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Background and Objective: Influenza is one of the most common infectious diseases in the respiratory system. Preventive measures are considered one of the most important and necessary strategies to control this disease. The present study aimed to assess the factors related to the prevention of influenza among female high school students based on the protection motivation theory in Hamedan. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 303 female high school students in Hamadan. The participants were selected by multistage sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire designed by Sharifi-Rad et al. and completed by the self-reporting method. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and linear regression with a significance level of less than 0.05. Results: The mean age of participants in the research was 16.79±0.95 years. Only 26.10% of participants had a history of influenza vaccination. Moreover, 186 cases had information about the flu, and the Internet was identified as the most abundant source of information. Based on the results, the various constructs of protection motivation theory explained 58.30% of the variance of the intention to perform preventive behavior and 30.30% of the variance of performing the behavior in the studied students. Conclusion: In conclusion, the various constructs of the protection motivation theory have a good fit for predicting the intention and performing disease-preventive behaviors.

Introduction: Protection motivation theory is one of the most effective theories in predicting preventive behaviors. It first emphasizes motivation and then the development of adaptive skills. This theory is used to understand and predict health intentions and behaviors that protect a person from traumatic events. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of group training based on protection motivation theory in the lifestyle, negative thoughts, and dysfunctional attitudes of depressed people. Material & Methods: In this study, we adopted a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population was all clients suffering from mild to moderate depression who visited the Ghaemshahr Help Center in the spring of 1402. Considering that 15-20 people are used in group training, a number of 40 people in two experimental groups and controls were selected by the available sampling method and answered the health-promoting lifestyle questionnaires of Walker and colleagues (1987), Weisman and Beck's dysfunctional attitudes by Wiseman and Beck (1978), and Kendall and Hollon's (1980) negative self-concepts. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, multivariate covariance analysis, and univariate covariance analysis. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results of the analysis of covariance demonstrated that the mean scores of lifestyles, negative spontaneous thoughts, and ineffective attitudes in experimental and control groups had a statistically significant difference of less than 1% (P=0.01). Moreover, the post-test mean scores of negative self-inflicted thoughts and ineffective attitudes of subjects in the experimental group under self-protection motivation training decreased compared to the control group who were not under training. Furthermore, the effect size for group membership for lifestyle was equal to (Eta=0.83), for negative spontaneous thoughts, it was equal to (Eta=0.69), and for ineffective attitudes, it was equal to (Eta=0.62). Discussion & Conclusion: Self-protection motivation training is effective in improving lifestyle and reducing negative self-esteem and ineffective attitudes of depressed people. According to the nature of the protection motivation theory, it is suggested to be used to improve the lifestyle, negative thoughts, and ineffective attitude of depressed people.

Background and Objectives: Respiratory illnesses resulting from dust exposure have a long history as occupational diseases, constituting approximately 60% of work-related health issues. The aim of this research was to employ the protection motivation theory in examining the proper utilization of respirators by employees at the Alumina Company of Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 on 430 workers from the Alumina Company of Iran who were selected as a cluster. Each of the 22 operating sites in Alumina Company of Iran was considered a cluster and 8 sites were randomly selected. The data measurement tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were also checked. Data collection was done using SPSS 22 statistical software and statistical models. Descriptive, T-Test, ANOVA, correlation coefficient, and linear regression analysis were analyzed. Results: The results showed that the average age of the participants was 41.17±7.83 years. In the regression model, perceived sensitivity and perceived response cost (p < 0.05) were significantly predictive of behavior. Among the constructs of motivational theory, perceived sensitivity was a predictor of behavior (p<0.05). Among the demographic variables, only the variables of education (P=0.026) and smoking had a significant relationship with the behavior score (P=0.005) and other variables had a significant relationship. Conclusion: The perceived sensitivity and perceived cost rise, there is an increase in the utilization of respirators among individuals. Therefore, it is imperative to develop educational initiatives and interventions aimed at enhancing protective and safety practices, drawing from the constructs of protection motivation theory. It is crucial to highlight the significance of respirator usage among workers, and it is recommended that further exploration of this research be conducted across various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Protection motivation theory is one of the most effective theories in predicting preventive behaviors. It first emphasizes motivation and then the development of adaptive skills. This theory is used to understand and predict health intentions and behaviors that protect a person from traumatic events. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of group training based on protection motivation theory in the lifestyle, negative thoughts, and dysfunctional attitudes of depressed people. Material & Methods: In this study, we adopted a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population was all clients suffering from mild to moderate depression who visited the Ghaemshahr Help Center in the spring of 1402. Considering that 15-20 people are used in group training, a number of 40 people in two experimental groups and controls were selected by the available sampling method and answered the health-promoting lifestyle questionnaires of Walker and colleagues (1987), Weisman and Beck's dysfunctional attitudes by Wiseman and Beck (1978), and Kendall and Hollon's (1980) negative self-concepts. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, multivariate covariance analysis, and univariate covariance analysis. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results of the analysis of covariance demonstrated that the mean scores of lifestyles, negative spontaneous thoughts, and ineffective attitudes in experimental and control groups had a statistically significant difference of less than 1% (P=0.01). Moreover, the post-test mean scores of negative self-inflicted thoughts and ineffective attitudes of subjects in the experimental group under self-protection motivation training decreased compared to the control group who were not under training. Furthermore, the effect size for group membership for lifestyle was equal to (Eta=0.83), for negative spontaneous thoughts, it was equal to (Eta=0.69), and for ineffective attitudes, it was equal to (Eta=0.62). Discussion & Conclusion: Self-protection motivation training is effective in improving lifestyle and reducing negative self-esteem and ineffective attitudes of depressed people. According to the nature of the protection motivation theory, it is suggested to be used to improve the lifestyle, negative thoughts, and ineffective attitude of depressed people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information required for the research was collected using a survey and a questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling approach using SPSS and Amos software. The statistical population of this study consisted of rural households in four rural areas of Baghmalek County of Khuzestan province (N = 3005) households based on the Krejcie and Morgan table, and the sample size of 340 households was selected. Sample individuals were studied using a stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The results obtained from the model of structural equations of path analysis also showed that the structures of perceived reaction effectiveness, perceived self-efficacy, ethical norm, information, and knowledge and habit have a positive, direct, and significant effect on the behavioral desire of rural households to protect water. Finally, the developed theory of conservation motivation can predict 54% of the variable changes in the behavioral tendency of rural households towards water conservation. The results showed that the theory used was efficient in this field. Therefore, water policymakers need to know that psychological factors are part of sustainable behavior. Using incentives and restrictions cannot help promote safe behavior in the environment unless people are psychologically prepared for a behavior. In this regard, it is recommended that local institutions and government organizations support the protection of natural resources, especially water, by holding training classes, workshops, and seminars. The concern of water protection and the need to pay attention to it have also been created in the audience's minds, as well as people's participation and increased willingness to protect water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The possible effects on risky driving of young drivers such as age and gender cannot be changed, however, to know the interventions to reduce risky driving behaviors, young drivers, examining psychological variables can be helpful. Coping appraisal and threat appraisal variables from protection motivation theory can help to understand young drivers› decision-making for risky driving behavior. Materials and Methods: This research consists of two parts. The first part was to investigate the psychometric properties of risk perception scale in young drivers based on the theory of protection motivation. For instrument validity, content validity with the opinion of 11 experts, face validity, construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis) and convergent validity were used, and its reliability was checked by internal consistency method (Cronbach’s alpha). And the second part was conducted in the form of route analysis to investigate the decision-making model of young drivers to carry out risky driving behavior. The present sample consisted of 350 young drivers of Ahvaz city, who were selected by available and voluntary sampling method. Subjects responded to driving risk perception questionnaires based on protection motivation for 5 fatal factors, driving risk perception and risky driving behavior. The current questionnaire contains 30 items, which include two subscales: confrontational assessment and threat assessment. Results: After going through the validity and reliability stages of the questionnaire, from the initial 30 questions, 3 questions were removed in the form and content validity check stages, and finally 27 questions remained. Examining the results of construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis showed (RMSEA=0.07) and χ2/df=2.76 (p<0.001). The reliability of the instrument was obtained using internal consistency (0.92-0.95). In the second part of the research, using path analysis, the relationship between coping evaluation variables and threat evaluation with risky driving behavior of young drivers was modeled with the mediation of perceived risk in two models of inconsistent and protective decision making. Both maladaptive and protective models showed a good fit with the data (RMSEA=0.04 and RMSEA=0.06). The threat assessment model was able to explain about 50% of the variance of perceived risk and the general model about 30% of the variance of risky driving behavior. In addition, in this model, the path between perceived severity and perceived risk had the highest relationship value (β=0.56). In the second model, i.e. protective path, coping evaluation explained 14% of the variance of perceived risk and the overall model explained 34% of the variance of risky driving behaviors. Also, in the protective pathway model, the relationship between response costs and perceived risk was the highest (β=-0.55). An interesting result in this study was the mediation of perceived risk between reward and response costs with risky driving behavior. Conclusion: the scale of risk perception in young drivers based on the theory of protection motivation as a reliable and valid tool can be used together with other psychological investigations and high risk behaviors of drivers and our insight about the influencing factors on how young drivers make decisions to design interventions in to improve their driving safety. Also, examining the relationships between variables in the form of path analysis helps us understand the factors that encourage young drivers to engage in risky driving behaviors (threat-inconsistent path) and why young novice drivers may decide not to engage in risky driving (protective path) it helps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the global prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the high rate of mortality due to the disease, it seems that performing COVID-19 preventive behaviors is a suitable solution to reduce the damage caused by the disease. Since office employees are at the high risk of morbidity, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on protection motivation theory (PMT) on the promotion of COVID-19 preventive behaviors in the office employees in Bajestan City, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial with a control group. 164 employees working in governmental offices in Bajestan were selected using multi-stage random sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The designed educational program based on the PMT was conducted for the experimental group for one month, and the measurements were taken in three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up using a questionnaire designed to predict COVID-19 preventive behaviors based on PMT. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: The mean age was 38.21 ± 6.44 years in the experimental group and 36.73 ± 5.18 years in the control group. The majority of subjects in the experimental group (65, 79.3%) and in the control group (58, 70.7%) were men. The results of repeated measures ANCOVA indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between two groups in terms of all constructs of PMT (P < 0.05) after adjusting the effect of pre-test scores. But significance of correlation between time and educational group in all constructs except self-efficacy suggested that the effect of educational intervention on these constructs varied over time. Conclusion: The results of this study support the effectiveness of educational intervention in changing attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19 prevention based on PMT.

IntroductionClimate change is one of the main environmental challenges facing the world today and the results of studies and forecasts indicate that it is ever expanding. These changes, in addition to the environment, directly and indirectly affect the social, cultural and economic sectors of the countries of the world. In recent years due to observing evidences of climate change in hydrological variables, concerns have been arisen regarding variations of renewable water resources under climate change in developing countries. Among various types of economic sectors, agriculture is one of the most sensitive economic sectors in terms of climate change phenomena such as temperature rise and evapotranspiration, decreasing precipitation and melting, reducing surface and underground water resources, and etc. Therefore, the effects of climate change on agriculture have become one of the hottest academic topics around the world. In this regards, farmers are always considered as the most vulnerable groups against global climate change, and the vulnerability of them to the region and even beyond them can be examined. Therefore, this study, with a sociological approach, attempted to identify factors affecting the intention of farmers to adapt to climate change. In this regard, due to the role of traditional beliefs in the management of agricultural affairs in rural communities of Iran, a conceptual framework was designed combining two theories PMT and cultural values.MethodologyA survey was conducted to address the main goal of the present study from July 2018 through February 2019 in Marvdasht Township. The farmers of Marvdasht Township considered as the statistical population of this study, which among them 256 farmers selected based on Cochran formula as the statistical sample using simple random sampling method. The research’s instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire which its reliability was confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the main scales of the questionnaire (α = 0.70 to 0.83) and also, its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts (faculty members of rural developments, agricultural extension, agro-ecology and agro-climate specialists) prior to the launch of the study. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS (V20) and AMOS (V20) software.Results and discussionThe results showed that proposed theoretical framework of this study has a good fit with data and has the predication potential of famers’ adaptation intention towards climate-change. According to the literature review in can be understand that combination of two both theories (protection motivation theory and cultural theory), is suitable for investigating the underlying factors influencing farmers’ adaptation intention towards climate change. For example, Hemayatkhah and Ghorbani (2016), explained 28 of the farmers’ adaptation intention towards climate change using the cultural values theory. Also, Azadi et al., (2014) showed that the protection motivation theory can predict 34% of the farmers' adaptation behavior in confronting climate change. Therefore, it is suggested that in the future studies, the conceptual model of this study should be used to assess farmers' adaptation intentions towards climate change. The results revealed that egalitarianism has a positive influence on farmers’ belief in climate change. Although fatalism has a negative effect on farmers’ adaptation intention towards climate change. This illustrates the contradiction between these two groups of people as well as the accountability of egalitarianism people and the lack of accountability of fatalism people to climate change. The results also, showed that individualism have a negative impact on subjective norms of farmers towards climate change. The results indicated that, adaptation intention of farmers towards climate change is affected by belief in climate change and the adaptation assessment positively, whilst maladaptation to climate change has a negative effect on farmers’ adaptation intention. Moreover, belief in climate change has a positive impact on farmers’ maladaptation to climate change. In this regard, it could be argued that, farmers who have personal experience of the negative consequences of climate change-related events, such as drought, or have seen farms that have been affected by climate change phenomena with severe product cuts, will try to prevent the occurrence of these incidents for themselves by applying adaptive practices.ConclusionThere is a consensus that awareness of farmers' intentions against climate change in order to understand the factors affecting their intention to adapt to environmental threats, such as climate change, in government policies and programs. In other words, recognizing the intentions of farmers as a management element can help planners of various executive sectors, especially the agricultural sector in a sustainable management. Iran experienced an extensive climate change and drawdown trend of the water level in recent years which poses negative impacts on the environment and agriculture. In this way, understanding the farmers’ adaptation intention to climate change can help to generate suitable policy solutions. Based on the results, belief in climate change has the most positive effect on the farmers’ adaptation intention towards climate change. In fact, information is crucial in shaping farmers’ perception of climate change risk and the effectiveness of adaptive measures. Incorrect information may lead to maladaptation which, in turn, influences the adaptation intention and behavioral response. As such, agricultural extension services are important in supporting farmers with technical knowledge of adaptive measures. Also, according to the results, it is important use of farmland visits, training courses on climate change threats, how to adapt to this challenge, and farm management. The lack of timely adaptation in agriculture may hamper prosperous farm developments by neglecting risks and opportunities emerging from climate change. It is also suggested that agricultural extension agents, using cultural values of farmers try to better understand the relationship between farmers and the environment and use it in their work plans. Because each of the groups has separate and unique needs and perhaps their educational and extensional methods are also very different.

Background and Objective: In hairdressers, for various reasons, the potential for transmission and spread of infectious diseases is high. On the other hand, adopting preventive behaviors is one of the main ways to control and prevent these diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the predictors of preventive behaviors against the common acute respiratory viral infections based on the constructs of Extended Protection Motivation Theory among the female hairdressers in Urmia. Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 400 female hairdressers were entered by multi-stage sampling method. The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire containing of two sections. The first section was demographic information and the second section was questions related to the Extended Protection Motivation Theory constructs about the common acute respiratory viral infections. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 16 software. Results: Perceived self-efficacy (β=0.348, p<0.001), response costs (β=-0.169, p=0.002), perceived severity (β=0.168, p=0.002), protection motivation (β=0.140, p=0.041), and knowledge (β=0.124, p=0.005), respectively the most power, were predictors of preventive behaviors against the common acute respiratory viral infections. Extended Protection Motivation Theory constructs explained about 37% of the variance of preventive behaviors against the common acute respiratory viral infections among the female hairdressers in Urmia. Conclusion: Constructs of perceived self-efficacy, response costs, perceived severity, protection motivation, and knowledge can be used to develop and implement educational interventions related to the promotion of preventive behaviors against the common acute respiratory viral infections among the female hairdressers in Urmia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Climate change is a certain, irrefutable, undisputed, clear, unequivocal, and imminent reality, and potentially a serious threat and challenge to the agricultural sector. It has become clear that the earth’s climate has changed in a manner that has induced many negative impacts on its human and non-human residents. In fact, it has been confirmed that climate change, directly and indirectly, influences all aspects of life worldwide. Scientific evidence suggests that projected climate change will significantly impact the hydrological cycle, water balance, and runoff characteristics. This will, in turn, cause water scarcity and insecurity. Agriculture and water resources are vulnerable to global climate change. Climate change impacts the water sector in a manner that reduces the harvest and income of farmers, thereby exacerbating poverty and many other social problems. Therefore, the influence of climate variability on water resources raises major international concern, as it may cause severe stress on whole societies, particularly farmers, due to the huge negative impacts on agricultural production. Agricultural and farming practices should, therefore, adapt to the changing environment in order to avoid or alleviate related risks. Consequently, understanding adaptation to climate change has become a major concern for farmers to facilitate adaptation actions and assist them in improving their adaptive capacity. The aim of the present study was to investigate farmers’ adaptation behaviors in facing water scarcity. This research ideally provides a first knowledge base for the development of public policy measures aiming to increase climate change adaptation measures among Iranian farmers. Materials and Methods: The aim of the present study was to investigate farmers’ adaptation behaviors in facing water scarcity using the protection motivation theory and cognitive theory of the stress model. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was designed to investigate farmers’ adaptation responses to water shortage. The statistical population was farmers of Shoushtar County in Khuzestan province. The sample size was determined and selected using the Bartlett table (n=251) and Random sampling. The data were collected through a nationwide self-administered questionnaire. To measure the variables, statements that closely followed the measurement of these constructs in prior studies were used. In designing the questionnaire, a 5-point Likert scale for all the variables was used to reduce the statistical problem of extreme skewness. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The questionnaire’s internal reliability was investigated using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. All scales indicated a good-to-excellent reliability index (0.6–0.88). To analyze the data, SPSS20 and AMOS20 were used. Discussion of Results and Conclusions: To investigate the causal relationship between research variables, structural equation modeling was used using Amos20 software to analyze the factors affecting adaptation behavior. The results of structural equation modeling analysis revealed that in protection motivation theory, the response efficacy, collective efficacy, and response cost regarding climate change were significant predictors of adaptation behavior. Protection motivation theory can explain approximately 33%, of the variance in pro-environmental behavior. The results of cognitive theory of stress analysis showed that demand appraisal, self-efficacy, and collective efficacy had direct effects on problem-focused coping, and coping had direct effects on adaptation. The explanatory power of this model explained 28% of the variance in adaptation behavior. Moreover, the results of the study revealed that demand appraisal, self-efficacy, and collective efficacy had an indirect and significant relationship with adaptation. The results of this study could be useful for decision-makers and researchers in other countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region as well as in dryland regions facing drought hazards.

This study tries to evaluate the experimental behavior of graduate students of Ilam University when using mobile electronic devices (mobile phones, tablets and laptops) based on the protection motivation theory of data breach. This research is of applied-survey type. The statistical population of research includes graduate students of Ilam University. Data collection tool was based on the questionnaires introduced by Boss et al., Woon et al., Claar and Johnson, Johnson and Warkentin, and Posey et al. For data analysis, structural equation modeling was used to fit the model and test the hypotheses of research in AMOS software using partial least squares method. Results indicated that there is a positive relationship between the perceived threat sensitivity, response effectiveness, self-efficacy and the possibility of using the security of mobile electronic devices with the protection motivation. In addition, the findings showed that there is not a meaningful relationship between the perceived threat intensity and the motivation of protecting the mobile electronic devices. There is a negative (indirect) relationship between the perceived response cost and the protection motivation. Generally, this study emphasized that the confrontational assessment process is a more important factor than the threat assessment process in increasing users’ protection motivation.

Background and Objective: A Pap smear test is one of the most effective procedures utilized for cervi cal cancer (CC) screening purposes. Nevertheless, many women do not like to do such a test. The present study aimed to monitor the impact of an educational intervention developed based on the expanded Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) on CC screening behavior. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experiment was conducted on 200 women referred to Karaj health centers, Iran. The participants were randomized into experimental and control groups. The data was collected by a Standardized questionnaire including demographic characteristics, the constructs of the PMT, and a self-administered Emotional Social- Support questionnaire (ESS). They filled the questionnaire before, after, and at 6-months follow-up. Eight educational sessions based on the model were held for the experimental group via lecture, group discussions and role play. The data were analyzed by SPSS (Ver. 24) and repeated measures ANOVA and Chi-square test. Results: In the pre- intervention and post-intervention stages, the mean score of perceived susceptibility from 8.07±3.28 to 11.83±1.99, perceived severity from 12.64±3.46 to 15.19± 2.85, response efficacy from 12.66±5.37 to 16.06±3.6, self-efficacy from 25.94±5.38 to 29.68±4.68, emotional social support from 27.01±7.16 to 31.46±5.76 and intention from 11.01±2.14 to 13.42±1.65 increased and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean score of fear from 10.37±2.29 to 5.54±2.76 and response cost from 6.62±2.13 to 3.97 ±1.69 decreased and that was statistically significant (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in the control group. Besides, the Pap smear test was increased after the educational intervention in the post-test and follow-up in the experimental group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings, PMT and ESS can be used as a framework for designing educational programs to promote CC screening behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: COVID-19 is one of the most dangerous pandemics of the 21st century, which has caused disease in humans and has had various consequences for humans. One of the most at-risk groups are bank employees. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the predictors of protective behaviors against COVID-19 in bank employees of Sirjan. Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 in Sirjan. The participants in this study were 280 bank employees who were selected randomly. The data collection tool was a questionnaire in three sections, including demographic information, knowledge, and questions related to the Protection Motivation Theory, which was self administered. After collecting the data, descriptive tests (frequency and percentage), Pearson correlation and linear regression were used to analyze the data in SPSS 23. Results: The mean age of participants was 41.6±2.16 years. The results of correlation coefficients showed that there was a significant correlation between perceived susceptibilityand perceived severity. However, it should be noted that there were positive correlations between protection motivation with perceived susceptibility (r = .414, P

Introduction: The patients with ischemic heart disease gradually stop following their treatment and self-care behaviors due to vulnerable physical conditions and high involvement in the treatment process. Therefore the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the intervention based on protection theory on the drug compliance of the patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design. The statistical population of the present study included the patients with ischemic heart disease at Payamabar-e-A’zam hospital in Bandar Abbas who came there more than once in the period of March 2019 to May 2020. 16 patients with ischemic heart disease were selected through purposive sampling via paired method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 8 patients). The experimental group received six ninety-minute sessions of protection motivation theory intervention during one-and-a-half months. The applied questionnaire included drug compliance questionnaire. The data were analyzed through ANCOVA method via SPSS23 software. Results: The results of ANCOVA method showed that the intervention based on protection motivation theory has been effective on the drug compliance in the patients with ischemic heart disease (p<0.001) in a way that this type of intervention led to the increase of drug compliance (0.46) in these patients. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that the intervention based on protection motivation theory can be used as an efficient intervention to increase drug compliance of the patients with ischemic heart disease with the emphasis on teaching correct nutrition, self-care skills, increasing awareness, and relaxation exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tries to evaluate the experimental behavior of graduate students of Ilam University when using mobile electronic devices (mobile phones, tablets and laptops) based on the protection motivation theory of data breach. This research is of applied-survey type. The statistical population of research includes graduate students of Ilam University. Data collection tool was based on the questionnaires introduced by Boss et al., Woon et al., Claar and Johnson, Johnson and Warkentin, and Posey et al. For data analysis, structural equation modeling was used to fit the model and test the hypotheses of research in AMOS software using partial least squares method. Results indicated that there is a positive relationship between the perceived threat sensitivity, response effectiveness, self-efficacy and the possibility of using the security of mobile electronic devices with the protection motivation. In addition, the findings showed that there is not a meaningful relationship between the perceived threat intensity and the motivation of protecting the mobile electronic devices. There is a negative (indirect) relationship between the perceived response cost and the protection motivation. Generally, this study emphasized that the confrontational assessment process is a more important factor than the threat assessment process in increasing users’ protection motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tries to evaluate the experimental behavior of graduate students of Ilam University when using mobile electronic devices (mobile phones, tablets and laptops) based on the protection motivation theory of data breach. This research is of applied-survey type. The statistical population of research includes graduate students of Ilam University. Data collection tool was based on the questionnaires introduced by Boss et al., Woon et al., Claar and Johnson, Johnson and Warkentin, and Posey et al. For data analysis, structural equation modeling was used to fit the model and test the hypotheses of research in AMOS software using partial least squares method. Results indicated that there is a positive relationship between the perceived threat sensitivity, response effectiveness, self-efficacy and the possibility of using the security of mobile electronic devices with the protection motivation. In addition, the findings showed that there is not a meaningful relationship between the perceived threat intensity and the motivation of protecting the mobile electronic devices. There is a negative (indirect) relationship between the perceived response cost and the protection motivation. Generally, this study emphasized that the confrontational assessment process is a more important factor than the threat assessment process in increasing users’ protection motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cause of cancer-related mortality among women. Mammography and early detection of breast cancer a play the important role in the treatment process. The current study aimed to determine the demographic and psychological determinants of performing Mammography screening among employed women in western Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 164 employed women of age 40 years and over in Hamadan medical professions, were included in the study in 2018 using a stratified random sampling. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire consisting demographic characteristics and protection motivation theory constructs. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and logistic and linear regression. Results: The mean age of the study population was 46.68 ± 4.39 years. 6.1% of the people performed mammography on a regular basis.The regression analysis indicated that threat appraisal had more important role in mammography compared to coping appraisal.Moreover, protection motivation was the most important predictor constructs of mammography behavior (R2 = 0.17).There was also a significant relationship between mammography and demographic variables such as pre-existing health condition (P = 0.001), family history of breast cancer (P = 0.005) and menopausal status (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Protection motivation theory is an effective framework for educational interventions to prevent breast cancer. Furthermore, considering the threat appraisal and intention are the most important effective structures of the motivation protection theory on mammography, and therefore, codifying the training programs with the purpose of increasing perceived threat appraisal and intention is suggested.

Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the constructs of protection motivation theory (PMT) for predicting seat-belt use in front seat passenger on urban transportation. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 328 participants who traveled in urban streets during the past week as a front seat passenger during February to May 2018 were selected through multistage cluster sampling. A questionnaire including demographic characteristics, items related to PMT’s constructs, and seat-belt use behavior were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22. Results: In this study, 234 participants (71.3%) used seat-belts as front seat passenger of whom 27.7% (n=91) used seat-belt on mandatory law, and 43.6% (n=143) used seat-belts for personal safety. The predictors of using seat-belt were intention (P

Background and Objective: Pediculosis capitis (Head lice) is a worldwide parasitic infection that often occurs in nurseries and school with poor hygiene. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of educational program based on protection motivation theory (PMT) on the promotion of preventive behaviors against pediculosis in female elementary school students. Materials and Methods: The present randomized controlled trial was conducted in Neyshabur in 2015. Sixty female students in the fifth grade were randomly selected, using randomized cluster sampling. They were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. A standard questionnaire was designed and administered based on socio-demographic characteristics and PMT constructs. An educational intervention was, then, designed based on focus group discussions and role-playing method during the educational program consisting of two sessions (each taking 50 minutes), held for the experimental group. Independent and paired t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, chi-square, mann-whitney, and Wilcoxon tests were conducted by SPSS 16 software to analyze the data. Results: There was no statistically significant differences between the two groups before the intervention (p>0.05). After the intervention, the mean scores of the perceived vulnerability, perceived intervention, response efficiency, self-efficacy, cost response, and protection motivation after intervention were significantly improved in the experimental group (p0.05). Conclusion: PMT-based intervention program is effective in promoting preventive behaviors against pediculosis on female elementary school students.

Background and Objectives: Despite the importance of pap smear in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer and its death, this cancer is still one of the leading causes of death among women around the world. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to determine the effect of an educational program based on the protection motivation theory on Pap smear screening behavior. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 200 women referring to Fasa health centers, Fasa, Iran. The participants were randomized into experimental and control groups (n=100 per group). The data collection tool, which consisted of demographic data and protection motivation theory constructs, was completed by both groups before and 2 months after the intervention. For the experimental group, the educational program was implemented during 4 sessions using group discussions and educational pamphlets. To analyze the data, chi-square test, independent t-test, and paired t-test were run in SPSS, version 22. Results: After the intervention, the mean scores of protection motivation theory constructs significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group (P

Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most preventable cancers. Regular screening behaviors play an important role in reducing the incidence and deaths of this cancer. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to determine the factors associated with intention to perform fecal occult blood test (FOBT) among medical professionals using the protection motivation theory (PMT). Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 240 employees aged over 50 years in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in 2018 using multistage random sampling. The data were collected using a questionnaire including demographic information and PMT constructs. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Chi-square and linear regression tests were used as appropriated. Results: In this study, 22.8% of the participants reported a history of FOBT. There was a significant correlation between the referring to the doctor for intestinal disease and performing FOBT (p < 0.05). Based on the PMT, perceived self-efficacy (β = 0.439) and response efficiency (β = 0.48) were predictive of protection motivation (intention) to conduct FOBT. In total, different structures of the PMT explained 24.6% of the variation of intention changes (R2 = 0.226). Conclusion: Due to the low frequency of screening behavior among staff, the emphasis on the importance of early diagnosis of cancer is necessary. Also, consideration of perceived self-efficacy and the effectiveness of screening behaviors in designing staff training programs are recommended for increasing the intention to perform screening behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the constructs of protection motivation theory (PMT) for predicting seat-belt use in front seat passenger on urban transportation. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 328 participants who traveled in urban streets during the past week as a front seat passenger during February to May 2018 were selected through multistage cluster sampling. A questionnaire including demographic characteristics, items related to PMT's constructs, and seat-belt use behavior were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22. Results: In this study, 234 participants (71.3%) used seat-belts as front seat passenger of whom 27.7% (n=91) used seat-belt on mandatory law, and 43.6% (n=143) used seat-belts for personal safety. The predictors of using seat-belt were intention (P<0.001, Exp (B)= 1.28), self-efficacy (P=0.031, Exp(B)=1.09), perceived response costs (P =0.003, Exp(B)=0.88), perceived reward of unsafety behavior (P=0.005, Exp(B)=0.82). The predictors of using the seatbelt for safety were intention (P<0.001, Exp(B)= 1.41), perceived response costs (P<0.001, Exp (B)=0.82), perceived reward (P=0.003, Exp(B)=0.78). The predictors of using seat-belt as law forcing was the intention (P=0.005, Exp(B)= 1.20), self-efficacy (P<0.001, Exp(B)=1.18), perceived reward (P=0.011, Exp(B)=0.82). Conclusion: In addition to the mandatory seat belt law which, through self-efficacy and reducing the rewards of not using the seat belt increases the seat-belt use, the convenience of the seat belt with two mechanisms for reducing the perceived barriers to seat belt and reducing the benefits and rewards of not using the seat belt in people with view of maintenance safety increases seat-belt use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Skin cancer is the most common cancers. Repeated exposure to sunlight causes high levels of cancer and climate change including changes in the ozone layer along with changes in personal and social habits. Given the importance of farmerschr('39') health and increase their skin cancer, the study aimed to determine the factors preventing skin cancer in farmers city Tuyserkan on protection motivation theory was done in 2014. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 200 peasant farmers from 18 to 60 years, Tuyserkan city where the sun had Using a cluster of four health centers and rural health houses Were selected. Using a questionnaire, which was based on protection motivation theory, Collected through interviews with farmers and were analyzed using SPSS 21. Results: Farmers who use sunscreen, hats, gloves and clothing worn used Respectively, 31.5, 53.5, 3, and 65%. and 81% of farmers do not use eyeglasses. Among Agricultural work experience and average score reward structures and perceived severity a significant correlation was found. Also Between preventive behaviors and the mean score of the fear structure, intensity and reward and motivation, perceived protection there was a significant correlation. Conclusion: With regard to the theory solidarity structures associated with the use of means of protection against the sunchr('39')s rays, Education and health promotion programs designed to increase the incentives for farmers to use the theory of protection is emphasized.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer and one of the most important causes of death among women worldwide. Although this cancer is one of the most important women's health issues in the developing countries, it is preventable fortunately and Pap smear test is an effective screening method for its prevention and early diagnosis. This study aimed to determine the predictors of Pap smear test among women in Shahr-e-kord based on protection motivation theory. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 290 eligible women of Shahr-e-kord city in 2016. The study tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the protection motivation theory, which was completed by participants as self-report. To analyze the data, t-test, logistic regression, and ANOVA were used. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in the mean scores of perceived severity (p=0.004), perceived self-efficacy (P=0.000), perceived response efficacy (P=0.008), and protection motivation (P=0.01) based on the behavior. Moreover, the perceived severity (OR=1.12) and perceived rewards (OR=0.90) were the statistically significant predictors of Pap smear test among women in Shahre-e-kord city. Conclusion: The study results confirmed the predictive role of protection motivation theory in the protective behavior of cervical cancer (Pap smear). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lung cancer is known the leading cause of death among cancers. Since in our country a comprehensive scientific information not available on the determinants of protective behavior of lung cancer among workers, this study, aimed to examine determinants of lung cancer protective behaviors among Esfahan Steel Company (ESCO) workers based on protection motivation theory. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 253 workers of the ESCO who were randomly selected. In this study, the researcher-made questionnaire was used to assess determinants of lung cancer protective behaviors.. Collected data were analyzed by statistical tests of T-Test, ANOVA and correlation coefficient. Results: Of participants %54.2 have always did periodic medical examinations to ensure of their lungs health and 27.7% of participants used low-risk materials instead of hazardous materials. Among constructs of protection motivation theory, perceived severity had the highest mean score (41.33 ±5.83) and fear the lowest mean score (9.77 ± 2.49). The constructs of protection motivation theory predicted 22.6% of lung cancer protective behaviors variance. Conclusion: Regarding effectiveness of the protection motivation theory in Understanding determinants of lung cancer protective behaviors so the theory can be used as a framework for the design of educational programs to enhance workers' motivation to adopt lung cancer protective behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Mothers' attitudes towards the possibility of an accident and its related preventive measures can affect children's injuries. Psychological theories and constructs provide an opportunity to explain how people's attitudes affect their decision making in adoption of a health behavior. This study examined attitudes of women from Jiroft city about prevention of home injuries in children under 5 years through Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) in 2015. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 204 mothers with children less than 5 years were selected from those who referred to health centers of Jiroft in 2015. In this regard, random cluster sampling method was applied. A self-administered questionnaire based on PMT was used to collect information. The data were then analyzed using descriptive statistical methods to investigate the distribution of responses to the questions. Later, one-way ANOVA and independent t-test were applied to observe the relationship between demographic variables and protection motivation. Results: The age range of mothers was 16 - 49 years. History of domestic injuries was reported in 22.5 percent of participants. It was more than six months that 70.6 % of mothers were implementing safety measures at home. In threat assessment processes, mothers' most important attitudes were related to fear of home injuries (46.6 %); however, in coping assessment processes, it was related to perceived self-efficacy (51.9%). Conclusion: The results showed that increase of fear and perceived self-efficacy in mothers has a greater role in their motivation to prevent home injuries. This can be considered as an appropriate strategy in planning health promotion interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the most important causes of workers disabilities, increasing compensations and reducing productivity in developed and developing countries .According bureau of labor statistics in 2010, 29 percent of injuries and musculoskeletal disorders are diseases that cause absence from work. The objective of this study is determining the role of response efficacy as one of the component of protection motivation theory to reduce ergonomic risk factors in one of manufacturing industries.Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study 158 workers of an assembly industry were studied .In order to assess the ergonomic work stations .Quick Exposure Check method was used. The data gathered via exclusive interviews with selected workers using the questionnaire designed based on protection motivation theory and were analyzed .Content Validity Index and Content Validity Ratio values were calculated for validity and reliability was obtained by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.Results: Results of the assessment to the QEC method showed that 37.97% and36.71% respectively of those at moderate and high risk groups. Also there was a significant negative correlation between response efficacy and QEC scores and action levelConclusion: Regarding negative significant correlation between self efficacy and QEC scores and action levels ,designing educational program based on Protection Motivation Theory to decrease ergonomic risk factors is recommended.

Background & Aim: Cervical cancer is the fourth common cancer worldwide. Pap smear is a usual t est to screen cervical cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine factors associated with Pap smear screening among married women aged 15-49 years in Lamerd health centers based on the Protection Motivation Theory . Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 220 married women aged 15-49 years were selected. Data were gathered using a questionnaire designed based on the Protection Motivation Theory. The questionnaires were completed via individual interviews with the participants. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were approved. Data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis, U-Man Whitney test and c 2 in the SPSS-16. Results: Most of the participants ( 40%) had a high school diploma and 70% of them were housewives. Most of the participants (65.6%) had used the test once at least. There were statistically significant relationships between the use of Pap smear with the protection motivation against cervical cancer (P

Background and aimsNoise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is an important occupational disorder. High percentage of workers in occupational environments did not use the hearing protection device against harmful noise. This study was carried out to study factors related to workers' use of Hearing protection Device in Knitting & spinning factories of Yazd city based on protection motivation theory.MethodsIn this cross-sectional analytical study 280 workers of the knitting & spinning factories of Yazd City who exposed to harmful noise (over 85dB) selected among the three factories by cluster sampling. The data gathered via exclusive interviews with selected workers using the questionnaire designed based on protection motivation theory and were analyzedResults42/5 percent of workers permanently used hearing protection devices, and 20/7 percent of workers never use.There was a significant correlation between the age of workers and the mean score components of PMT; perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, perceived response efficacy and protection motivation. There was also a significant correlation between the work experience and the mean score of PMT factors; perceived severity, perceived response efficacy and perceived vulnerability. Also there was a significant correlation between workers' education level and the mean score of perceived response efficacy and there was a significant correlation between protection motivation and the mean score components of PMT; perceived vulnerability, perceived self-efficacy, perceived response efficacy, perceived costs and behaviorConclusionRegarding the significant correlations between the more constructs of PMT and protection motivation of workers for using hearing protective device, designing educational program based on PMT to increase hearing protection devices usage among workers is recommended.

Aims: As a growing problem, obesity is one of the most important worldwide health problems. One of the major factors leading to obesity is the sedentary lifestyle. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of motivational interviewing on the physical activity intention in the obese or overweight women, using the protection motivation theory (PMT). Materials & Methods: In the clinical trial study, 60 obese or overweight women referred to the health centers of Gorgan were studied in 2015. The subjects, selected via non-probable and available sampling method, were randomly divided into two groups including control and motivational interviewing groups. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire before the intervention and 2 and 6 months after in both groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using independent T, Chi-square, repeated measures ANOVA, LSD, and one-variable and multivariable linear regression tests. Findings: The scores of all the constructs of PMT in motivational interviewing group significantly increased 2 and 6 months after he intervention (p<0.001) than control group. However, the reductions in the BMI and weight anthropometric indices were not significant 2 and 6 months after the intervention (p>0.05). The most powerful constructs predicting the intention towards the physical activities 2 months after the intervention were perceived-reply efficiency, self-efficiency, and perceived intensity, successively. In addition, such factors 6 months after the intervention were attitude and perceived intensity, successively. Conclusion: The motivational interviewing increases the scores of all the constructs of PMT, which leads to an increase in the physical activity intention in the obese or overweight women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Cervical cancer is the fourth common cancer worldwide. Pap smear is a usual test to screen cervical cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine factors associated with Pap smear screening among married women aged 15-49 years in Lamerd health centers based on the Protection Motivation Theory. Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 220 married women aged 15-49 years were selected. Data were gathered using a questionnaire designed based on the Protection Motivation Theory. The questionnaires were completed via individual interviews with the participants. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were approved. Data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis, U-Man Whitney test and 2 in the SPSS-16. Results: Most of the participants (40%) had a high school diploma and 70% of them were housewives. Most of the participants (65.6%) had used the test once at least. There were statistically significant relationships between the use of Pap smear with the protection motivation against cervical cancer (P<0.001), perceived self-efficacy (P=0.002), perceived response efficacy (P=0.007) and perceived costs (P<0.001). Conclusion: Regarding the statistically significant relationships between the constructs of the Protection Motivation Theory and the use of Pap smear screening test among women, it is recommended to design educational programs based on the Protection Motivation Theory to encourage married women for using Pap smear screening test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]