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This article deals with a new development in the field of implementation and protection of human rights: the Human Rights Cities. The paper seeks to answer the research question, whether this development occurs also in Poland. To answer this question, an empirical study was conducted with the participation of 40 Polish cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. This study enables to categorized Polish cities, that were subject of the study, according to their level of involvement in the implementation of human rights. The leading local Polish governments, which can be labeled as a human rights cities, were identified. These cities account for nearly a third of the cities surveyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the origins and development of a social initiative, the so-called Treni della felicità (Trains of happiness) and its impact on shaping civil society and sense of national community in the post-war Italy. This project, initiated by the Union of Italian Women (Unione Donne Italiane, UDI) and then promoted mainly by the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI) assumed the transfer of tens of thousands of children from families in need from southern Italy to relatively more developed north-central regions of the country in order to provide them better living conditions after World War II. This example of the fight against poverty and inequalities seems to be a forgotten symbol of solidarity and renewal of the idea of civil society in post-totalitarian Italy. Moreover, this action for children is not only an example of civic activity, but also an important element in the debate on the traditional division of Italy into North and South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Europejski is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the key theories, concepts, and notions used in comparative research into intergenerational social class mobility. More specifically, it discusses the Featherman, Jones, and Hauser hypothesis about cross-national similarity in social class mobility, describes a distinction between absolute and relative social mobility, and presents the Erikson-Goldthorpe-Portocarero class scheme. After discussing the results of both classical and recent studies on intergenerational social class mobility, this paper deals with the evidence-based policy recommendations relevant for decision-makers who can influence within certain limits the extent to which the rate of intergenerational social mobility can be equalised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Socjologiczne is the property of Studia Socjologiczne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Thesis Juris is the property of Revista Thesis Juris and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The topic of the article is the concept of organic democracy, as envisioned by Alain de Benoist. The French writer is critical of modern liberal democracy - he believes it is a fundamentally flawed system which should be reviewed. He proposes an alternative "organic democracy", an illiberal form of democracy. The article briefly outlines the development of democracy in Europe and then describes the original Athenian democracy. Subsequently, the paper describes in depth the differences between the principles of representation and participation, and then proceeds to outline the relations between equality and homogeneity in democracy. Afterward, Benoist's critique of liberal democracy is outlined and is situated in the context of Benoist's body of work. The article concludes with a critical review of the concept of organic democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Economy / Ekonomia Społeczna is the property of Cracow University of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper analyses the concept of equality in theoretical, philosophical, and practical context, as it appears in the programs of the Polish political parties. Inquiries regard the concept of equality for the LGBTQ community (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) in the context of human rights. The concept of human rights is discussed within the vertical and horizontal approach. The following questions are addressed: How do political parties relate to the concept of equality? Does equality appear in the political programs, and if it does, then in relation to which social groups? Do political parties engage in the problem of equality with regard to the LGBTQ community? The aim of the paper is to indicate significant differences in this respect between political parties.

Copyright of Culture Context / Konteksty Kultury is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Culture Context / Konteksty Kultury is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The issue of values is essential for Amartya Sen's political philosophy, likewise for the early works of John Rawls. Considering the fundamental political value of social justice, Sen rejects the Rawlsian attitude because of the erroneous concept of human nature, adopted by him, which led him to a „blind" morality. He proposes a different approach, referring to the notion of human capabilities on which his own theory of justice is based and he investigates it in the framework of political philosophy, which takes into account the qualitative dimension of human choices. Martha Nussbaum also builds her theory of justice on this notion, however, she derives it from the Aristotelian concept of man so that it takes on a deeper philosophical meaning. The aim of this paper is to compare and to assess both these concepts of justice, referring to human capabilities, as well as to shed some light on the new path of research in political philosophy opened by them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of education has evolved through debates on the different visions of the goals to be served by the education of citizens. One of the objectives of education concerns the individual’s role as a member of society, wherein individual and collective values are juxtaposed; this objective is linked to the centuries-old debate between liberal and conservative views on how society should be. In this paper, the attempt is to reconstruct the socio-philosophical thought of Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, one of the main representatives of the New Liberals among British intellectuals at the turn of the 20th century. His thinking can be considered an alternative approach to the relationship between the individual and the state. Although the question of education does not appear to be the main focus of the philosopher’s writings, it seems, however, that the framework of the concept of education can be set by drawing on his anthropological, axiological and normative theory. The specific value of Hobhouse’s thought should be seen not only in the context of the crisis of contemporary liberal thought but also as an attempt to discuss the education founded on philosophy, rather than ideology. The thinker uniquely combines freedom, the central idea of liberalism, with the idea of equality. In this new perspective of society, the individual, while pursuing the concept of good for self, does not lose sight of the other members of society.

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper analyses the notion of democracy in relation to the relevant ideas of Hans Kelsen and Norberto Bobbio. Both the conception of Kelsen and the reflection of Bobbio are concerned with the way modern democracy can be described and understood. Both thinkers-academics consider democracy to be a political system which is fundamentally unable to realize values such as individual autonomy and self-determination. The common ground between these two conceptions is semantic renewal of certain terms referring the theory on democracy. Kelsen describes obscurity and injustice of some concepts such as people, equality, etc. Bobbio thinks that on the one hand democracy, especially after fascism and the Second World War, represents the values in relation to cultural and political development of Italy. On the other hand, he makes clear his skepticism about the unfulfilled promises of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal status of a campaign committee relating to the principle of equal elections: The principle of equality is an essential factor for conducting democratic elections. In order to ensure conditions of political pluralism and equality, it is important to introduce regulations which will inhibit favoritism towards any of the parties standing for election. The legal status of a campaign committee is significant, since it determines frameworks within which the participants of election campaigns function. In this paper the authors define a campaign committee (its legal status, establishment, activity, dissolution) and introduce the principle of equality in elections. The authors also describe the actions undertaken by a committee during an election campaign, and their methods of financing. An analysis of the legal guarantee of access to mass media has also been addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Yearbook of European Integration / Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress. Journal of Young Researchers is the property of University of Gdansk / Uniwersytet Gdanskim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Socjologiczne is the property of Studia Socjologiczne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sprawy Miedzynarodowe / International Affairs is the property of Instytut Studiow Politycznych PAN and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Regionalne i Lokalne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gender equality is an important aspect of a happy family. It is expressed in equality of tasks sharing, decisions related to organization of family life, equal treatment of daughters and sons etc. The main aim of the study was to look at the eff ect of immigration on the perception of gender equality. Respondents of this study were 196 Vietnamese living in Vietnam (100 persons) and Poland (96 persons). Methods of the study included: the purposely designed questionnaire administered to all participants and the in-depth interview conducted with 15 Vietnamese who got married to Poles. Two types of family relations are the main focus of the paper: a relation between spouses and between parents and off spring. The results indicate equality of husbands and wives in work and economic aspects, as both work outside the house and contribute fi nancially. Although participants overtly confi rmed the equality of children of both sexes, but in particular situations they still expressed some preference for sons. Such pattern of results is confi rmed in both groups of participants.

The article shows that in her book Frontiers of Justice, Martha C. Nussbaum interprets the concept of the social contract developed by John Rawls in a one-sided manner. Against this background, I propose a theory of justice other than that offered by Nussbaum. The author is in favour of the Hobbesian interpretation of counter-actualism and reads Rawls in this spirit. She claims that he accuses individuals of insensitivity to others and self-interest. He claims that people co- -operate and associate with each other only in the hope of mutual benefits. However, Rawls' arguments can be reconstructed differently. When we consider what he writes about reciprocity, moral education and well-organised society, mutual benefit ceases to be the reason for socialisation and the premise of indifference. It is a tool to protect the weak from exploitation. Respect for others and social bonds based on reciprocity are the prevailing attitudes. Doubts will arise about Nussbaum's interpretation of Rawls's tendency to marginalise the weak, the poor and the disabled. I also suggest relieving the tension suggested by Nussbaum between the requirements of the social contract and the Kantian ideal of personal dignity. The element of the contract that refers to the ideas of reciprocity and honesty also acquires a moral character in contrast to the pragmatic character suggested by Nussbaum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to analyse development of equality and non-discrimination principles in EU and describe the EU anti-discrimination law. Both these principles have played a major role in taking shape of internal market, EU citizenship, labour and social policy as well as immigration policy. These principles have fundamental meaning for the legal order of EU. The equality and non-discrimination principles fall within the domain of general principles of EU law and underlie citizens' fundamental rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to overview actions and initiatives implemented in order to support equality and balance of men's and women's participation in parliamentary bodies. Author overviews general principles of electoral quota system and electoral parity system, their role in political and legal context, as well as results of the surveys concerning its effectiveness. Then an international background of introduction of electoral quota and parity systems in various states is discussed. The article contains also an overview of electoral quota and parity systems in selected EU member states and an analysis of its functioning in the context of appointed voting system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]