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Language has long attracted the attention many linguists and researchers, and many theories have emerged that examined its various species, including Roman Jakobson's theories verbal or linguistic communication. Roman Jakobson proposed communication theory based six functions of the language, the function verbal event achived only through them, poetic text among the literary genres related to language communication. Because they are communication tools of the poet and recipient. Relying on a descriptive-analytical approach, this research tries to study the theory of linguistic communication in the poetry of Omani poet Talāl al-Saltī, so it deals with six linguistic functions in the poet's poetry: emotional functions, Sympathetic, Exhortative, referential, Metalinguistic and literary functions. In the end, the results indicate that the poet's messages were not only for the reader, but also his Lord and his love. By examining the poet's poetry, we can see that he has used common words in the function of encouraging words away from complexity, and the function of Sympathetic appears in poems whose purpose is to influence the Almighty God and the poet's mistress, so it can be said that the recipient of the poet's messages is not the only reader. Poems with referential functions such as reports have emerged that convey the poet's concerns to the audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In functional linguistics, which originates from the Functional School, the author's abilities and creativity in using the spoken and written language systems are examined and analyzed for the rhetorical system and other functions of the language. Theorists such as Martina, Jakobson, and Halliday have listed various functions for language. Among them, the six functions of communication, referential, motivational, emotional, thought-provoking, and literary creation are the most important and famous ones, which were analyzed in this article in the story "Farsi Shekar Ast" (Farsi is Sugar) by Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh. From this point of view, Jamalzadeh, as a pioneer of Persian short story writing, with the knowledge of the potential capacities of the Persian language and mastering the techniques of narration, has been able to deal with the pathology of language rhetoric by using the six functions of words to create literary attractions. In this story, in an artistic way, concretely and practically, he shows the most important and dangerous damage to the language, which is excessive and inappropriate alienness; he warns the audience and encourages them to use natural language for its rhetoric. Keywords: Language Rhetoric, Functional Linguistics, Jamalzadeh, Language Functions, Language Pathology. IntroductionRhetoric, As far as terminology is concerned, means adapting words to the needs of the audience. Imam Sadiq (AS) said: Rhetoric lies in three things: getting close to the intended meaning, avoiding unnecessary words, and understanding a lot with few words. Therefore, if the writer can use language well, he has achieved the true function of language, which is effective communication. this area, the rhetoric of the language, is one of the areas of interest in functional linguistics, which analyzes the text in order to determine the patterns of language use in speech and writing, and the purpose of these detailed and technical studies is to identify and classify the linguistic elements used in the text. Examining Jamalzadeh's stories from this point of view is a good indication of his skill in using language functions in the direction of language rhetoric. He used vernacular language in his stories in an innovative way and considered the task of writers to be simple writing and paying attention to the common language of the people, and in the story "Farsi Shekar Ast", he dealt with the pathology of language rhetoric and presented practical solutions. In this article, this pathology has been tried to be well explained and analyzed based on functional linguistics. Literature Review and MethodologyVarious pieces of research have been conducted about Jamalzadeh's works and rhetorical topics in particular. However, there was no case regarding the pathology of language rhetoric based on functional theory. The research method in this article is library-based and descriptive-analytical. ConclusionFunctional linguistics is an approach in linguistics based on which the functions of the language determine the scientific and precise rhetoric of the language. Examining the story "Farsi Shekar Ast" from this point of view shows that Jamalzadeh in this story investigates the pathology of language and provides practical solutions for it. Examining the story clearly shows that he is fully aware of linguistic functions and masterfully uses them to advance the rhetorical goals of his language. By examining and applying the eleven functions proposed in functional linguistics, they can be divided into six functions in the following order:1- Motivational function: Jamalzadeh encourages the audience by using words, terms, and popular proverbs to simplify writing and use the Persian language in speaking and writing instead of a foreign language. 2- Communication: The communicative function of sentences is to advance the story and reach the message for correct communication, avoiding any kind of incorrect usage and pedantry.3- Referential: The frequency of the referential function of language should be attributed to Jamalzadeh's realistic worldview. Therefore, he believes that in order to maintain this function and use it correctly, the natural function of language should not be deviated from.Emotional: The emotional function is responsible for the survival of society. Incorrect use of language makes this role extremely vulnerable and destroys emotional relationships.Literary: By presenting a simple pattern and using natural arrays, Jamalzadeh uses this function in creating communication, persuasion, and the emotional function of language.The support of thought: According to Jamalzadeh, the person who turns to a foreign language and avoids the correct use of language has an incorrect thought. In order to solve this issue, one should act through the correct use of language. By choosing the beauty that he has chosen for his story, he induces the reader that indeed "Farsi Shekar Ast" (Farsi is sugar).

Lyrical literature is one of the widest types of literature aiming at reporting and expressing the feelings of the speaker and giving joy to the audience. In this literary type, the speaker uses several techniques to convey their lyrical messages. There are some methods to distinguish lyrical literature from the other literary types. These methods are so comprehensive that they can be applied for the classification of other literary types and genres as well. With a focus on Jacobson’s theories, this study was an attempt to propose two of these methods to distinguish between lyrical and other types of literature. These two methods are called ‘Sender-oriented’ and ‘Receiver-oriented’. Based on these two methods, in the course of communication, it is possible to address an audience or ignore them. The findings of this study showed that it is possible to recognize and distinguish lyrical literature from epic and didactic ones through the application of Jacobson’s theory of language functions and the direct and indirect sender-oriented methods.

The notional-functional approach is one of the most influential theories in the field of foreign language teaching and almost all English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and even Arabic, Hebrew and Turkish language teaching resources, have considered the principles of this approach, in order to produce educational contents. The key principle of this approach is to create purposeful and communicative based balance between the language notions and functions and the real situations. Nevertheless, regretfully not much attention to this approach is paid in the authentic teaching Farsi to the foreigners' resources. In this study, first the notional-functional approach and the foremost language notions and functions in the framework of this approach are presented. Then, the representation rate of these notions and functions in let's learn Persian (Zolfaghari & Etal., 2002) and Persian language (Safarmoqadam, 2007) teaching series were evaluated. This evaluation have been made through a self-developed checklist. This checklist consists of 10 basic questions on the content of courses and 6 default responses: at all, very low, low, medium, high and very high with respectively 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 points assigned to each question. According to the results, the let's learn Persian series gained 35 and the Persian language series gained 16 points out of 50. Although the overall result of this project suggests the superiority of the let's learn Persian series, but the rate of language notions and functions diversity and distribution in both series, lead us to purposeful planning for teaching Farsi based on language notions and functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being a component of communicative competence, pragmatic competence has only recently become the focus of attention. This paper addresses the historical evolution and the models of pragmatic competence. Next, it gives an account of the categorization of speech acts. Finally, it provides a review of the studies related to the instruction of pragmatic patterns in conjunction with internal/learner and external/environmental factors underlying the acquisition of pragmatic competence.