Bing and Cluuz (with similar precision of 53%), DuckDuckGo, and Yahoo were the most accurate in searching for simple phrases, respectively. Bing, DuckDuckGo, Yahoo, and Cluuz were the most accurate in their search for complex terms, respectively. In general, Bing, DuckDuckGo, Cluuz and Yahoo have the highest precision, respectively. Also, the average total precision of keyword search engines is more heightened than semantic search engines.Conclusion: The Bing keyword search engine performs better than the other three semantic search engines and other keywords. Semantic search engines claim to have more capabilities in retrieving relevant information than keyword search engines. But in this study, it was found that Cluuz and DuckDuckGo do not excel in search terms over keyword search engines. These tools did not perform as well as semantic web search engines, and it seems that they have a long way to go to become real semantic search engines. And to achieve this, it is necessary to use the facilities, tools, modules, and emerging technologies of the new age, such as machine learning, deep learning, combining these modules with pervasive techniques, data mining, etc.Value: So far, not been compared the phrase search performance in the sample semantic and keyword search engines. And in this regard, the researcher has tried to achieve an actual result with an exact Survey.

Nowadays, bibliometrics has been an interdisciplinary field with all scientific fields as its scope. The present study is related to the scientometric study of articles in information retrieval produced in Iran from the beginning of the topic in Persian papers to 2019. This research was an applied research which has been done using scientometric techniques such as citation analysis and co-word analysis. The data required for this research have been extracted from the "Islamic World Science Citation" database. The statistical population was 395 articles in the field of information retrieval, which was analyzed using "BibExcel," "VOSviewer," and " Excel" software packages. Some inconsistencies in author names and keywords have been tried to be unified. There was an increasing trend in published papers and received citations. Highly-cited and most influential authors in the field are well-known in the field. "Rahmatullah Fattahi" is in the first place with 11 articles and 16 citations. 77.72% of the articles have been authored in groups (two or more authors) and the two-authored approach with 154 articles has the most co-authorship approach. Six hundred twenty-six authors participated in writing the articles, which were repeated 923 times in various articles. The largest co-authorship network consists of 27 nodes (authors). "Najla Hariry," "Farideh Osareh," and "Saeed Rezaei Sharifabadi" have the highest score in terms of the centrality of rank, intermediate, and closeness among other researchers, respectively. The keywords "information retrieval," "search engines" and "internet" were the most frequently used keywords in the field of information retrieval. The word pairs of "recall - retrieval accuracy" and "Internet - search engines" were the first and second most frequent pairs of co-occurring-word pairs, respectively. Thematic clustering of articles in this field indicates the existence of eight subject clusters: "search, processing and evaluation information," "Storage and retrieval in information systems," "information behavior," "indexing," "information management and Scientometrics," "search engines," "precision and recall" and "information literacy." Co-authorship network showed that authors in the field tended to author with collaborating each other. Considerable items on information retrival have been published in Persian The acceptance of the co-authorship approach in the production of scientific works in information retrieval indicates the willingness of authors to write co-authored research. However, considering that 54.9% of the authors of this study did not receive the H index, the authors should make more efforts to produce quality articles. The largest cluster of this research is the "search, processing and evaluation information" cluster, which indicates the importance of this issue in information retrieval, and the smallest cluster is the "information literacy" cluster, which needs further research in this research field. The study helps authors identify hot topics and highly-considered subjects in information retrieval and provide a pattern for conducting scientometric analyses in similar fields.

The aim of this study was to explain the application of text corpus tagging method in Sense disambiguation from specialized homographs and increasing the retrieval F-Measure of scientific texts containing such homographs. This is an experimental study. Specialized homographs were identified by direct observation and morphological analysis of the word. The research sample consisted of 442 scientific articles of two groups of experimental group and control group. The control group had 221 full-text articles without tags and the experimental group had same 221 tagged articles, which were tested in the information retrieval system to measure the effectiveness of tagging in word sense disambiguation from specialized homographs. The level of significance of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that the F-Measure of retrieval results of specialized homographs after using the tagged specialized text corpus in the information retrieval system is significantly different than before. Examination of negative and positive rankings showed that the F-Measure of the results after using the tagged specialized text corpus has increased significantly and has reached its maximum level of 1. The findings of the present study showed that there is not necessarily an inverse relationship between recall and precision, and the two can reach their maximum level of 1. The better efficiency of the retrieval system using this approach is due to the empowerment of the retrieval system in distinguishing between specialized homographs and identifying their semantic roles by using semantic tags as training data that were considered in the test and training set. Embedding the training set in the structure of the retrieval system provides additional information to serve the retrieval system to distinguish between the various meanings of specialized homographs. This tool is one of the elements that causes the optimal quality of retrieval and leads the information retrieval system from word-driven retrieval to content-driven retrieval when retrieving texts containing specialized homographs.

Objective: Query suggestions are a supporting tool in information search tools that help users query formulation. The purpose of this study was to prioritize the factors affecting the use of query suggestions through the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP).Methodology: This study is an applied quantitative research that used a researcher-made questionnaire as instrument to collect the data. Five experts in data retrieval were asked to consider its items and comment on their relevance to the topic under study to ensure the validity of the questionnaire. The inconsistency rate was also used to verify the reliability of the questionnaire items. The questionnaire was distributed to 12 experts to gather the data for this study. To analyze the data, the FAHP was used in which the experts compared the pair of the main criteria, the sub-criteria of each criterion, and the final priority of the sub-criteria.Findings: In this study, the criteria were classified into two categories: criteria related to the query suggestions system and criteria related to the user. Among the criteria related to the user criteria of domain knowledge and expertise, level of linguistic knowledge, and user’s query and among the criteria related to the query suggestions system the criteria of "source of creation of query suggestions (main and contextual), semantic features of query suggestions, and ease of use of query suggestions were the first to third priorities. Moreover, based on the final weight of each sub-criterion, the sub-criterion ‘the level of user’s expertise in the field of search’ was placed in the first priority; while ‘the difference between the user’s original language and the search information’ received the second priority; ’source of creation of query suggestions’ was in the third place; ‘providing semantic correlation between user’s queries and the query suggestions including broad, specific, related, and synonyms’ was placed in the fourth priority, and Providing a list of query suggestions in order of relevance placed in the fifth priority, respectively.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that ‘source of creation query suggestions’ and ‘domain knowledge and expertise’ was ranked first in prioritizing the main criteria. This finding suggests that the designers of the query suggestions should make a good choice of sources. Besides, prioritizing the factors affecting the use of query suggestions provides valuable information to designers and researchers in query suggestions. They can identify essential factors by prioritizing the factors affecting query suggestions and applying them in practice. Though the factors influencing the use of question suggestions are prioritized in this study, all factors are, in turn, important and should be considered when creating a question proposal to make high-quality suggestions.

Objective: The present investigation was conducted with the aim of identifying the application of semantic technology in information retrieval in the softwares of digital libraries.Methodology: This survey is applied one which is done by descriptive method. Sampling population includes 8 digital library softwares Simorgh, Payam Mashregh, Pars Azarakhsh, Payam Hanan, Rasa, Tebyan, Saman and Pasargad. After reviewing the literature and available resources, the criteria related to semantic technology components were determined in data retrieval in digital library softwares. The tool used for gathering the data is the checklist that is used in the field of semantic technological practices in marketing information in digital library softwares, this is under the observation of experts, in addition, the method of Delphi is used in this investigation in 3 fields namely semantic technological architecture, semantic technological tools, semantic technologies in marketing information and the level of implementation. In order to analyze the data, Excel and SPSS 25 softwares were used.Findings: The findings showed that digital libraries do not have a suitable condition and they need the layers more than the first designing. Also, semantic tools and implemented languages have a very weak semantic technology, and there are not many semantic tools for development and implementation, and they surpassed each other in a few cases. Furthermore, in terms of implementing tools, they do not have a suitable situation and by paying attention to this area in information marketing, it needs a serious observing by the digital library software designers. But, in semantic technology in information marketing activities the situation was suitable, however, the layers of its implementing in digital libraries is not in a suitable condition. This research, in addition to providing a checklist on the application of semantic technology in data retrieval in digital library software, based on existing records and expert opinion, has made it possible for designers and programmers of digital library software to identify their strengths and weaknesses, with the criteria and components in this area, and the degree of importance of each of them, will become more familiar with the design of digital library softwares.

Purpose: Aims to identify the role of document readability level and the objective complexity of the work task on students' relevance judgment and document ranking. Methods: Quantitative content analysis was utilized to determine the readability level of texts. The statistical population of the research included 2825 graduate students of Shiraz University of Humanities. To determine the sample size, due to time-consuming process of relevance judgment, students' time constraint, and sample size of similar studies, a non-probability sampling method of voluntary type was used. Two work tasks were designed based on Borland's (2000) Repository of Assigned Search Tasks and experts' opinions. After confirming the validity of the work tasks by the experts, searching through the Persian article databases, including SID, Magiran, and Noormags, four relevant, four partially relevant, and two irrelevant articles were selected by five experts The articles were divided into difficult and very difficult levels by determining their readability levels using Flash-Diani readability formula. In the next step, ten articles related to two work tasks were scored by users in a six-level spectrum (from entirely irrelevant to entirely relevant) then ranked based on the relevance degree (from 1 to 10). Data was analyzed using social science statistical software version 23 (SPSS), and T-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted. Findings: The results showed significant difference between students' relevance judgment with different readability levels. Students rated documents with difficult readability levels more relevant than documents with very difficult readability levels. In addition, considering the role of readability level on the ranking, there was a significant difference between the rankings of relevance in the documents with different readability levels according to the students. Documents with difficult readability levels were ranked lower in terms of relevance. Therefore, students performed finer on rating documents with difficult readability levels. Findings about the role of complexity level of work showed that objective complexity of the work task affected the students' relevance judgment. The retrieved documents related to the simple work task were found to be more relevant than the complex work task. Regarding the role of complexity level of work tasks on ranking, findings revealed that the level of objective complexity of the work task affected the ranking of documents, and the simple work task ranked lower in terms of relevance ranking. Therefore, students performed finer on the simple work task than on the complex work task regarding relevance rating. Conclusion: The role of level of readability of documents and objective complexity of the task affected relevance, judgment, and ranking. Further research on the effect of these indicators on relevance judgment can improve the design of information retrieval systems and increase the quality of the relevance and ranking algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Users of different disciplines use specific search methods to get the information they need. Knowledge of these methods can help information professionals in designing and increasing accuracy of information retrieval systems. The field of music is not an exception. This study has investigated methods of searching music information sources in search engines by postgraduate students in two universities, namely The University of Fine Arts, and The University of Tehran. Methods: All the 94 postgraduate students in both universities completed a questionnaire. Their fields of study included composition, Iranian music, world music, and musicology (ethnomusicology). The questionnaire was researcher made. Descriptive and inferential statistics techniques were carried out for analysis of data using SPSS software (version 23) and Excel 2013 program. Findings: The students had musical skills such as reading musical notes, knowledge of instruments, knowledge of singers, and knowledge of musical styles, playing instruments at professional levels as well as singing skill at a beginner level. Also, students used general and specialized search engines for music scores, track and song titles, artist names, and album titles. They search in the search engines by exact phrase, specific names and playing music contents, and select retrieved resources according to the credibility, quality of audio files, ease of search and use, music files in mp3 format, and the like. Conclusion: No relationship was found between the level of learning and the use of specialized content search components, space, strategies, resources used, and reasons for selecting sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: The combination of ontology-based retrieval systems leads to the semantic retrieval of words. The aim of this study was to review ontology articles in information retrieval using scientometric techniques. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted using the documentary method and word cluster analysis. The research population comprised 2595 articles indexed in two databases, Scopus and Web of Science, from 2001 to 2023. The data were analyzed using Excel, BibExcel, SPSS 26 and UCINET. VOSviewer was used to draw research maps. Findings: The growth of articles in ontology and information retrieval was low and the annual growth rate averaged 0.11%.Stanford and California universities were the most prolific organizations, contributing to 6 articles, and the field of computer science was the most prolific with 43% of the articles written. The word clustering led to the formation of 4 thematic clusters: semantic retrieval of information, non-human ontology, classification of systems, and role of technology. In addition, there was a positive correlation between science production and centralities (degree centrality 0.323, closeness centrality 0.278, and betweenness centrality 0.447). Conclusion: The evolution of the words used in the articles has shown that although the growth of article production in this field has increased from the beginning, the development of ontology technologies in information retrieval started with a weak semantic system called information classification, and after the various stages of development, it now uses machine learning to understand user requirements and process information with the help of artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Content retrieval and knowledge management services In IoT applications, user-aware applications always contain different information and require a lot of resources to meet user demand, and this requires a high cost to implement content retrieval and management monitoring services. Is knowledge. This article presents a way to monitor knowledge management as well as to store and retrieve user information in the Internet of Things. Using the proposed method, users can transfer their data to IoT storage servers with more security than similar methods without knowing how and where to store it. The purpose of this article is to create a usercentric system for security monitoring of knowledge management in IoT applications that can be easily used. In this regard, reducing the cost of resource allocation and knowledge management by intelligently reducing the amount of data received and the use of appropriate factors to increase the quality of IoT applications have been addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the library software of Pars Azarakhsh, Simorgh, and Saman in terms of information retrieval features in the web environment. The present study is applied type. The statistical population consists of Pars Azarakhsh, Simorgh, and Saman library software. To measure, review, identify and evaluate the dimensions of the research, the status of library software in 5 indicators was reviewed and analyzed. The data of this research were collected by observing the software website and using the opinions of the software experts and were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Findings showed that in the field of search capabilities in various fields, Pars Azarakhsh with 98.85% points, and Saman and Simorgh with 96.55% points obtained the highest and lowest scores. In the section of various search formulations, Simorgh and Pars Azarakhsh with 100% points and Saman software with 83.34% points obtained the highest and lowest scores. In other types of software searches, Pars Azarakhsh with 78.43% points, and Saman software with 76.97% points had the highest and lowest points. The results also showed that the studied software, in terms of retrieval and information retrieval features in the web environment, had good improvements over their previous versions and were able to meet more than 80% of the criteria studied in this study.

Objectives: Persian writing has some difficulties that neglecting can affect information retrieval. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Persian writing problems on the retrieval of documents on the (GANJ) database based on morphological, semantical, and orthographical aspects.Methods: This research is a practical-purpose study that was conducted in a qualitative manner using content analysis techniques. The used method was a researcher-made checklist. The research population was all the records recorded in the GANJ until the time of the survey. Sampling was done by standard sampling. In the category of conjugational problems, the impact of these problems on the retrieval of documents in the database was examined.Results: In the semantic problem category, the effects of semantic ambiguity or semantic differences on the information retrieval of documents were examined. This case was done in the category of orthography problems to determine difficulties arising from morphological and written features of Persian writing.Conclusions: According to the data obtained from searching for keywords related to each difficulty in the Ganj, it was observed that inconsistencies in the text affect the retrieval result.The results of the present study showed that morphological, semantic, and orthographical problems affect the information retrieval results in the database. It was also found that in the morphological group only for the "adjective morphological morphemes", and in the orthography group, for the problems of "accent mark", "ی and ء transposition in Persian words", "writing of middle and end ء (tittle) with الف seat", "writing of middle and end ء (tittle) with واو seat", "remove or writing tilde Mark" and "writing of consonantal ی after inarticulate ه" have been deliberated and difficulties in the semantic group were completely neglected. Since Ganj is the basis of other Irandoc databases, regardless of morphological, semantic, and calligraphic problems can affect the work of other systems as well.

Objective: One of the most important identifiers that users of any information system use in their searches is the author name identifier. Therefore, the designers and managers of any information system are always looking to improve the quality of content retrieval based on the search for the author's name. The content of information repositories and the quality of service delivery in them is affected by the quality and manner of storing and retrieving personal names. The purpose of this article is to investigate the problems and challenges of searching for the names of individuals in academic organizational repositories from its practical aspect.Methodology: In order to investigate the practical challenges of searching for researchers in the organizational repository of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, the evaluation and observation methods were used. In this method, performance measurement, which is a more specific type of evaluative research, is used. Accordingly, in this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the performance of the search engine of the reservoir system of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in order to search for the names of ambiguous persons.Findings: Despite the relatively small amount of information in this repository compared to very large organizational repositories, a search based on the name of the author in this organizational repository showed that there are issues and challenges related to name retrieval in this repository. A high percentage of similar surnames indicated that users had to be aware of people's first and last names in addition to surnames in many searches. About 40 percent of the names were multi-part or compound, which for various reasons lead to irrelevant or less relevant retrieving.Conclusion: Given that all the ambiguous names extracted from the researchers' Name List in the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad repository were searched in order to examine the performance of the search, the result indicated that there were challenges in searching for the names of individuals and the designed system could not display related results. In general, it can be said that the organizational repository of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, when searching for the ambiguous names, has problems and confusion due to the similarity of the individual' names, or due to language problems and It's spelling. Authority control of the names of the researchers nationally and internationally is one of the most important and effective ways out of the challenge of the name searching. It is necessary to ask researchers to enter their information carefully in comprehensive systems and librarians to manually control the authority of their names. In this way, a national system of authority control of Iranian researchers in Persian and English languages emerges, which can have many uses and solve the problems of searching by name to a large extent.

Objective: The aim of this study was to explain the application of text corpus tagging method in sense disambiguation from specialized homographs and increasing the retrieval precision of scientific texts containing such homographs.Methodology: This research was conducted experimentally and it is a supervised method that is one of the three methods of word sense disambiguation. The research sample consisted of 442 scientific articles of two groups of experimental group and control group. The control group had 221 full-text articles without tags and the experimental group had the same 221 tagged articles, which were tested in the information retrieval system to measure the effectiveness of tagging in sense disambiguation from specialized homographs.Findings: The research findings indicate that while retrieval in the control group due to sense ambiguity of specialized homographs is accompanied with false drop and reduced precision, tagging of specialized homographs in the full text of articles in the experimental group have direct effect in sense disambiguation from specialized homographs. It is possible to retrieve specialized homographs related to each tag, while in retrieval based on the control group, this is not possible. The level of significance of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P = 0.0001, Z = -5/909) shows that the accuracy of retrieval results of specialized homograph after using the tagged text corpus in the information retrieval system is significantly different. Examination of negative and positive rankings shows that the accuracy of the results after using the tagged text corpus has increased significantly and has reached its maximum level of 1.Conclusion: The rate of precision in retrieving scientific texts in the research findings is evidence of acceptable tagging effectiveness in sense disambiguation of specialized homographs and its effective role in optimizing the information retrieval system. If retrieval system designers focus on optimizing retrieval formulas in search of specialized homograph and empower retrieval systems to search for related documents, researchers with any physiological, experimental, and knowledge characteristics will be able to access related documents. Access their information needs in a short time. In this study, the value of the text corpus as a rich treasure of knowledge-based for information retrieval system was revealed in distinguishing the semantic role of specialized homographs. Although the research was conducted on limited corpus, the researcher believes that because this limited text corpus was designed in a principled way and the texts were consciously selected, the results of the findings can be generalized to all scientific texts in various fields.

In designing search engines, it is important to check the database you are studying and make a connection with it. This study is an applied one conducted by using observation method. What is used in this study is a case study. The pattern of most searches is generally partial and specific in most cases. Participants begin their search with general information such as introducing and reviewing facts, and then focusing on specific aspects. In some cases, users come up with new ideas while searching. According to the results, general background, subject knowledge, time range and tools available influence desired response. According to the analysis of findings and results, it is suggested that information behavior using neural network is more accurate in identifying information skills, barriers, goals and motivation and determining and predicting resources and services. Information and ways of accessing information should be compared with the results of present study. Based on the results, it seems that specialized information retrieval training for all classes of users is needed to increase information skills of current and future users. Current search engines retrieve only part of relevant documents in a collection. Better models are needed to overcome the huge volume of documents. The proposed model in this way enables improved data retrieval in a short period of time. It is also possible that search model is also updated each time with user searches and results in more accurate results.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify paratextual elements in retrieving fiction from the readers’ perspective in order to provide the most appropriate access points for the readers and improve access to fictions based on the readers’ needs. Methodology: The approach of this research is mixed method conducted with sequential exploratory strategy. The statistical population in both stages of the study was readers of fiction literature. In the first phase of the study, a number of 14 story readers participated in a semi-structured interview. The collected data was coded and analyzed based on the six-step content analysis framework of Brown and Clark using MAXQDA software version 2018. In the second phase, a questionnaire designed based on 5-point Likert scale was used to data collection and the collected data was analyzed by structural equation modeling. Also, SmartPLS software version 3 was used to analyze the data. Findings: According to the first stage results of the study, 12 paratextual elements in the form of 4 main themes of bibliographic information (including author name, title, publisher name and date of publication), information about the author (including biography, awards and other works of the author), review/ criticism (including 3 elements of other readers' comments, literary criticism and reviews and summaries about the work) and physical characteristics (including two elements of cover design and number of pages) were identified by themes analysis of the interviews. In the second phase of the study, the results of the structural equation modeling test confirmed the effect of review and criticism, bibliographic information, and information about physical characteristics of work on improving fiction retrieval. Based on the results, reviews and criticism that have been written about the work with path coefficient of 0.517 more than other paratextual elements about the work could help the reader to retrieve fiction. After that, the bibliographic information with path coefficient of 0.287 and the physical characteristics of the work with path coefficient of 0.148 are in the next ranking. Since the value of t-statistic for author information is less than 1.96, the effect of this variable on fiction retrieval is not confirmed. Conclusion: Paratextual elements could be useful in perception, evaluation, making decision, selecting resources and help fiction readers to find relevant fictions. With use of paratextual elements of fiction to enrich library catalogues and create several access points, we could develop and improve search and retrieval systems and also increase the efficiency of these systems in retrieving fiction readers need. Therefore, it is suggested that the paratextual elements identified in this study, whose effect on improving fiction retrieval have been confirmed, be used as part of describing fiction content in library catalogs. It is also suggested that these elements be used in the design and development of fiction storage and retrieval systems in libraries to increase the efficiency of these systems and enable successful search and retrieval for fiction readers.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the growth or decrease of scientific output in the field of information retrieval in the Web of Science Citation Database from 2010 to 2017. The research is applied and uses scientific indices to evaluate the scientific outputs of the field of information retrieval and the statistical population includes all records of the Web of Science Citation Database. The findings showed that molar, H. was the top author in this field with 36 records, and the United States was the top country with 1984 records. The NATIONAL DELA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE CNRS Institute was recognized by producing 235 records best Institute and LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE with 915 records best Journal. Computer science was introduced as the top subject area with 8241 records. An article entitled Graph Regularized Nonnegative Matrix Factorization for Data Representation received the highest citation (including 585 citations) as the top information retrieval article. The results showed that the growth of scientific productions in the field of information retrieval did not follow a steady trend and declined during 2011-2012 as well as in 2017 and during the period of 2013 to 2016 with a growing trend in this field.

Objective: This paper aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of published studies on the topic of developing ontologies based on folksonomies as a means of information management in electronic environments. Method: This study is conducted using the systematic review method. After designating the questions, input, and output criteria, 87 papers published during 2003-2019 were obtained through querying domestic and international research databases. After screening the results, 29 papers (27 papers in English and 2 papers in Farsi) were closely studied and systematically analyzed. The data was entered into Excel for further statistical analysis and visualization. Findings: This study verifies the positive results of using folksonomized ontologies in central areas, including information management, and recovery and machine learning. The purpose of organizing knowledge is the quick transfer and retrieval of information. The inefficiency of traditional information organizing tools has always made it difficult to access information quickly and easily. The growth and development of information organization over time indicates a two-way relationship between knowledge growth and organizational evolution. This mutual influence between human knowledge and its organization has been accepted as a principle and its importance has increased over time. It seems that along with the increasing development of the world of knowledge, continuous review and improvement of organizational systems are inevitable. Moreover, this study shows the increasing popularity of folksonomized ontologies among users for determining semantic relationships between tags benefiting from more extensive sets of data. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the synthesis between ontologies and folksonomies can facilitate semantic web development by leveraging their differences. An important factor in emphasizing the use of the tacit meanings of folksonomy is the high potential of folksonomy in facilitating the creation of semantic relationships. Conclusion: Although studies of the application of folksonomy in the development of ontologies have been conducted since 2003, semantic limitations in folksonomy have remained a challenging issue over last decades. However, the vast majority of user-generated folksonomies offer a promising future for semantic web development. Considering the significance of synthesizing folksonomies and ontologies in improving the semantic relationships in information systems and attending to users’ needs by obtaining useful data from tags, further studies are required to find effective solutions to the semantic ambiguities tags and to structure them. This study offers new perspectives to assist experts in the fields of information management and the semantic web.

Aim:This research attempts to reveal the intellectual structure of “Relevance” articles in order to identify the top authors, countries and topical clusters, via co-word, co-author, and science visualization tools. Methodology:This is application research which is conducted by scientometric methodology. Population comprises 2530 records in the field of Relevance during 2009-2018, which had been retrieved from Web of Science. PreMap software is used for homogenization of words, and VOSviewer, and Bibexcel are used for science visualization. Finding:Findings indicate that the most articles were published in 2015 with 293 titles. The scientific map of co-authorship led to creation of 6 clusters. The top authors in scientific co-authorship were Huang, Jose, De rijke, Zuccon, Song, and Scholer. The top countries in scientific co-authorship were USA, China, England, Canada, India, and France. Use of co-word analysis led to the creation of 6 topical clusters in the field of Relevance, including among others: Information retrieval, Search engines, and Relevance feedback. Conclusion:The upward trend of scientific outputs in the field of Relevance during recent years indicates the increasing importance of this field in Library and Information Science. The results indicate that the researchers as well as studying the general and traditional principles of Relevance field have not been unaware of new developments in this field and studied both of them at the same time.

Relevance is one of the concepts that many researchers consider it fundamental in information retrieval. Recently, relevance has also been given attention in Iran about which multiple studies have been conducted. However, there is no clear understanding of relevance-related studies in Iran. Therefore, the current research aimed at exploring related research through a systematic review. To find the publications, questions and inclusion/exclusion criteria were initially determined. Several databases were searched using related keywords. Finally, 108 publications were selected. The software Excel was used to extract and analyze the data gathered. Publications in the field of relevance could be classified into 6 groups including recall, precision, recall and precision, relevance feedback, relevance judgment, and review resources. The results showed that most of the studies are conducted in an objective way and the researchers considered search engines more than other information retrieval systems. Moreover, the results also indicate that the recent studies are related to relevance judgment and experts in Knowledge and Information Science have been unwilling to do research on relevance feedback. While the quantitative methodology is used more frequently, the qualitative approach could also be very effective, especially in the subjective relevance and user-friendly context.

Objective: Query suggestions are a supporting tool in information search tools that help users query formulation. The purpose of this study was to prioritize the factors affecting the use of query suggestions through the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP). Methodology: This study is an applied quantitative research that used a researcher-made questionnaire as instrument to collect the data. Five experts in data retrieval were asked to consider its items and comment on their relevance to the topic under study to ensure the validity of the questionnaire. The inconsistency rate was also used to verify the reliability of the questionnaire items. The questionnaire was distributed to 12 experts to gather the data for this study. To analyze the data, the FAHP was used in which the experts compared the pair of the main criteria, the sub-criteria of each criterion, and the final priority of the sub-criteria. Findings: In this study, the criteria were classified into two categories: criteria related to the query suggestions system and criteria related to the user. Among the criteria related to the user criteria of domain knowledge and expertise, level of linguistic knowledge, and user's query and among the criteria related to the query suggestions system the criteria of "source of creation of query suggestions (main and contextual), semantic features of query suggestions, and ease of use of query suggestions were the first to third priorities. Moreover, based on the final weight of each sub-criterion, the sub-criterion „the level of user's expertise in the field of search' was placed in the first priority; while „the difference between the user's original language and the search information' received the second priority; 'source of creation of query suggestions' was in the third place; „providing semantic correlation between user's queries and the query suggestions including broad, specific, related, and synonyms' was placed in the fourth priority, and Providing a list of query suggestions in order of relevance placed in the fifth priority, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that „source of creation query suggestions' and „domain knowledge and expertise' was ranked first in prioritizing the main criteria. This finding suggests that the designers of the query suggestions should make a good choice of sources. Besides, prioritizing the factors affecting the use of query suggestions provides valuable information to designers and researchers in query suggestions. They can identify essential factors by prioritizing the factors affecting query suggestions and applying them in practice. Though the factors influencing the use of question suggestions are prioritized in this study, all factors are, in turn, important and should be considered when creating a question proposal to make high-quality suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present investigation was conducted with the aim of identifying the application of semantic technology in information retrieval in the softwares of digital libraries. Methodology: This survey is applied one which is done by descriptive method. Sampling population includes 8 digital library softwares Simorgh, Payam Mashregh, Pars Azarakhsh, Payam Hanan, Rasa, Tebyan, Saman and Pasargad. After reviewing the literature and available resources, the criteria related to semantic technology components were determined in data retrieval in digital library softwares. The tool used for gathering the data is the checklist that is used in the field of semantic technological practices in marketing information in digital library softwares, this is under the observation of experts, in addition, the method of Delphi is used in this investigation in 3 fields namely semantic technological architecture, semantic technological tools, semantic technologies in marketing information and the level of implementation. In order to analyze the data, Excel and SPSS 25 softwares were used. Findings: The findings showed that digital libraries do not have a suitable condition and they need the layers more than the first designing. Also, semantic tools and implemented languages have a very weak semantic technology, and there are not many semantic tools for development and implementation, and they surpassed each other in a few cases. Furthermore, in terms of implementing tools, they do not have a suitable situation and by paying attention to this area in information marketing, it needs a serious observing by the digital library software designers. But, in semantic technology in information marketing activities the situation was suitable, however, the layers of its implementing in digital libraries is not in a suitable condition. This research, in addition to providing a checklist on the application of semantic technology in data retrieval in digital library software, based on existing records and expert opinion, has made it possible for designers and programmers of digital library software to identify their strengths and weaknesses, with the criteria and components in this area, and the degree of importance of each of them, will become more familiar with the design of digital library softwares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research a new algorithm for facet extraction has been developed and introduced, which provides the experimental possibility of identifying facets based on a literary warrant. In the field of automatic facet extraction two main ideas were considered by reviewing the researches. The first idea is that the facet appears in the context. Therefore, to identify the facet in a corpus, its context must be examined. The second idea is that the facet is the focal point in a lexical tree that is neither very general nor very specific. Based on these two ideas, first, the corpus in the medicine area and the obstetrics and gynaecology domain was prepared. The research team selected three corpora from the literary warrant and used the abstract and title of the collection of articles in top 20 journals of the field to create a contextual corpus. This collection contained 167071 documents. 2000 articles were randomly selected to create the origin corpus. The third body is the lexical corpus. The proper words of the corpus were extracted using a web-based service. The output contained 514 words. Duplicate words were removed and finally, 480 important words were identified. Then, the words were expanded in the contextual corpus with the help of the supervisor (Mesh) and then-candidate dissertations were extracted based on the two conditions of frequency-based Shifting and rank-based Shifting. Finally, using the three rules of specificity, substitution, and generality, the identified facets were modified and named. Finally, 26 facets were identified in the domain of gynaecology and obstetrics. Comparing the proposed algorithm with other algorithms, it was found that the combination of statistical approach and tree pruning can have better results than purely statistical approach or tree pruning. Also, the comparison of the output facets of the algorithm with the traditional facets in this obstetrics and gynaecology domain showed that the output of the algorithm is smaller and more useful for browsing information retrieval tools. Also, in this study was specified that specialized domain facets are different from general facets and can be redefined independently, but the results cannot be generalized to all medical domains and other researches are needed to be done in other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Persian writing has some difficulties that neglecting can affect information retrieval. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Persian writing problems on the retrieval of documents on the (GANJ) database based on morphological, semantical, and orthographical aspects. Methods: This research is a practical-purpose study that was conducted in a qualitative manner using content analysis techniques. The used method was a researcher-made checklist. The research population was all the records recorded in the GANJ until the time of the survey. Sampling was done by standard sampling. In the category of conjugational problems, the impact of these problems on the retrieval of documents in the database was examined. Results: In the semantic problem category, the effects of semantic ambiguity or semantic differences on the information retrieval of documents were examined. This case was done in the category of orthography problems to determine difficulties arising from morphological and written features of Persian writing. Conclusions: According to the data obtained from searching for keywords related to each difficulty in the Ganj, it was observed that inconsistencies in the text affect the retrieval result. The results of the present study showed that morphological, semantic, and orthographical problems affect the information retrieval results in the database. It was also found that in the morphological group only for the "adjective morphological morphemes", and in the orthography group, for the problems of "accent mark", "ی and ء transposition in Persian words", "writing of middle and end ء (tittle) with الف seat", "writing of middle and end ء (tittle) with واو seat", "remove or writing tilde Mark" and "writing of consonantal ی after inarticulate ه" have been deliberated and difficulties in the semantic group were completely neglected. Since Ganj is the basis of other Irandoc databases, regardless of morphological, semantic, and calligraphic problems can affect the work of other systems as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: One of the most important identifiers that users of any information system use in their searches is the author name identifier. Therefore, the designers and managers of any information system are always looking to improve the quality of content retrieval based on the search for the author's name. The content of information repositories and the quality of service delivery in them is affected by the quality and manner of storing and retrieving personal names. The purpose of this article is to investigate the problems and challenges of searching for the names of individuals in academic organizational repositories from its practical aspect. Methodology: hl order to investigate the practical challenges of searching for researchers in the organizational repository of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, the evaluation and observation methods were used. In this method, performance measurement, which is a more specific type of evaluative research, is used. Accordingly, in this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the performance of the search engine of the reservoir system of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in order to search for the names of ambiguous persons. Findings: Despite the relatively small amount of information in this repository compared to very large organizational repositories, a search based on the name of the author in this organizational repository showed that there are issues and challenges related to name retrieval in this repository. A high percentage of similar surnames indicated that users had to be aware of people's first and last names in addition to surnames in many searches. About 40 percent of the names were multi-part or compound, which for various reasons lead to irrelevant or less relevant retrieving. Conclusion: Given that all the ambiguous names extracted from the researchers' Name List in the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad repository were searched in order to examine the performance of the search, the result indicated that there were challenges in searching for the names of individuals and the designed system could not display related results. hr general, it can be said that the organizational repository of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, when searching for the ambiguous names, has problems and confusion due to the similarity of the individual' names, or due to language problems and It's spelling. Authority control of the names of the researchers nationally and internationally is one of the most important and effective ways out of the challenge of the name searching. It is necessary to ask researchers to enter their information carefully in comprehensive systems and librarians to manually control the authority of their names. In this way, a national system of authority control of Iranian researchers in Persian and English languages emerges, which can have many uses and solve the problems of searching by name to a large extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

purpose:Provide an image indexing template based on search engines to retrieve text-based and content-based indexed imagesMethodology:In terms of purpose,application and type of descriptive research, there is a correlation.The statistical population included experts working in the offices of national newspapers in Tehran,who were familiar with five search engines.Data collection for component design is by a researcher-made questionnaire with 20 items by documentary method.The quality validity coefficient of the content of the questionnaire is higher than 0.78 and the content validity index is higher than 0.79.The reliability of the questionnaire was measured based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to0.936.Findings:In exploratory factor analysis, 20 items studied in four factors with textual indexing factor loads (with factor load range between0.51 to 0.76), image indexing(with factor load range between0.59 to 0.74), content indexing(Loaded with factor load range between 0.57 to 0.78)and effectiveness (with factor load range between0.53 to 0.85).Conclusion:Internal factor 1(text indexing)with an average factor load of 0.79plays the most important role in constructing the external factor or the overall scale, while internal factor2(image indexing) with an average factor load of0.74 is the second most important component.In the construction, the external factor was general,followed by the internal factor3(content indexing)with an average factor load of0.72; Finally,internal factor4(effectiveness)with a factor load of 0.69 had the least role in making the overall factor.The fit indices of the model, such as relative chi-square and economical indices, showed the fit to be quite appropriate.As a result, the obtained model has a relatively good fit to the data.

The important role of cognitive biases aspects at different stages of information retrieval is mentioned in most information retrieval models. So, it is necessary to understand cognitive aspects of behavior and human interaction. Since one of effective cognitive aspects in information searching is cognitive biases and users experience them, the effect of these biases should be considered. According to this, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of demographic variables in frequency of cognitive biases in information retrieval. The method of this study is survey; in terms of purpose, this is an applied research implemented in combined method (qualitative and quantitative). The research population was graduate students of the Ferdowsi University (humanities students and engineering students) that were studying at this university in second semester, 1397-1398. In this research, data were collected using the stratified sampling method. The required data for this research was gathered based on log file and semi-structured interview that were based on check list of different cognitive biases. The content validity of interview questions was evaluated by KIS and psychology specialists and the reliability of both instruments is also correlated with the coefficient of agreement between the opinions of two evaluators that was 0.95. The results showed that in the cognitive biases, including “anchoring”, “attention” and “mere exposure”, there was a significant difference between the frequency of these biases occurrences in users based on gender. Also, in the cognitive biases, including “overconfidence”, “recency”, “attention” and “availability”, there was a significant difference between the frequency of these biases occurrences in users based on grade (M.A. And PhD). Other findings showed that in the cognitive biases, including “regency” and “attention”, there was a significant difference between the frequency of these biases occurrences in users based on field of study (humanities and engineering). Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that designers of information retrieval systems and librarians should pay attention to the demographic variables (gender, degree and field of study) in designing and evaluating of information systems because these variables can affect frequency of some biases occurrences in information searching. Of course, the impact of factors like age group, character types, mental schemas, culture and information literacy rate should not be overlooked.

Nowadays we are witnessing the dramatic growth of utilizing corpus-based studies in linguistics known as corpus linguistics. The current research aims to study the improvement of frequency techniques in Farsi Language and has been conducted in order to achieve a scientific approach in automatic term extraction focused on extracting basic medicine terms. Using statistical approaches along with corpus linguistic tools (hybrid extraction methods) for automatic term extraction purposes, have become quite common in a number of languages such as English, French, Japanese and Korean. So far, these approaches have not been utilized in Farsi language widely and most of the efforts for term extraction have been conducted in traditional ways. On the other hand, these approaches are language specific and it is not possible to use them for a different language. They should be modified based on the properties of the target language in order to achieve an extraction method which is appropriate for that language. To do so, a group of frequency models with approaches to count frequency in a main corpus and a special corpus and their improved methods have been utilized. The frequency method used in this study has counted the terms in a general and a main corpus which is created by the researcher. These corpuses are formed from the texts in science textbooks of Iran High schools (grades 9-12), science text books of Iran middle schools (grade 7-8), the science texts taught in the Qazvin Imam Khomeini Farsi Language Center and some journals and articles on general science. Achieved results show that there is a potential possibility to extract terms automatically in Farsi. Among the major challenges of utilizing the simple methods we can refer to the process of separating high frequency words such as coordinators or prepositions. Therefore, to increase the power of this model, we improved the basic models by applying some techniques on the them. It is observed that the improved frequency method has shown a better performance in the special corpus as opposed to other methods and has been able to predict up to 60% of the special vocabulary in the first 50 high frequency extracted vocabulary. On the other hand, other results of the study show that the presence of low frequency vocabulary in the general corpus with a frequency similar to the frequency of special vocabulary, has led to achieving weaker results than the simple method.

The present study investigated the challenges of transliteration of Persian names to English ones, and the impact of these challenges on the recall of web of science’s retrieved results. This study is applied in terms of objectives and quantitative (i.e., survey) in terms of data collection procedure. The population included the names of Iranian authors who had published an English article in Web of Science between 2010 and 2017. First of all, 3110873 names were retrieved. It reduced to 11,242 after homogenization process. Data was collected through Bibexcel and Excel software and Web of Science database. The findings showed that there were three types of challenges (i.e., vowels, consonants, and omitted or double consonants) in transliteration of Persian names to English ones; they resulted in non-homogenous and different written forms. In addition, the results of Chi-square test showed that the frequency of all forms of the mentioned challenges had a significant effect on the recall of the retrieved results. Considering the importance of retrieving the names in retrieval studies as well as research studies’ evaluation, some solutions, such as the using Boolean operators and wildcards between the prevailing typographical forms, creating Persian soundex, and equipping the database with the thesaurus, are suggested

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the most widely used functions of natural language processing (NLP) in the field of library science and information science Metodology: The present study was carried out through documentary or library analysis and by examining and analyzing the texts. Findings: So far, the important applications of natural language processing have been implemented in various fields, including library science and information sciences. In this research, the most widely used functions of natural language processing (NLP) in the field of library and information science are: automated indexing, automatic information extraction or auto summarization, data retrieval, interleaving information retrieval (review system), music information retrieval, Auto Automatic classification and Question & Ask systems. Conclusion: Natural language processing continues to have good and useful capabilities in various fields, including in the field of library and information sciences, which should By enumeration the benefits and costs of it Take appropriate action for the integration of natural language processing in different subject areas.

Background and aim: The aim of this study was to identify semantic technologies and their importance in information retrieval in Iranian digital library software. Material and methods: This applied study was descriptively performed via survey method. This paper firstly identified the components of semantic technology through documentary (libraries) method and secondly prepared a checklist on the application of semantic technology in information retrieval in digital library software based on experts' opinions and Delphi method in three sections of semantic technology architecture, semantic technology tools and semantic technology in information retrieval. Excel and SPSS 25 were used to analyze the data. Findings: The findings have shown that the semantic technology architecture structure with an average of 43%, semantic technology tools with 59% and semantic technology with 41% are very important in digital libraries. Using semantic technologies, digital library users will be able to access the information resources they need more quickly. Conclusion: As digital libraries are in the early stages of development and this is especially true in developing countries; therefore, this study has provided the checklist in the field of application of semantic technology in information retrieval in digital library software based on existing backgrounds and experts' opinions. Moreover, the current study has enabled the designers and software developers of digital library software to identify their strengths and weaknesses as well as more familiar with the criteria and components in this field and the importance of each for enjoying them in designing digital library software.

In order to design user-friendly information retrieval systems, it is important to pay attention to characteristics of users. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the role of demographic variables of users during their search in search engines. Method: This is an applied study in terms of purpose, which was done by the evaluation method. To conduct the research, firstly, 32 subject headings were selected from the "Persian Subject Headings" and simulated work tasks were developed based on the selected subject headings with the cooperation of three experts in knowledge and information science. Then, according to the characteristics of the population, such as gender, grade and field of study, age and residential area of the students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 192 people were selected as sample members. The research form was then given to them, which consisted of three sections: demographic information, simulated work tasks, and a place to record relevant links. They were then asked to study the simulated work tasks that they had developed based on the selected subject headings from the Persian Subject headings, and search in Google, Parsijoo, Rismoon, and Yooz search engines in Persian language, and then to record the relevant URLs in the given form. Finally, based on the recorded URLs, the relevance score of the students' retrieved results was calculated according to the Jaccard index. To determine the validity of the research tools, the opinions of faculty members of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad were asked as well as the relevant literature was reviewed. Pearson test was also used to determine the reliability of the study, which confirmed the reliability of the study with a correlation coefficient of 0.725. Findings: The findings indicated that the FUM students’ judgement relevance scores with a 95% confidence level were about 0/36 to 0/42. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the students' judgement relevance scores in terms of their educational levels, age groups and their residential areas, while there were no differences between the student's judgement relevance scores in terms of gender and academic field. Originality/value: It can be said that paying attention to both personalization and customization in designing information retrieval systems will satisfy users. Thus, this paper finally directs the attention of information managers and designers of information retrieval systems to this fact that in designing information systems, more attention must be paid to the three demographic variables, namely education levels, age groups, and residential areas.

Knowledge organization, which provides easy, accurate and fast access to knowledge content, is carried out using metadata derived from standardized and controlled vocabulary. These standard metadata are the result of the scientific community and its subject matter experts. Based on the traditional approach of knowledge organization and retrieval, there is a duality between information and knowledge and human beings, and knowledge organization as objective and neutral descriptions of a already there universe of knowledge. This notion of objectivity and neutrality was falls with the rise of postmodernism. In the postmodern view, facts, truth and knowledge is regards as constructed in a particular discourse community. Postmodern theory, therefore, is the organization of information as the active interaction of human beings with concepts and information to construct systems of knowledge organization. Therefore, the rules, guidelines, and standards for organizing information are less interested, and what is important is the dynamic interpretation of the texts, and hence the dynamics of the content structure and the interpretive process in the knowledge organization. In the field of Islamic sciences, this is especially important because Islamic texts, such as the sources of the Qur'an and the hadith sciences, are the basis of religious law and the ethical and religious foundations, and the precise and accurate organization of these sources results in a proper retrieval and in the result, will be correct religious, ethical, and religious law.

The present research aimed to find out the usability of non-topical terms used in indexing of Islamic sciences resources in information retrieval process. The research population, was carried out with analytical survey method, was the users of the Islamic Sciences Information Management Database, designed by Institute of Islamic Information and Document Management, a sample of 50 researchers, familiar with the Islamic Sciences Information Management Database, were selected by purposive convenience sampling method. Data gathering tools used in this study were three questionnaires developed by the researchers. These questionnaires included first, questionnaire evaluated the end users’ experience of the database, the second one was an open-ended questionnaire to get feedback from users about the retrieval process and the third one was a close-ended questionnaire related to the research hypotheses. The questionnaires validity was determined by information retrieval and storage specialists, and their reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. Inferential statistics was applied to test the research hypotheses. Research findings indicate that using non-topical terms for expanding search query in Islamic Sciences Information Management Database led to desirable results; however, developing non-topical terms based on suggestions from end users is necessary. Findings also showed that there was a proper equivalence relationship among non-topical terms. Findings of present research indicated that paying attention to non-topical terms and using equivalence relationship between them along with applying topical terms can lead to relevant and desired results in information search and retrieval.