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One of the emerging topics is the discussion of transgenic substances and their rulings in jurisprudence, which are directly related to the health of married couples. Alimony is one of the Muslim rights of a woman over a man in the case of submissiveness and non-marriage of the woman. One of the examples of alimony is the discussion of nutrition and food, which is recommended in verses and traditions to eat healthily. Genetically modified materials as one of the sources of food preparation in the current era, considering that in jurisprudence, it is faced with two views in favor and against, and each view has its own evidence, has a direct relationship with the health of couples' relationships in the discussion of food and nutrition. The present study first examined the nature of transgenic materials, jurisprudential views, and their evidence in this field, and then, by choosing Mukhtar's point of view, it discussed the role of these materials in the health of couples' relationships from the point of view of jurisprudence with a descriptive and analytical method. The results obtained are that, firstly, Mukhtar's point of view in this field is the point of view of the solution of transgenic materials, because the arguments of the opponents are facing serious challenges; And secondly, according to Mokhtar's point of view, the use of transgenic materials for nutrition and sustenance is permissible and there is no problem.

According to repeated reports from official international sources, with the increase in population growth in the contemporary world and the limitation of underground reserves in the not too distant future, the threat of food shortages for future generations is seriously posed. One way out of this dilemma is to use genetic engineering methods to change the genes of plants and organisms called transgenic. The present study, which was organized by descriptive-analytical method, aimed to answer the question, what is the legal ruling of such products from the perspective of jurists? The findings of the study indicate that the ruling on genetic manipulation of food is disputed by jurists. Some jurists consider such changes as a kind of change in the system of creation and according to the rules of repelling possible harm and leaving suspicions; use of it has some problems. Others, considering the rational benefit of this technology and citing the principle of permissibility and the principle of expediency, consider it unimpeded. The authors took a moderate and fair view, believing in the conditional permission to use transgenic products, and they emphasize that the process of production and consumption of such products should be done under the supervision of local experts and no significant damage should be expected.

The Cartagena Protocol was adopted to achieve a common and coordinated solution for the transboundary movement of transgenic organisms, establish confidence and legitimacy in the field of biosafety regulations in the world, and increase global coordination. Under Clause 2 of Article 23 of the Protocol, States Parties are required to consult with the public and public institutions on the decision-making and policy-making of genetically modified species and to make the results of such consultations available to the public. In recent years, transgenic products have entered the diet of the Iranian people, but there has made no proper awareness about their benefits or harms for the people. Since the genetic structure of transgenic plants is altered through genetic engineering, and this change is usually done to improve the plant's resistance to certain pests or plant diseases, there is concern that these plants have also become resistant to drugs and cause abnormalities and the spread of diseases in humans. The Cartagena Protocol emphasizes the need for labeling, but despite the use of transgenic products in Iran, labeling and percentaging have not been done on all products and it is necessary to pay special attention to the implementation of the latest regulation of the Food and Drug Administration regarding transgenic events.

The production and consumption of genetically modified (GM) products are highly controversial due to their environmental, health, and ethical impacts. Most of these disputes are caused by distrust of regulatory authorities, scientists, and technocratic decisions. Among all these concerns, health issues, allergenicity and antibiotic resistance are more important. Many of today's social development problems, including public health, energy, water scarcity, and economic problems are associated with the nutrition system. So, this article provides useful solutions for appropriate utilization of GM products at present and future and aims to improve the people's attitudes towards the impacts of biotechnology on food and agriculture. The current study was carried out in electronic databases, including Google Scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, Science direct, SID and Civilica using the following keywords: Genetically modified plants, GMOs safety, and Health risks. Information about biotechnology, transgenic products, technical methods for the assessment of these products, the organizations involved, and the benefits and disadvantages of GM products were recorded. Safe use of GM products could be achieved by approving specific rules in biotechnology, while respecting the safety principles, continuous evaluation and dissemination of information, and upgrading the public knowledge about these products.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is known as one of the most important oil-producing plants worldwide that has a high food value. Today, expansion of planting area of this plant has been highly considered. The presence of weeds in canola fields causes a significant loss in crop yield and quality. So far, the most widely herbicide used to manage weeds is the broad spectrum glyphosate that targets 5 enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme. In this study, with the aim of identification of new strategies to develop herbicides-resistant plants, Glyphosate Oxidoreductase (gox) and epsps genes under the control of CaMV 35S promoter were transferred to canola seedlings with pBI121 expression vector, to develop new plants with higher herbicide resistance level. Acquired seedlings were screened and then subjected to herbicide resistance bioassay. Molecular analysis of transgenic lines through PCR and RT-PCR showed successful integration and expression of the transgene, respectively. Result showed the higher relative resistance of the transgenic lines expressing two gene cassettes compared to single gene cassette lines. This study suggests that simultaneous application of two different strategies can lead to more glyphosate-resistance to develop new genetically modified crops specifically in oilseed plants such as canola.

The production and consumption of genetically modified (GM) products are highly controversial due to their environmental, health, and ethical impacts. Most of these disputes are caused by distrust of regulatory authorities, scientists, and technocratic decisions. Among all these concerns, health issues, allergenicity and antibiotic resistance are more important. Many of today's social development problems, including public health, energy, water scarcity, and economic problems are associated with the nutrition system. So, this article provides useful solutions for appropriate utilization of GM products at present and future and aims to improve the people's attitudes towards the impacts of biotechnology on food and agriculture. The current study was carried out in electronic databases, including Google Scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, Science direct, SID and Civilica using the following keywords: Genetically modified plants, GMOs safety, and Health risks. Information about biotechnology, transgenic products, technical methods for the assessment of these products, the organizations involved, and the benefits and disadvantages of GM products were recorded. Safe use of GM products could be achieved by approving specific rules in biotechnology, while respecting the safety principles, continuous evaluation and dissemination of information, and upgrading the public knowledge about these products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pod borer is one of the main causes for yield loss of chickpea. Therefore, breeding of chickpea for resistance to this pest is important. The use of Cry toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is an effective strategy for producing of transgenic resistant chickpea to this pest. These toxins are able to become active in the midgut of larvae and disrupt the insect's digestive system. We studied the stability and expression of cry1Ac gene obtained as T2 transgenic chickpea with cry1Ac gene and nptII gene with binary T-DNA in T3 and T4 generations of transgenic plants and observed the transgenic lines with cry1Ac gene and no nptII gene suggesting that separation between cry1Ac and nptII genes was occurred by recombination between two T-DNAs. In T3, PCR results showed that 6 of 25 putative transgenic plants had cry1Ac gene but all of them showed the nptII gene. From six samples with positive PCR in cry1Ac gene, five of them had positive results in RT-PCR reaction, confirming the expression of cry1Ac gene in transgenic lines. PCR results in T4 plants showed that 73 of 94 plants had cry1Ac gene and 81 of 94 samples included the nptII gene. In 10 samples cry1Ac gene separated from nptII gene. According ELISA results, in all samples tested, Cry1Ac protein was expressed in different concentrations. Bioassay tests showed that all pod borer larvae fed by leaves of transgenic plants, were dead, but all survived when the larvae were fed with leaves of non-transgenic plants. So, expected phenotype was observed successfully.

Atropa belladonna is one of the most important medicinal plants in Solanaceae family. It contains tropani alkaloids that often are synthesised in root. Present study was conducted in order to induction of hairy root in A.belladonna using gene transfer via Agrobacterium rhizogenes method. The stem explants with Agrobacterium suspensions harbouring rolB gene were inoculated. Then, in order to direct regeneration, five compounds (MS, MS + 3 mg/l Kin , B5, MS+ 12 mg/l Kin, B5+ 5 mg/l Kin) ) in a completely randomized design with three replications was used. The statistical analysis indicated that among treated hormone, 12 mg /l KIN level in MS medium showed the most shoots direct regeneration. Two methods for the analysis of transgenic plants, phenotypic (observed in hair roots of transgenic seedlings), gene amplification of the rolB (using PCR) was used.